氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后镇痛

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯超前镇痛及复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后的镇痛效果.方法 择期行食管癌或贲门癌手术患者75例,随机均分为A、B、C三组.A组于手术结束前30 min静脉给予氟比洛芬酯100 mg,B组于手术开始时及手术结束前30 min静脉分别给予氟比洛芬酯50 mg,两组PCIA配方均为氟比洛芬酯150 mg加芬太尼0.5～0.6 mg;C组于手术结束前30 min静脉给予氟比洛芬酯100 mg,PCIA配方为芬太尼0.8～1.0 mg.记录术后0、4、8、24 h疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、镇静评分及不良反应,记录术后24 h PCIA按压次数及芬太尼使用量.结果 三组患者术后各时点SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2、安静和活动时的VAS评分、镇静评分、术后24 h PCIA按压次数差异均无统计学意义.A、B组术后24 h芬太尼用量明显少于C组(P<0.01).A、B组术后24 h出现恶心、呕吐、嗜睡的患者例数少于C组(P<0.01).结论 氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于胸科手术后PCIA镇痛效果好,能减少术后芬太尼的用量,降低芬太尼所致不良反应的发生率.     

氟比洛芬酯、氯诺昔康术后镇痛疗效及安全性的观察

目的比较氟比洛芬酯、氯诺昔康用于术后静脉镇痛的疗效和安全性。方法择期手术患者30例,年龄18~65岁,随机分为三组,每组10例。术后镇痛分别为A组:PCIA芬太尼1mg/100ml;B组:术毕前5min静注氟比洛芬酯50mg,PCIA氟比洛芬酯100mg 芬太尼0.8mg 生理盐水至100ml;C组术毕前30min静注氯诺昔康8mg,PCIA氯诺昔康16mg 芬太尼0.8mg 生理盐水至100ml。观察疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、PCA按压次数、芬太尼用量、Ramsay镇静评分、恶心呕吐评分、生命体征、不良反应等指标。结果与A组比较,B、C组患者生命体征较平稳,不良反应减少;B、C组镇痛后4、8、24hVAS低于A组(P<0.05)。氟比洛芬酯镇痛起效快,氯诺昔康起效慢,但镇痛更持久(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯与氯诺昔康两药在术后镇痛上时效不同,两者与芬太尼复合应用均能提高PCIA镇痛效果和安全性。     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于食管癌术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯用于食管癌术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果和安全性.方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级食管癌根治术患者60例,随机均分为三组,术后PCIA芬太尼1.0 mg、氟哌利多2.5mg组(A组);术后PCIA芬太尼0.5 mg、氟比洛芬酯100 mg、氟哌利多2.5 mg组(B组);麻醉前静注氟比洛芬酯50 mg,术后PCIA芬太尼0.5 mg、氟比洛芬酯50 mg、氟哌利多2.5 mg组(C组),镇痛药均用生理盐水稀释至100 ml.记录术后1、2、4、8、12、24,36、48 h的镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA按压次数及不良反应.结果 术后PCIA按压次数与各时点的VAS三组间差异均无统计学意义.B、C组Ramsay镇静评分及恶心、呕吐发生率低于A组(P＜0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于食管癌根治术术后静脉自控镇痛的效果良好,且能减少芬太尼用量,同时降低不良反应的发生.     

地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯或芬太尼用于开胸手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 择期行开胸手术患者120例,随机均分为三组,术后均行PCIA,镇痛药配方分别为地佐辛30 mg+芬太尼0.5 mg(A组),地佐辛30 mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组),芬太尼0.5mg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组),均加入托烷司琼6mg,且用生理盐水稀释至100 ml,初始负荷剂量2 ml,背景剂量2ml/h,单次PCA剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15 min.观察并记录患者术后2、4、8、24、48h的VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分,以及术后24 h内PCA按压次数和不良反应.结果 术后2、4h,A组VAS疼痛评分、Prince-Henry疼痛评分和术后24 h内PCA按压次数明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05).术后2h,A组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于B、C组,术后4、8、24 h高于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛复合氟比洛芬酯可以安全有效地用于开胸手术术后镇痛,而地佐辛复合芬太尼在术后最初数小时内镇痛效果欠佳,不良反应偏高.     

氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的临床观察

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛的有效性和不良反应。方法择期骨科手术患者100例,随机分为两组：对照组术毕静脉注射芬太尼0．1mg为负荷量,后接PCIA泵,泵内药物芬太尼1．2mg＋氟哌利多5mg,100ml／48h;试验组术毕静注氟比洛芬酯50mg为负荷量后接PCIA泵,泵内药物氟比洛芬酯50mg＋氟哌利多5mg＋芬太尼0．5mg,100ml／48h。记录术后24h内镇痛评分（VAS）、镇静评分（SS）及不良反应。结果两组镇静效果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,对照组不良反应发生率高于试验组（P〈0．05）,镇静评分（SS）低于试验组。结论氟比洛芬酯复合芬太尼用于联合阻滞下骨科手术术后镇痛效果良好,且减少芬太尼用量,不良反应发生率低,可提高镇痛质量。     

切口内持续输注氟比洛芬酯对芬太尼静脉自控镇痛的影响

目的 观察切口内持续输注氟比洛芬酯对芬太尼静脉自控镇痛的影响.方法 择期全麻下行椎体融合术的成人患者60例,随机均分为三组:A组,切口内持续输注0.1%的氟比洛芬酯200 ml;B组,静脉持续输注0.1%的氟比洛芬酯200 ml;C组,切口内持续输注生理盐水200 ml.所有患者术后均用芬太尼10μg/ml行患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA).记录各组患者术后1、4、12、24、48 h静息时和术后4、24、48 h活动时的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和芬太尼累计用量,同时观察记录术后48 h内的镇静评分、恶心、呕吐发生率及切口愈合情况.结果 A组术后各时点VAS明显低于B、C组,B组明显低于C组(P<0.05).术后48 h的PCIA芬太尼累计用量A组明显低于B组和C组(P<0.05).各组间的镇静评分及恶心、呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 切口内持续输注氟比洛芬酯用于椎体融合术与静脉输注相比可更显著改善术后芬太尼PCIA的效果,并减少芬太尼累计用量.     

曲马多联合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后镇痛及防治寒战的疗效观察

[摘要]目的比较剖宫产术后患者自控静脉镇痛（patientcontrolledintravenousanalgesia。PCIA）中曲马多与芬太尼分别联合氟比洛芬酯的镇痛及防治寒战的效果。方法选择剖宫产术后行PCIA患者60例,随机均分为两组,每组各30例。氟曲组关腹前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予曲马多400mg、氟比洛芬酯150mg和托烷司琼5mg溶于生理盐水100ml中。氟芬组关腹前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予芬太尼0．3mg、氟比洛芬酯150mg和托烷司琼5mg溶于生理盐水100ml中。两组PCIA泵的设置：维持量2ml／h,单次负荷剂量0．5ml,锁定时间15min。观察两组术毕给药后12、24、48h的视觉模拟评分（visualanaloguescale,VAS）和寒战发生率。结果两组术后12、24、48h的VAS评分差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）。氟曲组寒战发生率为3．33％（1／30）,低于氟芬组的26．67％（8／30）,差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论曲马多联合氟比洛芬酯用于剖宫产术后PCIA的镇痛效果确切,与芬太尼联合氟比洛芬酯相似,且寒战发生率降低,值得在临床推广应用。     

氟比洛芬酯复合小剂量芬太尼用于肝功能不全产妇术后自控镇痛的观察

目的 评估氟比洛芬酯复合小剂量芬太尼在肝功能不全产妇术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果与不良反应.方法 90例乙型肝炎肝功能不全行子宫下段剖宫产术患者,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,Child-Pugh分级A级,术中应用腰-硬联合麻醉,术后行PCIA,根据不同用药方法随机均分为A、B、C三组.A组:芬太尼1.0 mg+生理盐水至100 ml;B组:氟比洛芬酯100 mg+芬太尼1.0 mg+生理盐水至100 ml;C组:氟比洛芬酯100 mg+芬太尼0.5 mg+生理盐水至100ml.分别于术后6、12、24和48 h用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价镇痛效果;记录24 h内PICA按压次数,观察患者恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、呼吸抑制、异常出血等不良反应的发生情况及术前和术后24 h肝功能的变化情况.结果 三组患者均获得较好的镇痛效果.三组VAS评分及按压次数差异无统计学意义;A、B组恶心、嗜睡等不良反应发生率明显高于C组(P＜0.05);镇痛期间三组均未发生异常出血、呼吸抑制等并发症,三组患者术前术后24 h肝功能变化差异无统计学意义.结论 氟比洛芬酯复合小剂量芬太尼用于肝功能不全产妇术后静脉镇痛效果好,有效减少芬太尼的用量,且降低了不良反应的发生率,对患者肝功能无影响.     

氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于开胸术后静脉镇痛的研究

目的比较开胸术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)中氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼与单纯芬太尼的镇痛效果与不良反应。方法选择开胸手术术后行PCIA患者60例,随机均分为两组。芬太尼组术后镇痛给予芬太尼1·25mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml;氟芬组关胸前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg,术后镇痛给予芬太尼0·5mg 氟比洛芬酯200mg 昂丹司琼8mg/100ml。两组PCIA泵的设置,维持量2ml/h,单次负荷剂量0·5ml,锁定时间15min。观察两组术后24、48h的镇痛、镇静评分和不良反应发生率,并于镇痛治疗前后采用Sonoclot凝血与血小板功能分析仪评定两组患者的凝血功能。结果两组术后镇痛及镇静评分差异无显著意义。氟芬组药物不良反应发生率低于芬太尼组。两组间镇痛治疗后凝血功能变化差异无显著意义。结论氟比洛芬酯联合芬太尼用于开胸术后PCIA的镇痛效果与单纯芬太尼相似,但不良反应明显降低,对凝血与血小板功能无明显影响。     

氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼用于胃肠外科患者术后静脉自控镇痛效果比较

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合不同剂量舒芬太尼在胃肠手术患者静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)中的效果和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行胃肠外科手术患者100例,术后行PCIA,背景剂量2 ml/h,按压剂量2 ml/次,负荷量2 ml,锁定时间15 min,药液量100 ml分别含舒芬太尼150μg(A组)、舒芬太尼50μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(B组)、舒芬太尼100μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(C组)、舒芬太尼150μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg(D组)。观察并记录术后即刻(T0)、2 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、12h(T3)、24 h(T4)患者镇痛评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA泵按压次数及不良反应。结果 C、D组在T2~T4时VAS评分和PCIA泵按压次数明显低于A、B组(P<0.05),T1~T3时B、C组Ramsay评分显著低于A、D组(P<0.05)。术后24 h内A、D组恶心的发生率明显高于B、C组(P<0.05)。结论氟比洛芬酯200 mg复合舒芬太尼100μg/ml静脉自控镇痛可为胃肠外科患者术后提供良好的镇痛效果且不良反应少。     

The Validity, Reliability, Responsiveness, and Bias of the Manchester-Modified Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score in Hand Injuries

The Manchester-Modified Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (M² DASH) was developed by the authors as a modification to the original DASH questionnaire. In this study, we assessed the validity, reliability, responsiveness, and bias of the M² DASH questionnaire for hand injuries using completed M² DASH, Patient Evaluation Measure, and Michigan Hand Outcome questionnaires from 40 patients. The M² DASH scores showed significant positive correlations with the Patient Evaluation Measure and Michigan Hand Outcome scores suggesting validity. There was also no evidence of a statistical difference in the M² DASH scores when the condition had stabilized suggesting good test–retest reproducibility and reliability. The effect size and the standardized response mean for the M² DASH score were greater than those for the Patient Evaluation Measure and Michigan Hand Outcome scores establishing that the M² DASH is highly responsive. There was no gender, hand dominance, or dominant side injured bias for the M² DASH score. There was, however, a relatively weak association between age and the M² DASH score at presentation. We conclude that the M² DASH questionnaire is a robust region-specific outcome measure. It is a valid and responsive questionnaire with test–retest reliability proven for hand injuries in this study. Gender, handedness, and side injured did not cause bias in the responses.     

Effect of cyclosporin A,azathioprine, and prednisolone on carbohydrate metabolism of rat hepatocytes

