头孢类化合物的设计、合成与生物活性

目的 设计合成具有抗菌活性的头孢类化合物。方法 以GCLE和其衍生物为起始原料,经Mannich反应、加成反应等步骤得到一系列目标化合物;以头孢唑啉为对照品,通过微量稀释法测定了8个目标化合物对标准金黄色葡萄球菌和标准肺炎克雷白杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 合成了8个新化合物,并利用1H-NMR验证了结构。结论 初步生物活性试验显示,化合物5b对标准金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性较好, 化合物4a和化合物4b对β-内酰胺酶的结合能力较强。     

苯甲酰胺类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的合成及 抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性

目的 针对组蛋白去乙酰化酶（HDAC）的结构特点,设计合成一系列化合物并进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价,为进一步优化设计提供指导。方法 以 2-羟基-4-硝基苯甲醛为原料,经环合、还原、与芳醛衍生物反应、水解后,在N,N-碳酰二咪唑存在下经缩合反应合成目标化合物。结果与结论 共合成了11个新苯甲酰胺类衍生物,化合物的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱确证;体外抗肿瘤活性评价结果表明,其中 4 个化合物（4b、4c、4d、4h）对肿瘤细胞具有显著的增殖抑制活性,化合物4h的活性最好,它对 HL60、MCF-7、A549 肿瘤细胞的 IC₅₀值分别为2.81、＞50、4.79 μmol·L^-1。     

南酸枣的黄烷类成分及其体外抗肿瘤与抗缺氧活性

目的 阐明南酸枣Choerospondias axillaries (Roxb.) Burtt. et Hill.树皮中黄烷类成分及其体外抗肿瘤、抗缺氧、抗菌活性。方法 利用各种色谱技术分离化学成分,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定结构,利用MTT法测评抗肿瘤及抗缺氧活性,采用纸片法测定抗菌活性。结果 从南酸枣树皮中分离鉴定了3个黄烷类化合物 (+)-儿茶素（1）、(+)-儿茶素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（2）和 (+)-儿茶素-4’-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（3）。化合物1、2 对K562细胞呈一定的抗肿瘤活性,在100.mL^-1质量浓度下的抑制率分别为16.0%和27.3%。在ECV304细胞缺氧损伤保护实验中,化合物1在无细胞毒作用的50 μg.mL^-1质量浓度下呈较强的抗缺氧活性,化合物3未表现出抗肿瘤与抗缺氧活性。化合物1~3在测试浓度下对受试白色念珠菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抗菌活性。结论 化合物1为南酸枣抗缺氧活性成分的首例报道,其抗缺氧活性也属首次报道。化合物2和3为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

多尼培南合成路线图解

多尼培南（doripenem, 1）化学名为(1R, 5S, 6S)-6-[(1R)-1-羟乙基]-2- [(3S, 5S)-5-氨磺酰胺基甲基吡咯烷-3-基]硫基-1-甲基-1-碳代-2-青霉烯-3-羧酸,是由日本盐野义制药公司研发的新型 1β-甲基碳青霉烯类抗生素,2005 年 9月首次在日本上市,商品名为 Finibax。本品可用于治疗泌尿道感染、呼吸系统感染、复杂性腹内感染以及肾脏和脑部感染。多尼培南对β-内酰胺酶和肾脱氢肽酶&;#61472;（DHP-1）均稳定,其结构中具有的硫代氨磺酰胺基甲基吡咯烷侧链使得对革兰阳性菌的抑制活性高于美罗培南（meropenem）,对革兰阴性菌的抑制活性高于亚胺培南（imipenem）,此外,对铜绿假单胞菌也有较强的抑制活性。 国内外对其合成路线的研究报道相当丰富,其工业化合成是以吡咯烷巯基侧链与1β-甲基碳青霉烯双环母核缩合并脱保护基的方法为主,其吡咯烷巯基侧链和1β-甲基碳青霉烯双环母核可分别以反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸（2）与(3R, 4R)-3-[(R)-1-叔丁基二甲基硅氧基乙基]-4-乙酰氧基氮杂环丁-2-酮（3,4-AA）为起始原料经不同的路线合成。合成过程中保护基多采用具有吸电子基的对硝基苄氧羰基（PNZ）、对硝基苄基（PNB）,这样有利于中间体的分离、提纯,适用于工业化生产。     

