氟比洛芬酯对大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯对大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤的影响.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠40只,体重300～350 g,随机分为4组(n=10),常规潮气量通气组(TV组,潮气量8 ml/ks)、大潮气量通气组(HV组,潮气量40 ml/ks)、大潮气量通气+氟比洛芬酯5 ms/kg组(HV+F1组)和大潮气量通气+氟比洛芬酯10 mg/kg组(HV+F2组).HV+F1组和HV+F2组于机械通气前15 min时分别静脉注射氟比洛芬酯5、10 mg/ks.于机械通气4 h时处死大鼠,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、血栓素B2(TXB2)和总蛋白浓度,计数白细胞及计算肺组织湿/干重比(W/D),光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与TV组相比,HV组BALF TNF-α、IL-6、TXB2、总蛋白浓度、白细胞计数和肺组织W/D升高(P<0.05),肺组织发生病理学损伤;与HV组相比,HV+F1组和HV+F2组BALF TNF-α、IL-6、TXB2、总蛋白浓度、白细胞计数和肺组织W/D降低(P<0.05),肺组织病理学损伤减轻;HV+F2组BALF TNF-α和TXB2浓度低于HV+F1组(P<0.05),其余指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 氟比洛芬酯可通过抑制炎性反应减轻大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤.     

整合素αvβ6 在大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤中的作用

目的 探讨整合素αvβ6 在大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VILI)中的作用.方法 清洁级雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为3组(n=8),对照组(C组)不行机械通气;高潮气量组(H组)行高潮气量(40 ml/kg)机械通气4 h,呼吸频率40次/min,氧浓度21%;高潮气量+阻滞剂S247组(HS组)腹腔注射S247(含有αv 亚单位整合素非特异性阻滞剂)100 mg/kg,1次/d,持续2周,在最后一次腹腔注射S247后30 min行高潮气量机械通气,参数设定同H组.C组和H组于上述相应时点腹腔注射等量生理盐水.通气结束后处死大鼠,观察肺组织病理学,计算肺湿,干重比(W/D),记录支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)白细胞(WBC)计数,测定总蛋白(TP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度、整合素αvβ6 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平.结果 C组未见肺损伤的发生;H组肺泡结构严重破坏,肺泡内渗出物、出血和间质水肿明显;HS组中等程度炎性细胞浸润,肺泡内出血和肺泡壁增厚.与C组比较,H组和HS组肺W/D、BALF中WBC计数、TP浓度升高,整合素αvβ6 mRNA及其蛋白表达上调,H组BALF中MIP-2浓度升高(P＜0.01);与H组比较,HS组肺W/D、BALF中WBC计数、TP、TNF-α、MIP-2浓度降低,整合素αvβ6 mRNA及其蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 整合素αvβ6参与了大鼠VILI的发生.     

Wy14643对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α激活剂--Wy14643对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为4组(n=8):对照组(C组)、机械通气组(V组)、不同剂量Wy14643组(W1组和W2组).C组不行机械通气,其余3组均行大潮气量(VT40 ml/kg)机械通气2 h.W1组和W2组分别于机械通气前1 h经颈外静脉注射Wy14643(溶于10%二甲亚砜)1、3 mg/kg,C组和V组于机械通气前1 h经颈外静脉注射10%二甲亚砜1 ml/kg.于机械通气前、机械通气1、2 h时取股动脉血样行血气分析,计算PaO2/FiO2(氧合指数).通气2 h后收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)测定TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2(MIP-2)的水平,取肺组织计算湿重/干重比(W/D比),取动脉血样,测定血清MDA、SOD水平,光镜下观察肺组织病理学.结果 与C组比较,V组SOD水平降低,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比升高(P＜0.05),肺组织病理学损伤明显;与V组比较,W1组和W2组氧合指数和SOD水平升高,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比降低(P＜0.05),肺组织病理学损伤程度减轻.与W1组比较,W2组氧合指数和SOD水平升高,TNF-α、MIP-2、MDA的水平和W/D比降低(P＜0.05).结论 Wy14643可减轻大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤,且与剂量有关.     