The effect of different immunosuppressive drugs (prednisolone, azathioprine, cyclosporin A) on liver carbohydrate metabolism in the rat was investigated. Daily administration of prednisolone (3 mg/kg body weight) and azathioprine (2 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks caused significantly lower liver glycogen content than that in NaCl-treated controls. Liver glucose and lactate content, as well as plasma glucose, glucagon, and serum insulin concentration of these animals, remained unchanged. There were no differences in any of these parameters between cyclosporin A (15 mg/kg body weight)-treated and vehicle (olive oil/ethanol)-treated animals. Prednisolone caused significantly lower glucose production in isolated rat hepatocytes using Na-pyruvate as the substrate, whereas glucose production was unchanged in hepatocytes of azathioprine-treated rats using pyruvate or l-serine as substrates. Glucose production from pyruvate or serine was significantly inhibited by cyclosporin A compared to the vehicle, but did not differ from the effects of azathioprine and prednisolone. Lactate production was significantly lower in cyclosporin-treated animals than in those given either the vehicle or azathioprine. Cyclosporin A completely reversed the inhibition of hepatocyte glycogen consumption caused by the vehicle. However, glycogen production in the presence of cyclosporin A was comparable to the effects of prednisolone and azathioprine. Finally, hepatocyte ketone body production using pyruvate as the substrate was higher in the presence of all immunosuppressive drugs. In the presence of serine, acetoacetate production increased in rats treated with 50 mg/kg body weight cyclosporin A, and -hydroxybutyrate production in animals receiving 15 and 50 mg/kg body weight cyclosporin A.This article is dedicated to Professor K. Kochsiek, Chief of the Medical Department, University of Würzburg, FRG, on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Perioperative subcutaneous emphysema: Review of differential diagnosis, complications, management, and anesthetic implications

Subcutaneous emphysema is not an uncommon anesthetic complication, but it often occurs unexpectedly. It is usually self-limited, but mediastinitis can occur with mortality as high as 50%. A case of subcutaneous emphysema occurring during dental surgery is reported here. The diagnosis, management, complications, and pathogenesis are discussed.     

Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the role of epidural steroid injection in management

Radicular pain in the distribution of the sciatic nerve, resultingfrom herniation of one or more lumbar intervertebral discs,is a frequent and often debilitating event. The lifetime incidenceof this condition is estimated to be between 13% and 40%. Fortunately,the majority of cases resolve spontaneously with simple analgesiaand physiotherapy. However, the condition has the potentialto become chronic and intractable, with major socio-economicimplications. This review discusses the history, epidemiology,pathophysiology, and natural history of sciatica. A Medlinesearch was performed to obtain the published literature on thesciatica, between 1966 and 2006. Hand searches of relevant journalswere also performed. Epidemiological factors found to influenceincidence of sciatica included increasing height, age, geneticpredisposition, walking, jogging (if a previous history of sciatica),and particular physical occupations, including driving. Theinfluence of herniated nucleus pulposus and the probable cytokine-mediatedinflammatory response in lumbar and sacral nerve roots is discussed.An abnormal immune response and possible mechanical factorsare also proposed as factors that may mediate pain. The ongoingissue of the role of epidural steroid injection in the treatmentof this condition is also discussed, as well as potential hazardsof this procedure and the direction that future research shouldtake.     

Clinical presentation,management, follow-up,and outcomes of isolated celiac and superior mesenteric artery dissections

Objective

Isolated visceral artery dissections are rare entities with no current consensus guidelines for treatment and follow-up. This study aims to evaluate the presentation, management, outcomes, and follow-up practices for patients with isolated visceral artery dissections and to compare those with and without symptoms.

Incidence,risk factors,and outcome of antithymocyte globulin treatment of steroid-resistant rejection after liver transplantation

We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and outcome of steroid-resistant rejection (SRR) during the first 6 months after OLT in 126 patients receiving triple immunosuppression. A total of 95 patients either did not experience acute rejection at all or had acute rejection that subsided without additional treatment. A total of 31 patients had biopsy-proven acute rejection that required therapy: 18 patients had acute rejection that responded to steroid therapy (steroidsensitive rejection, SSR); the remaining 13 patients had SRR and received ATG. At the onset of acute rejection, no differences in clinical, biochemical, or immunological parameters were present between patients with SSR and SRR. However, the histological grade of acute rejection in the initial biopsy was higher in patients with SRR (P=0.05). ATG treatment was effective in 10 of the 13 patients and was not associated with an increased incidence of opportunistic infections. Patient and graft survival rates at 2 years were comparable in the three groups. These data show that the incidence of SRR during the first 6 months after OLT is low, and that its treatment with ATG is both effective and well tolerated.     