头孢替唑钠的合成工艺研究

目的 改进头孢替唑钠的合成工艺。 方法 以7-氨基头孢烷酸 （7-ACA）为起始原料,与1H-四氮唑乙酸-1,3,4-噻二唑-2-硫酯（2）反应得中间体7-（1H-四氮唑乙酰氨基）头孢烷酸（3）,以甲磺酸为催化剂,3与2-巯基-1,3,4-噻二唑经亲核取代反应制得头孢替唑酸（4）,4与碳酸氢钠反应得到目标化合物。结果与结论 目标化合物的结构经¹H-NMR 和 HR-MS 确证,改进后的合成工艺操作简便,总收率达69.6%,降低了成本,有利于工业化生产。     

2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物的合成及黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性

目的 设计合成2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物,并对其黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性进行初步评价。方法 以对羟基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,经烃化、肼解、环合等反应合成目标化合物。以非布司他为阳性对照药,采用牛源的黄嘌呤氧化酶对目标化合物的抑制活性进行评价。结果 共合成了15 个未见文献报道的目标化合物,结构经核磁共振氢谱、飞行时间质谱和红外光谱确证。目标化合物均表现出一定的黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制活性,其中化合物 4m（IC₅₀=1.04 µmol·L^-1）活性最好,但低于阳性对照药非布司他（IC₅₀=0.024 µmol·L^-1）。结论 2-苯基-5-吡啶基-1,3,4-噁二唑类化合物作为新型黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂,其构效关系值得进一步研究。     

环扁桃酯的新合成路线的研究

目的 设计周围血管扩张药环扁桃酯的新合成路线。方法 以苯为原料,与草酰氯单乙酯反应制备苯乙酮酸乙酯（2）, 2 与顺式 3,3,5-三甲基环己醇通过酯交换合成顺式 3,3,5-三甲基环己醇苯乙酮酸酯（3）, 3 在锌粉和甲酸铵条件下发生还原得到环扁桃酯。结果与结论 合成目标化合物的总收率为59.6%,目标化合物的结构经¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR、IR 谱确证。新合成路线具有原料廉价易得、操作简便、收率高的特点。     

8-氟-2,3-二氢喹啉-4(1H)-酮缩氨基脲类化合物的设计、合成及抗真菌活性研究

目的 设计、合成一系列 8-氟-2,3-二氢喹啉-4(1H)-酮缩氨基脲类化合物,测定其体外抗真菌活性。方法 以邻氟苯胺为起始原料,经与丙烯酸加成、在多聚磷酸（PPA）中环合制得中间体8-氟-2,3-二氢喹啉-4(1H)-酮;该中间体与各种 N⁴-取代的氨基脲缩合得到目标化合物。采用二倍浓度稀释法测试各目标化合物的体外抗真菌活性,实验选用 8 种临床上常用的致病真菌为测试菌株,以氟康唑、伊曲康唑为阳性对照药。结果与结论 16 个 8-氟-2,3-二氢喹啉-4(1H)-酮缩氨基脲类化合物均未见文献报道,其结构经¹H-NMR、MS 谱确证;活性测试结果表明,合成的多个目标化合物对测试真菌表现出较好的体外抑菌活性,尤其是对红色毛藓菌的活性均好于阳性对照药。     

