Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous esophagoplasty

Four cases of short segment non-malignant lesions involving the cervical esophagus, in whom dilatationprocedure failed were managed surgically using a sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap as a patch to widen the stenotic segment. There were no operative deaths and no leakage of the repair. Barium swallow studies with fluoroscopy and esophagoscopy were used for postoperative follow-up. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 months to 5 years. There has ben no restenosis or ulceration of the patch. The follow-up period is certainly too short to allow for any carcinomatous transformation of the skin patch. The simplicity of this method as against other more extensive surgical procedures, such as colon interposition, and also its efficiency should be reason enough for it to be considered as a viable alternative in short segment stenosis of the cervical esophagus, especially in those cases that defy dilatation.     

Sternocleidomastoid flap following parotidectomy

The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle has been used in various ways for reconstruction following cancer resections in the head and neck. Its use has been restricted because of the presumed precarious nature of its blood supply and its proximity to disease. Patients with large or recurrent benign parotid tumors were the first in our series to have a SCM muscle flap (either superiorly or inferiorly based) used to improve cosmesis. After demonstrating the utility of these flaps, we extended the indications for their use to include patients with primary or recurrent malignant disease. The flaps provide soft tissue contour, coverage of facial nerves and nerve grafts, act as a healthy bed for skin grafts, and help close salivary fistulas. There were no complications attributed to the flaps. This paper discusses 31 patients with benign and malignant parotid disease in whom the SCM flap was used.     

Sternocleidomastoid syndrome: a case study

This article presents a case study of a patient diagnosed with dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle, a condition which can result in head and face pain, nausea, dizziness, coryza, and lacrimation. In this particular case, the SCM muscle had developed tightness and weakness with presence of multiple trigger points within both heads. A combination of passive and active treatments were utilized to successfully treat this condition.     

Sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous esophagoplasty for benign cervical stricture

Benign strictures of the cervical esophagus that are resistant to dilation present a formidable challenge to the surgeon. Numerous varied techniques have been developed to restore swallowing. Reports of the sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous pedicled flap for repair of benign cervical strictures are scarce. We are reporting a case of residual lye stricture that was treated with sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous esophagoplasty in order to promote awareness of this procedure. This one-stage operation took 1 hour to complete. The patient began eating on postoperative day 4 and has not had any further symptoms.     

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Flap Preventing Frey Syndrome following Parotidectomy

Frey syndrome is one of the potential sequelae of parotidectomy. Various medical and surgical treatments have been used in an attempt to avoid this embarrassing condition. Recently, interposing barriers between the overlying skin flap and the parotid bed, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) flap, have been used to prevent this condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of using this flap on Frey syndrome. A series of 138 patients who underwent subtotal or total parotidectomy from January 1995 to December 2001 were divided into two groups. One group had an SCM flap reconstruction (n = 24), and the other group did not (n = 19). A subjective clinical questionnaire and the objective Minors starch iodine test were used to evaluate the incidence of this syndrome. The postoperative period varied from 12 to 90 months. The frequency exact test of Fisher and the nonparametric test of Mann-Whitney were applied. The association with the absence of sweating and the presence of the SCM flap was significant (p = 0.0002). There was no association with flushing or pain and the flap. There was a significant association with the starch iodine test and the presence of the flap (p = 0.0016). The only significant association of the epidemiologic and clinical characterization of the patients with a negative or positive Minors test was between sweating and a positive Minors test (p = 0.0001). The only significant aspect in the diagnosis of Frey syndrome is gustatory sweating. There is a significant association with a negative Minors test and the presence of the SCM flap and with sweating and a positive Minors test. The SCM flap is an efficient method for preventing Frey syndrome following parotidectomy.     