Acute effects of different immunosuppressive drugs on pancreatic,islet, renal,and arterial hepatic blood flow in anesthetized rats

The effects of four different immunosuppressive drugs on organ blood flow were investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with 0.2 ml of either 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG; 5 mg/kg body weight), RS 61443 (80 mg/kg body weight), FK 506 (0.5 mg/kg body weight), cyclosporin A (9.5 mg/kg body weight), or the vehicles used. At 15 or 60 min after injection of the drugs, the blood perfusion of the whole pancreas, the pancreatic islets, and the kidneys, as well as the arterial blood flow to the liver, were measured in anesthetized animals using a microsphere technique. Fifteen minutes after administration, both FK506 and DSG decreased the fraction of whole pancreatic blood flow diverted through the islets. FK 506 and cyclosporin A reduced renal blood flow, but only 60 min after injection of the drug. None of the drugs influenced hepatic blood flow. RS 61443 did not affect the blood flow of the organ systems investigated. These differences in the effects of the drugs tested on blood flow might have some important implications on their efficacy and side effects. Thus, in view of its lack of influence on organ blood flow, RS 61443 seems to be preferable, at least when compared with cyclosporin A and FK 506 in the context of organ transplantation.     

The induction, maintenance, and recovery characteristics of spinal versus general anesthesia in elderly patients

Study Objective: To compare the induction and recovery profiles of three combinations of general anesthesia when used as an alternative to spinal anesthesia for elderly patients.

Design: Randomized, prospective, open-label study.

Setting: Large referral hospital.

Patients: 100 [ASA physical status I, II, and III] patients over 60 years of age undergoing brief transurethral surgery.

Interventions: In Groups Propofol-Propofol (P-P), Propofol-Isoflurane (P-I), and Propofol-Desflurane (P-D), anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (1 to 2 μg/kg IV) and propofol (1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg IV) and maintained with 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and either a propofol infusion (75 to 150 μg/kg/min) or isoflurane (end-tidal 0.7% to 1.2%) or desflurane (end-tidal 1% to 4%), respectively. After induction, a laryngeal mask airway was placed and spontaneous ventilation was maintained. In Group Spinal (S), 1.5 ml 4% lidocaine (60 mg), in an equal volume of 10% dextrose, was administered intrathecally.

Measurements and Main Results: Induction and recovery characteristics were compared. Induction with propofol was technically easier and significantly (medp < 0.0001) faster (4.6 ± 1.7 min, 4.7 ± 2.2 min, and 3.8 ± 1.4 min for Groups P-P, P-I, and P-D, respectively) than induction of spinal anesthesia (9.3 ± 3.4 min). During the induction period, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in Group S. Emergence, extubation, and orientation times were similar among the general anesthesia treatment groups. In Group S, patient-generated pain scores were lower (p < 0.05) and recovery room admission longer (p < 0.001). Time to return to baseline digit symbol substitution test (DSST) scores was marginally improved in Groups P-P and P-D when compared to Group P-I. Postoperative nausea, sleepiness, anxiety, and coordination were unaffected by the treatment modality.

Conclusion: General anesthesia with propofol and desflurane facilitates shorter induction and recovery times without adversely affecting patient comfort. Therefore, this technique may be preferable to spinal anesthesia for elderly patients undergoing short transurethral surgical procedures.     

Surfer’s myelopathy: A review of etiology,pathogenesis, evaluation,and management

Context: Surfer’s myelopathy (SM) is an acute syndrome identified by nontraumatic paraparesis or paraplegia. Though traditionally tied to first-time surfers, the condition encompasses any activity involving hyperextension of the back such as gymnastics, yoga, and Pilates.Methods: MEDLINE^® and Google Scholar literature searches were gathered to identify relevant case reports for determining the etiology, pathogenesis, evaluation, and management of SM.Results: While the rare nature of SM limits its full understanding, studies have pinpointed that hyperextension in the back leads to vasculature insufficiency secondary to dynamic compression of the artery of Adamkiewicz. In surfing, this hyperextension combined with the execution of the Valsalva maneuver while trying to stand up on the surfboard likely increases intraspinal pressure. Due to its nontraumatic origin, the presence of SM is not immediately clear. Moreover, its similarity in clinical and radiological presentations with other entities can further complicate diagnosis. Seemingly, idiopathic urological symptoms can be explained by the physician if they conduct a thorough history.Conclusion: In an effort to raise awareness for the practicing physician, we presently review the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prolonged effects of SM. With the surging popularity of surfing as well as the advent of children participating in precarious sports and activities at an earlier age, we can expect a rising incidence of traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injuries. Neurologists, urologists, emergency medicine and sports medicine physicians alike can utilize this review to build a high index of suspicion for SM. The risk factors for SM should be conveyed to those participating in novices in surfing, yoga, gymnastics, ballet, and any activity enabling sustained or repeated spinal extension. Increased general awareness will facilitate increased symptom recognition in order to arrest aggravation of injury.