桑菊清解汤对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价桑菊清解汤对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响.方法 健康成年SD大鼠36只,雌雄不拘,体重300～ 350 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为3组(n=12):对照组(C组)、机械通气组(V组)和桑菊清解汤组(SJ组).采用大潮气量(VT=40 ml/kg)机械通气2.5h制备大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤模型.SJ组于术前10 d采用桑菊清解汤300 g灌胃,1次/d,于第10次灌胃后2h时开始制备模型,V组和C组给予等容量生理盐水.于机械通气前(T0)、机械通气结束(T1)、机械通气后30 min(T2)时采集股动脉血样测定动脉血气,计算呼吸指数(RI)和氧合指数(OI),然后处死大鼠,取肺组织,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定肺组织TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的含量,测定肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与C组比较,V组和SJ组T1.2时RI升高,OI降低,肺组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10含量和W/D比升高(P＜0.05);与V组比较,SJ组RI降低,OI升高(P＜0.05),SJ组肺组织TNF-α、IL-6含量和W/D比降低,IL-10含量升高(P＜0.05).SJ组肺组织病理学损伤较V组减轻.结论 桑菊清解汤可减轻呼吸机相关性肺损伤,其机制与抑制炎性反应有关.     

微量肺源性内毒素对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响

目的 评价微量肺源性内毒素对大鼠呼吸机相关性肺损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠32只,体重370～390 g,随机分为4组(n=8):自主呼吸组(C组)、内毒素+自主呼吸组(LC组)、机械通气组(M组)和内毒素+机械通气组(LM组).LC组和LM组气管内滴入内毒素100 μg/kg;M组和LM组行机械通气,潮气量20 ml/kg,呼气末正压0,1:E 1:1,维持P_(ET)CO_235～45 mm Hg;C组和LC组保持自主呼吸.于机械通气前、机械通气1、2和3 h时行血气分析,并记录血液动力学指标.机械通气3 h时放血处死大鼠,测定肺组织病理学损伤评分、湿/干重比(W/D比)、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞计数和肺蛋白透性系数,采用ELISA法检测血浆TNF-α和巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)的浓度.C组和M组采用RT-PCR法测定肺组织CD14 mRNA的表达水平,免疫组化法测定BALF中CD14的表达水平.结果 C组和M组血浆中未检测到TNF-α;与C组比较,LC组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比、BALF中自细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数和血浆MIP-2浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),血浆TNF-α浓度升高,M组肺组织病理学损伤评分、BALF中白细胞计数和血浆MIP-2浓度升高,LM组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比和BALF中白细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数、血浆MIP-2和TNF-α的浓度升高(P<0.05或0.01);与M组比较,LM组肺组织病理学损伤评分、W/D比、BALF中自细胞计数、肺蛋白透性系数、血浆MIP-2和TNF-α的浓度升高(P<0.05或0.01).与C组比较,M组BALF中CD14表达和肺组织CD14 mRNA表达上调(P相似文献   