4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物的合成及其 抗肿瘤活性研究

目的 设计合成一系列4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法 以取代苯甲醛、取代苯乙酮、丙二腈和醋酸铵为原料,经一步反应制得目标化合物。采用MTT法,以 MX-58151 为阳性对照药,以 A549、HT-29 和 SMMC-7721为测试细胞株对目标化合物进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价。 结果与结论 合成了13 个未见报道的4,6-双苯基-2-氨基-3-氰基吡啶类化合物, 其结构经¹H-NMR、MS 和 IR 谱确证。体外活性测试结果显示,多数化合物能够在较低的浓度下抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。其中,2-氨基-6-（4-氟苯基）-4-（2,3,4-三甲氧基苯基）-3-氰基吡啶 具有显著的抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,IC₅₀值达纳摩尔级水平,明显优于阳性对照药MX-58151。     

多尼培南药理作用与临床应用

多尼培南（doripenem）为新型碳青霉烯类抗菌药物,作用机制与其他β-内酰胺类抗菌药物相同,抗菌谱广,抗菌活性强,对多种革兰阳性（G⁺）菌（包括对甲氧西林敏感和耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌等）和革兰阴性（G^－）菌（包括大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌、奥克西托克雷白杆菌、奇异变形杆菌等）均有很强的抗菌活性,对G^＋菌的抗菌活性强于美罗培南和比阿培南,对G^－菌的抗菌活性强于亚胺培南和比阿培南,其中对铜绿假单胞菌有着很强的抗菌活性. 多项临床试验 结果 表明,多尼培南对复杂性尿道感染的疗效与左氧氟沙星相当,对复杂性腹腔内感染的疗效与美罗培南相当. 该文对其作用机制、抗菌活性、药动学、临床研究及药物不良反应等进行综述.     

Design and synthesis of peptide derivatives of a 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO) analogue as novel antibacterial agents acting upon lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis

On the basis of the knowledge that the amino acid 3 (8-amino-2,6-anhydro-3,8-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-talo-octonic acid) is a potent inhibitor of 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase, attempts were made to design derivatives that would act as antibacterials against Gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Compound 3 and the derivatives 15 and 16 containing an additional amino acid were not lethal to bacteria. However, compounds 17-22, which contain a N-terminally linked dipeptide, exhibited good antibacterial activity in vitro on testing against strains of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. They have no activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus.     

Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of novel 3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl oxazolidinones

We synthesized a series of oxazolidinone-type antibacterials in which morpholine C-ring of linezolid has been modified by substituted 3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octanyl rings. Acetamide or 1,2,3-triazole heterocycle was used as C-5 side chain of oxazolidinone. The resulting series of compounds was then screened in vitro against panel of susceptible and resistant Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Several analogs in this series exhibited potent in vitro antibacterial activity comparable or superior to linezolid against the tested bacteria. Compounds 10a, 10b, 11a, and 15a displayed highly potent activity against M. tuberculosis. Selected compound 10b showed good human microsomal stability and CYP-profile, and showed low activity against hERG channel.     

Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of some N-(5-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl)piperazinyl quinolone derivatives

A series of N-[5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] and N-[5-(nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl] piperazinyl quinolone derivatives (5a-c and 5d-l) were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial data revealed that all nitroimidazole derivatives (5a-c) showed interesting activity against tested Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC=0.008-0.03 microg/ml) while they did not show good activity against Gram-negative organisms. Despite the significant activity of nitroimidazole series, all nitrophenyl analogues (5d-l) were inactive against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among all of the tested compounds, 5a (ciprofloxacin derivative in nitroimidazole series) exhibited excellent activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC=0.008 microg/ml).     

Studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. XI. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of new 3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)cephalosporins

The synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of 7 beta-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-carboxymethoxyiminoacetamido]- 3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)cephalosporins are described. 3-(2,2-Dihalovinyl)cephalosporins exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially showed higher activity against Staphylococcus aureus than the corresponding 3-vinylcephalosporin.     

Synthesis, antimicrobial, and alkylating properties of 3-phosphonic derivatives of chromone

Dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl-phosphonate (1a) and dimethyl 6-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl-phosphonate (1b) were synthesized and reacted with primary aliphatic amines to yield title compounds 4-6. Their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains were tested by the MIC method. Four of seventeen tested compounds (1d, 3, 4a, and 4b) exhibit detectable activity against S. aureus. Some representative examples of newly synthesized compounds were tested for their alkylating properties in vitro in the Preussmann test. Compounds 1a, 1c, 1d, 3, 5d, and 6a possess highly alkylating activity toward standard derivative 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (NBP).     