Sternocleidomastoid myofascial flap for head and neck reconstruction

Background. The use of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle in the repair of soft tissue defects arising after surgery for neoplasms of the head and neck has been a subject of controversy. We describe a variant of the SCM muscle flap called the “SCM myofascial flap” and report our experience with this flap in head and neck reconstruction. Methods. Six patients underwent head and neck reconstruction with the SCM myofascial flap. The head and neck defects included partial laryngeal, pharyngeal defects, and concave soft tissue neck defects after resection. Results. Follow-up of the patients ranged from 6 to 91 months. In the case of laryngeal and pharyngeal reconstruction, all had a good voice and were able to eat by mouth without aspiration. Two of the four patients were decannulated. The only complication was a laryngocutaneous fistula. Conclusion. We have used this flap with success, in soft tissue augmentation and in laryngeal and pharyngeal reconstruction following tumor resection. The technique and the results of our experience are discussed. We believe that in selected cases, the SCM myofascial flap is ideal for reconstruction of head and neck defects. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Myocutaneous Flap for Corrosive Pharyngoesophageal Strictures

Background Strictures at the pharyngoesophageal junction represent a subgroup of corrosive esophageal strictures requiring a specialized management approach. Non-dilatable cricopharyngeal strictures need surgical intervention. We report the use of the sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap (SCMMIF) for reconstruction of the cervical esophagus in patients with corrosive strictures. Methods A SCMMIF was used in four patients with cricopharyngeal strictures. The surgical technique is described. All patients had complete dilatation of the stenosed cricopharyngeal segment as seen on postoperative endoscopy and contrast studies. One patient was managed successfully for a short midesophageal stricture by serial endoscopic dilatations. Another patient underwent an esophagocoloplasty subsequently for bypass of the long distal esophageal stricture The last two patients await esophagocoloplasty. Conclusions This is the first report on the use of sternocleidomastoid muscle myocutaneous inlay flap for corrosive cricopharyngeal strictures. The flap is simple to construct, is effective and can be performed in a short time, and yields good cosmetic results.     

胸锁乳突肌延长术治疗肌性斜颈

１９９０年９月以来，我们以自行设计的胸锁乳突肌Ｚ延长术治疗肌性斜颈４９例。年龄２～２２岁，其中年龄小于１２岁者３４例。术后随访３个月至３年，优良率达９５．９％。文中详细介绍了手术方法，讨论了胸锁乳突肌延长术的特点和适应证以及与治疗斜颈有关的颈部应用解剖和手术要点，有关外固定和功能锻炼的必要性。强调了矫正斜颈恢复患侧的正常颈部体表形态对美学效果的重要性。     

胸锁乳突肌延长术治疗肌性斜颈

1990年9月以来,我们以自行设计的胸锁乳突肌 Z 延长术治疗肌性斜颈49例。年龄2～22岁,其中年龄小于12岁者34例。术后随访3个月至3年,优良率达95.9%。文中详细介绍了手术方法,讨论了胸锁乳突肌延长术的特点和适应证以及与治疗斜颈有关的颈部应用解剖和手术要点,有关外固定和功能锻炼的必要性。强调了矫正斜颈恢复患侧的正常颈部体表形态对美学效果的重要性。     

Sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap for the repair of laryngeal and tracheal wall defects

A myoperiosteal flap consisting of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and clavicular periost was successfully used in the repair of deficient laryngeal and cervical tracheal wall in three cases. Complete epithelialization took place with no granuloma formation in any of the three. This flap proved to be rigid enough to form a noncollapsed wall at times of alternative pressure changes. The method described consists of a one-stage procedure where the donor site is in the same surgical field as the defect. There is no interference with any vital function and no apparent cosmetic defect. Therefore, it can be considered a viable alternative to procedures already in use.     

Sternocleidomastoid regional flaps: a new look at an old concept.

The main blood supply of the sternocleidomastoid muscle enters it above from branches of the superior thyroid, posterior auricular and occipital arteries. The lower third is supplied by a branch from the transverse cervical artery and at this level there are few if any musculocutaneous branches. Long skin flaps with or without the underlying muscle should be checked with fluorescein before transfer.     