血管紧张素Ⅱ受体在大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤中的作用

【摘要】目的研究血管紧张素Ⅱ受体（AT1型）在机械通气所致肺损伤中的作用。方法40只健康SD大鼠随机分成4组（n=10）：对照组（A组）、正常潮气量机械通气组（B组）、大潮气量机械通气组（C组）和大潮气量机械通气加洛沙坦预处理组（D组）。A组不行机械通气，B组潮气量（VT）为10ml／kg，C组VT为40ml／kg，D组实验前1周每天用血管紧张素Ⅱ受体（AT1型）特异性阻滞剂洛沙坦溶液100mg灌胃后，行大潮气量机械通气，VT为40ml／kg。机械通气2h后处死大鼠，收集肺组织和支所管肺泡灌洗液，光镜下观察肺组织病理改变，RT-PCR法检测A组、B组和C组肺组织中AT。受体mRNA的表达，同时测定支气管肺泡灌洗液总蛋白、白细胞计数、肺湿，干重比（W／D）和中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白-2（MIP-2）的水平。结果C组和D组肺泡间隔明显增厚，肺泡腔内有渗出物，可见较多的炎性细胞浸润，其病理损伤程度较A组和B组重。与A组和B组比较，C组和D组AT1受体mRNA表达、支气管肺泡灌洗液中总蛋白浓度、白细胞计数、MIP-2浓度和肺组织中MPO活性、W／D均增高（P〈0．01）；与C组比较，D组上述各项指标均降低（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论AT1受体参与了大鼠机械通气所致肺损伤。     

不同潮气量机械通气诱发的肺损伤大鼠肺组织中CXCR2表达

目的探讨不同潮气量机械通气大鼠肺组织中巨噬细胞炎性蛋白2(MIP-2)及CXCR2蛋白的表达。方法清洁级Wistar大鼠30只,雄雌不拘,体重200～250g,随机均分为三组。实验前12h禁食,自由饮水。对照组,仅作气管切开插管,不行机械通气;小潮气量组潮气量VT7ml/kg,大潮气量组VT40ml/kg,两组气管切开插管后接小动物呼吸机控制呼吸,调节RR40次/分,吸呼比1∶2,空气吸入,通气4h,建立机械通气诱发肺损伤大鼠动物模型。对照组在气管插管后即刻,余两组在机械通气结束后,立即剖胸,取大鼠肺组织,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)。RT-PCR法测定肺组织中CXCR2的mRNA表达、免疫组化测定肺组织CXCR2的蛋白表达和HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,ELISA法测定肺组织匀浆中MIP-2蛋白水平,测定BALF中PMN计数。结果与对照组和小潮气量组比较,大潮气量组MIP-2蛋白及其受体CXCR2蛋白和mRNA表达增加(P<0.05),灌洗液中PMN计数增加(P<0.05),肺炎症反应明显加重;与对照组比较,小潮气量组上述指标无明显变化。结论大潮气量机械通气引起肺组织中炎症因子MIP-2及其受体CXCR2表达增加,肺组织炎症反应明显,损伤加重,是机械通气相关肺损伤的发生机制之一。     

七氟醚预处理对大鼠单肺通气时肺组织血红素氧合酶-1表达的影响

目的 评价七氟醚预处理对大鼠单肺机械通气时肺组织血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)表达的影响.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠24只,体重220～250 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为4组(n=6):对照组(C组)、双肺通气组(T组)、单肺通气组(O组)和七氟醚预处理+单肺通气组(SO组).T组气管插管后行双肺通气1h,潮气量10ml/kg,通气频率60次/min,吸呼比1∶2,维持PETCO2 35～50 mmHg;O组和SO组气管插管后行右侧单肺通气1h,潮气量5ml/kg,通气频率80次/min,吸呼比1∶2,维持PETCO2 35～50 mm Hg.SO组单肺通气前吸入2.4％七氟醚30 min,纯氧洗脱15 min.C组和T组取左侧肺组织,O组和SO组取双侧肺组织,观察病理学结果,测定湿/干重比(W/D比)和HO-1表达.结果 与C组比较,T组左肺组织、O组和SO组双肺组织W/D比升高,HO-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与T组比较,O组双肺组织和SO组右肺组织W/D比升高,O组右肺组织和SO组双肺组织HO-1表达上调(P＜0.05);与O组比较,SO组双肺组织W/D比降低,HO-1表达上调(P＜0.05),病理学损伤减轻.结论 七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠单肺通气所致肺损伤的机制与其上调肺组织HO-1的表达有关.     