Synthesis and activity of butirosin derivatives with 5'-amidino and 5'-guanidino substituents.

The preparation and antibacterial activity of the 5'-guanidino (6) and 5'-amidino (7) derivatives of 4'-deoxybutirosin A (1) as well as the 5'-guanidino derivative (8) of butirosin A are described. The key intermediates, tetra-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5'-azido derivatives were selectively reduced with NiCl2-NaBH4 to give the corresponding 5'-amino derivatives. Subsequent guanidination or amidination followed by deblocking afforded the final compounds 6, 7 and 8. The 5'-guanidino derivatives (6 and 8) were more active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than the corresponding 5'-hydroxy derivatives (1 and butirosin A). Compound 6 was also active against a variety of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).     

Syntheses, in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of a series of 3-substituted succinimides

We have synthesized a series of 3-substituted succinimides and their in vitro antibacterial activities have been tested towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from the ATCC collection. Some of them possess significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) but all are poorly active or inactive against Gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). The compounds with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations (esters of 3-hydroxy succinimides) are also the most cytotoxic against green monkey Vero cell line (ATCC CCL-81) and could explain that perhaps apoptosis should be implicated in eukaryotic cell cytotoxicity of succinimides.     

Derivatives of aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate and N-aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzamide as new antibacterial agents： synthesis and bioactivity

AIM: The aim of the present study was to design, synthesize, and evaluate novel antibacterial agents, derivatives of aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate and N-aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzamide. METHODS: A total of 44 derivatives of aryl-4-guanidin-omethylbenzoate (series A) and N-aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzamide (series B) were synthesized and their antibacterial activities were assessed in vitro against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by an agar dilution method. RESULTS: Twelve compounds showed potent bactericidal effects against a panel of Gram-positive germs, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging between 0.5 and 8 microg/mL, which were comparable to the MIC values of several marketed antibiotics. They exhibited weak or no activity on the Gram-negative bacteria tested. In addition, these compounds displayed high inhibitory activities towards oligopeptidase B of bacterial origin. CONCLUSION: In comparison with the previously reported MIC values of several known antibiotics, the derivatives of aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzoate and N-aryl-4-guanidinomethylbenzamide showed comparable in vitro bactericidal activities against VRE and VISA as linezolid. Their growth inhibitory effects on MRSA were similar to vancomycin, but were less potent than linezolid and vancomycin against MRCNS. This class of compounds may have the potential to be developed into narrow spectrum antibacterial agents against certain drug-resistant strains of bacteria.     

Studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. XIX. Structure-activity relationships of cephalosporins having a thiadiazolylthiomethyl group at the C-3 side chain

The synthesis and antibacterial activity of 7 beta-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-(hydroxy or alkoxy)iminoacetamido]cephalosporins with various thiadiazolylthiomethyl moieties at the 3-position are discussed. Of the compounds (1a-1e, 7a-7d), 7 beta-[(Z)-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-hydroxyiminoacetamido]-3-[(1,2 ,4- thiadiazol-5-yl)thiomethyl]cephalosporin (1d: FK312) exhibited the highest activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the compound 1d showed longer serum levels than that of ceftriaxone in rats.     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 6315-S, a new member of the oxacephem antibiotic

The synthesis and in vitro activity of 7 beta-difluoromethylthioacetamido-7 alpha-methoxy-3-[[1-(hydroxyethyl)-1H- tetrazol-5-yl]thiomethyl]-1-oxa-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid sodium salt, 6315-S, are described. 6315-S shows good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, being especially highly active against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to either ampicillin or methicillin. The structure-activity relationship of related 1-oxa and 1-thia cephems is also presented.