经胸锁乳突肌前缘入路在甲状腺良性肿瘤手术中的体会

目的探讨经胸锁乳突肌前缘入路行甲状腺良性肿瘤切除术的体会。方法 2002年10月至2010年10月期间我院对128例甲状腺良性肿瘤患者行经胸锁乳突肌前缘入路甲状腺手术,手术切口采取皮内缝合。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术。手术时间45~130 min(平均65 min),术中出血10~100 ml(平均40 ml);引流管均在术后第2天拔除,引流量15~30 ml(平均20 ml);手术切口长3~7 cm(平均5 cm),均一期愈合;住院时间3~6 d(平均4.5 d)。术后无出血,无神经、甲状旁腺损伤及其他并发症。术后随访0.5~8年(平均5.5年),12例患者(9%)复发,复发时间为术后1~3年(平均1.5年);8例患者结节<1 cm,给予临床观察;其余4例患者经相同入路经二次手术治愈,随访无复发,未发现甲状腺癌。结论经胸锁乳突肌前缘入路行甲状腺良性肿瘤切除术不损伤或横断舌骨下肌群,术中出血少,无颈部肌肉瘢痕粘连影响外观之虑。     

Sternocleidomastoid region restoration with lateral hemisoleus muscle incorporatied in free fibular flap for reconstruction of radical neck dissection and hemimandibulectomy

In the treatment of head and neck carcinoma, radical cervical lymphadenectomy leaves the affected side of the neck devoid of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, thus more vulnerable to the unwanted side effects of the adjuvant radiotherapy. It also causes asymmetry and cosmetically unpleasant appearance of the cervical region. In the reported case with widely ulcerated squamous-cell carcinoma over mandible, hemimandibulectomy and radical neck dissection was performed. Following the mandibular reconstruction, the lateral hemisoleus muscle of the harvested osteomyocutaneous fibula flap was utilized to restore the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid region. This new application promises to be a useful method, which can aid in the restoration of the aesthetic contour of the neck and provide protection against unwanted effects of the adjuvant radiotherapy on the ipsilateral carotid artery.     

Hepatic secondaries: Minimal tumor and resectable tumor

Fifteen patients undergoing hepatic resection for secondary tumor, mostly of colonic origin, have been compared to 9 with unresectable secondaries of low volume. There were no statistically significant differences in age or sex distribution between the groups. The Karnovsky index was 90 or better in those with unresectable tumor at the time of laparotomy for diagnosis and staging. Patients undergoing liver resection fared much better than those with unresected disease. Three and five-year survival rates were both 49%, and there were no operative deaths. No patient in the unresected group has survived for 3 years. The improved prognosis noted in patients undergoing resection of liver metastases does not depend on tumor volume at the time of laparotomy. There is evidence that hepatic resection can influence favorably the prognosis of individual patients.

---

Resumen Se ha comparado la supervivencia de 15 pacientes sometidos a resección hepática por tumor secundario, principalmente de origen colónico, con 9 pacientes con tumores secundarios de pequeño tamaño y no resecables. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la distributión por edad o por sexo entre los dos grupos. El índice de Karnovsky fué 90 o superior en los pacientes con tumor no resecable en el momento de la laparotomía para diagnóstico o para clasificación. Los pacientes sometidos a resección hepática tuvieron una mucho mejor supervivencia que aquellos con enfermedad no resecable. Las supervivencias a tres y a cinco años fueron de 49% y no presentaron muertes operatorias, en tanto que ningún paciente en el grupo no resecable ha sobrevivido por très años. El mejor pronóstico observado en pacientes sometidos a resección de las metástasis hepáticas no dépende del tamaño del tumor en el momento de la laparotomía. Existe evidencia de que la resección hepática puede influir en forma favorable sobre el pronóstico individual de los pacientes afectados.

---

Résumé Le destin de 15 malades qui subirent une résection hépatique pour des métastases, le plus souvent d'origine colique, a été comparé à celui de 9 sujets qui présentaient des métastases de petit volume impossibles à réséquer. Aucune différence statistique en fonction de l'âge ou du sexe du malade n'existait. L'index de Karnovsky était de 90 et même meilleur chez les sujets qui présentèrent une tumeur impossible à réséquer lors de la laparotomie exploratrice. L'évolution chez les malades qui subirent une résection hépatique fut nettement plus favorable que chez les autres opérés. La survie à 3 ans et à 5 ans fut de 49%, aucune mort postopératoire n'étant survenue.Aucun des malades qui avaient subi une laparotomie exploratrice ne survécut plus de 3 ans. L'amélioration du pronostic chez les malades qui ont bénéficié d'une résection hépatique est indépendante du volume de la tumeur. On peut conclure de ces faits que la résection hépatique pour métastases entraîne une nette amélioration du pronostic.