不同潮气量机械通气对大鼠肺组织TLR-4表达的影响

目的 观察不同潮气量（Vt）机械通气对大鼠肺组织Toll样受体-4（TLR-4）表达的影响。方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只，体重200—210g，随机分为3组（n=10）：自然呼吸组（C组）、小Vt机械通气组（S组）和大Vt机械通气组（L组）。S组Vt8ml／kg，L组Vt40ml／kg。机械通气3h后放血处死大鼠，取肺组织，进行肺病理学评分，测定肺组织湿／干重比（W／D），对支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中白细胞（WBC）进行计数，用RT—PCR法测定肺组织TLR-4 mRNA表达，用免疫组织化学法测定BALF中巨噬细胞TLR-4蛋白表达。结果与C组比较，L组肺组织病理学评分、W／D和BALF中WBC升高，肺组织TLR-4 mRNA及BALF中巨噬细胞TLR-4蛋白表达均升高（P〈0．01），S组上述指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论大Vt机械通气3h可上调肺组织TLR-4的表达。     

机械通气致肺损伤大鼠肺组织基质金属蛋白酶的表达

目的探讨机械通气致肺损伤大鼠肺组织基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2和MMP-9)及其组织抑制因子(TIMP-1和TIMP-2)的表达。方法30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,麻醉和气管切开及气管内插管后,进行三种方式通气,A组(对照组):保留自主呼吸;B组(小潮气量组):Vr 7ml/kg, 呼吸频率(RR)40次/min;C组(大潮气量组):Vr 40ml/kg,RR 20次/min;B、C组大鼠通气时间均为4 h。测定实验前及通气4 h后PaO2/FiO2、通气4 h后支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞计数、总蛋白水平及左肺湿重/干重(W/D)比值,并行肺组织病理学检查,RT-PCR检测肺组织MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2 mRNA的表达;酶谱法分析BALF中MMP-2和MMP-9的活性。结果通气4 h后,与A、B组比较,C组PaO2/FiO2下降,BALF中总蛋白含量、白细胞计数、W/D比值以及MMP-2、MMP-9活性增高,肺组织MMP-2、MMP-9 mRNA表达水平增高,TIMP-1、TIMP-2 mRNA表达水平无明显变化,肺组织有更多的白细胞浸润和肺泡壁结构的破坏。结论大潮气量通气可致大鼠急性肺损伤,MMP-2和MMP-9及TIMP-1和TIMP-2的失衡在其中发挥重要作用。     

Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit

Background. Emergence delirium in the post-anaesthesia careunit (PACU) is poorly understood. The goal of this prospectivestudy was to determine frequency and risk factors of emergencedelirium in adults after general anaesthesia. Methods. In this prospective study, 1359 consecutive patientswere included. Contextual risk factors and occurrence of deliriumaccording to the Riker sedation scale were documented. Groupswere defined for the analysis according to the occurrence ornot of agitation, then after exclusion of patients with preoperativeanxiety and neuroleptics, or both, and antidepressants or benzodiazepinestreatments. Results. Sixty-four (4.7%) patients developed delirium in thePACU, which can go from thrashing to violent behaviour and removalof tubes and catheters. Preoperative anxiety was not found tobe a risk factor. Preoperative medication by benzodiazepines(OR=1.910, 95% CI=1.101–3.315, P=0.021), breast surgery(OR=5.190, 95% CI=1.422–18.947, P=0.013), abdominal surgery(OR=3.206, 95% CI=1.262–8.143, P=0.014), and long durationof surgery increased the risk of delirium (OR=1.005, 95% CI=1.002–1.008,P=0.001), while a previous history of illness and long-termtreatment by antidepressants decreased the risk (respectively,OR=0.544, 95% CI=0.315–0.939, P=0.029 and OR=0.245, 95%CI=0.084–0.710, P=0.010). Conclusions. Preoperative benzodiazepines, breast and abdominalsurgery and surgery of long duration are risk factors for emergencedelirium.     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Effects of intravenous anesthetics on bacterial elimination in human blood in vitro

Backround : Since anesthetics are widely used in critically ill patients, this study investigates anesthetic effects on neutrophil and monocyte function concerning bacterial elimination in human whole blood. Methods : The effects of thiopental (20 and 200 μg/ml), propofol (5 and 50 μg/ml), midazolam (0.15 and 1.5 μg/ml) and ketamine (3 and 30 μg/ml) on elimination of Escherichia (E.) coli from whole blood were investigated in vitro after incubation for 1 h in both clinical (1) (n=10) and 10-fold higher (h) (n=11) concentrations. These data were compared to neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis (1; n=6) and burst activity (1; n=10, h; n=11), measured by flow cytometry. To enable quantification of the clearance process, a defined number of 10⁵ colony forming units of E. coli were added to the blood assays and bacterial growth was determined. Results : All anesthetics delayed bacterial clearance from the blood in the 10-fold concentration (P<0.05). Thiopental (1+h) and propofol (h) suppressed neutrophil (59±3% and 38±6%) and monocytic (45±6% and 30±11%) oxidative burst (P<0.01). Phagocytosis was reduced even after propofol (1) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (34±9%; P<0.05) and monocytes (35±11%). Ketamine (h) prolonged bacterial elimination (P<0.01), which did correlate with inhibition of monocytic phagocytosis, by 26±14%. Midazolam application (h) resulted in an inhibition of PMN-respiratory burst by 19±6% (P<0.05) and impaired bacterial clearance (P<0.05). Conclusion : Thiopental, propofol, midazolam and ketamine affect E. coli clearance and neutrophil and monocyte oxidative burst and phagocytosis in vitro only in high concentrations, while thiopental inhibited monocytic burst and propofol impaired PMN phagocytosis even in clinically used concentrations. These data suggest that i.v. anesthetics in concentrations recommended for general anesthesia seem to have minor influence on the investigated host defense mechanisms.     

The SCIRehab project: treatment time spent in SCI rehabilitation. Inpatient treatment time across disciplines in spinal cord injury rehabilitation

Background/objective

Length of stay (LOS) for rehabilitation treatment after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been documented extensively. However, there is almost no published research on the nature, extent, or intensity of the various treatments patients receive during their stay. This study aims at providing such information on a large sample of patients treated by specialty rehabilitation inpatient programs.

Methods

Six hundred patients with traumatic SCI admitted to six rehabilitation centers were enrolled. Time spent on various therapeutic activities was documented by each rehabilitation clinician after each patient encounter. Patients were grouped by neurologic level and completeness of injury. Total time spent by each rehabilitation discipline over a patient''s stay and total minutes of treatment per week were calculated. Ordinary least squares stepwise regression models were used to identify patient and injury characteristics associated with time spent in rehabilitation treatment overall and within each discipline.

Results

Average LOS was 55 days (standard deviation 37), during which 180 (106) hours of treatment were received, or 24 (5) hours per week. Extensive variation was found in the amount of treatment received, between and within neurologic groups. Total hours of treatment provided throughout a patient''s stay were primarily determined by LOS, which in turn was primarily predicted by medical acuity. Variation in minutes per week of treatment delivered by individual disciplines was predicted poorly by patient and injury characteristics.

Conclusions

Variations between and within SCI rehabilitation patient groups in LOS, minutes of treatment per week overall, and for each rehabilitation discipline are large. Variation in treatment intensity was not well explained by patient and injury characteristics. In accordance with practice-based evidence methodology, the next step in the SCIRehab study will be to determine which treatment interventions are related with positive outcomes (at 1 year post injury), after controlling for patient and injury differences.     

Protective effect of a prostaglandin oligomer on liver mitochondria in situ: time-shared measurements of fluorescence and reflectance in the cold-preserved rat liver

The protective effect of a new oligomeric derivative of prostaglandin B₂, known as OC-5186, was evaluated using time-sharing spectrofluorometry in the coldpreserved rat liver. Experiments were divided into three groups: in group A, a 5000 ng dose of OC-5186 was administered via the peripheral vein, 1000 ng via the portal vein, and 200 ng/ml in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution; in group B, the OC-5186 dosage was ten times greater than that in group A; in group C (control group), liver procurement and storage were performed without OC-5186. At 0, 12, and 24 h after cold preservation at 4°C, the liver was perfused for 30 min at 12°C with oxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution, after which the perfusate was switched to deoxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution. Time sharing spectrofluorometry was used to follow NADH fluorescence at 450 nm with a 360-nm excitation wavelength, as well as the reflectance of cytochrome aa ₃ with 605 minus 620 nm from oxidation to reduction. Rate constants of NADH fluorescence and cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance were used as indices of integrity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In group C, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence decreased significantly (P<0.05) from the control value of 8.31±0.21×10^-3 (sec^-1) to 4.97±0.15×10^-3 and 5.58±0.16×10^-3 (mean±SEM) at 12 and 24 h after cold preservation, respectively. By contrast, in groups A and B, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence was maintained at significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of 6.57±0.54×10^-3 and 7.29±0.48×10^-3, and 6.94±0.44×10^-3 and 6.86±0.44×10^-3 at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The rate constant of cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance between the OC-5186 groups and the control group was not significant. It is concluded that OC-5186 has a protective effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain against cold-preservation and/or reperfusion injury.     

Fluid absorption in endoscopic surgery

Fluid absorption is an unpredictable complication of endoscopicsurgery. Absorption of small amounts of fluid (1–2 litre)occurs in 5–10% of patients undergoing transurethral prostaticresection and results in an easily overlooked mild transurethralresection (TUR) syndrome. Large-scale fluid absorption is rarebut leads to symptoms severe enough to require intensive care.Pathophysiological mechanisms consist of pharmacological effectsof the irrigant solutes, the volume effect of the irrigant water,dilutional hyponatraemia and brain oedema. Other less widelyknown factors include absolute losses of sodium by urinary excretionand morphological changes in the heart muscle, both of whichpromote a hypokinetic circulation. Studies in animals, volunteersand patients show that irrigation with glycine solution shouldbe avoided. Preventive measures, such as low-pressure irrigation,might reduce the extent of fluid absorption but does not eliminatethis complication. Monitoring the extent of absorption duringsurgery allows control of the fluid balance in the individualpatient, but such monitoring is not used widely. However, theanaesthetist must be aware of the symptoms and be able to diagnosethis complication. Treatment should be based on administrationof hypertonic saline rather than on diuretics. New techniques,such as bipolar resectoscopes and vaporizing instead of resectingtissue, result in a continuous change of the prerequisites forfluid absorption and its consequences.     

Neurolytic thoracic paravertebral block in cancer pain

Background : Paravertebral block has successfully been used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. The duration of paravertebral block could theoretically be prolonged by using neurolytic agents.
Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the results of neurolytic paravertebral blocks performed in 7 patients suffering from intense cancer-related thoracic pain. Thirty-seven spinal nerve roots were blocked during 20 visits. Nerve roots were identified by eliciting paresthesia radiating to the painful area. Each root was blocked separately. After test block using 0.5% bupivacaine, the paravertebral blocks were performed with 1–4 ml of 7% phenol in aqua.
Results : No technical failures or complications were recorded in the patient files. Pain relief lasted over 2 months after 4 visits (20%), from 1 week to 1 month after 5 visits (25%), and less than 1 week after a single visit (5%). After 9 visits (45%), the results were poor with no significant pain relief.
Conclusion : Neurolytic paravertebral block with phenol doses used in our patients appears to have only limited use. Some patients with pain restricted to a small number of thoracic segments may benefit from its use. Because of complication risks, this technique should be limited to intractable pain in cancer patients with poor prognosis.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。