超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的意义

目的　探讨感染性心内膜炎 (IE)患者的超声心动图的特征性改变及诊断意义。方法　 17例IE患者进行了经胸超声心动图检查 ,探测赘生物的位置 ,大小 ,活动度及瓣膜功能。结果　男 11例 ,女 6例。平均年龄 3 4岁 (年龄范围 2～76岁 )。超声心动图检查发现 16例自身瓣膜和 1例人工瓣膜有赘生物形成 ,其中 7个二尖瓣 ,9个主动脉瓣和 1个三尖瓣上有赘生物。平均赘生物大小 0 .8cm (范围 0 .3～ 1.6cm)。血培养葡萄球菌 4例 ,链球菌 4例 ,类酵母菌 1例 ,血培养阳性率 5 3 %。住院期间 4例死亡 (2 3 % ) ,11例充血性心衰 (64 % ) ,6例体循环栓塞 (3 5 % ) ,4例接受了瓣膜置换术 (2 3 % )。结论　超声心动图检测IE声像图观察比较直观 ,尤其在血培养阴性的IE患者尤为有用。超声心动图能探测到瓣膜的赘生物 ,提示严重心衰 ,对于需要早期外科手术的IE患者提供重要依据     

感染性心内膜炎194例的临床和病原学特点

目的 分析血培养阳性的感染性心内膜炎(infective endocantitis,IE)患者的临床及病原学特点,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾性分析武汉亚洲心脏病医院2014年1月-2018年12月收治的194例血培养阳性的IE患者病历资料,包括年龄、性别、临床表现及病原学检查结果 等.结果 194例血培养阳...     

感染性心内膜炎38例临床分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎（IE）的临床特点,诊断,治疗方法及转归.方法 回顾分析近17年38例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床特征及诊断.结果 ①38例患者中36例为自体心脏瓣膜心内膜炎,2例为人工瓣膜心内膜炎.36例自体瓣膜心内膜炎中,基础心脏病占72.22%（26/36）,其中风湿性心脏病占36.11%（13/36）,先天性心脏病占22.22%（8/36）,原发性二尖瓣脱垂占8.33%（3/36）,高血压性心脏病占2.78%（1/36）.心肌病占2.78%（1/36）.②38例患者临床表现包括发热100%（38/38）,寒颤57.89%（22/38）.贫血55.26%（21/38）.脾肿大50%（19/38）.脏器栓寒15.79%（6/38）.③血培养阳性率为31.58%（12/38）.其中8例为链球菌属,4例为葡萄球菌属.④38例患者中30例（78.94%）患者经单纯抗感染治疗后治愈,4例（11.1l%）患者经手术联合药物抗感染治疗后治愈,有4例（11.11%）合并心衰而死亡.⑤38例感染性心内膜炎患者中,无基础心脏病患者10例,有基础心脏病患者26例.10例无基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占6例,26例有基础心脏病患者中有明确感染途径的占7例,两者感染途径阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.006）.结论 感染性心内膜炎最常见的基础心脏病是风湿性瓣膜病、先天性心脏病、二尖瓣脱垂;对于长期不明原因发热,应考虑有感染性心内膜炎的可能,有明确感染途径而长期发热者应高度怀疑感染性心内膜炎.超声心动图有助于感染性心内膜炎的诊断,血培养阳性率并不高.合并心力哀竭者则预后不良.     

Combination of Libman-Sacks endocarditis with infectious endocarditis

Out of 242 patients treated for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Novosibirsk for 15 years, valvular lesions and endocarditis were diagnosed in 41(16.9%) patients. Combination of Libman-Sax endocarditis (LSE) with infectious endocarditis (IE) was observed in three patients (two women, one man, age 18-40 year). SLE ran a subacute course in one woman, an acute one--in the other. LSE emerged early in SLE in two patients. All the patients had polyorganic lupus pathology, lupus nephritis with nephrotic syndrome (morphological class IV). Two patients had mitral valve disease, one patient--mitral-aortic disease. The rise of secondary IE was seen after massive immunosuppressive therapy. The diagnosis of secondary IE was made after SLE duration for 10-36 months. At IE diagnosis, all the patients had high titers of blood antiphospholipid antibodies. IE was of staphylococcal origin in two patients and candidosis-induced in one patient. In SLE with IE there was thromboembolic syndrome. LSE and IE have related aspects which should be regarded in clinical practice: possible "IE mask" in LSE, risk of secondary IE in about 10% of LSE patients, prophylactic measures necessary to prevent IE in hemodynamically prominent forms of LSE.     

Infective endocarditis in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: a three-year prospective study

BACKGROUND: The last 50 years have seen major changes in the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE). AIM: To evaluate local patient characteristics, risk factors, clinical sequelae, microbiology, morbidity and mortality in patients with definite IE. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. METHODS: Over a three-year period, patients referred with probable IE were prospectively enrolled. All received a standardized diagnostic evaluation. Epidemiological data were documented; underlying risk factors for IE were sought. Initial evaluation and follow-up (to 6 months) included the documentation of vascular or immunological phenomena, morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of 92 patients referred with probable IE, 47 had definite IE. These patients had a mean age of 37.7 years with a male predominance (1.6:1). Rheumatic heart disease was present in 36 (76.6%). Eight had prosthetic valves. Three had congenital heart disease, mitral valve prolapse or multiple central intravascular catheters, respectively. All denied the use of intravenous recreational drugs and only one tested seropositive for HIV. Renal involvement (59.6%) and clubbing (29.8%) were commonly observed. The 6-month mortality rate was 35.6%, while 44.7% needed valvular replacement. An aetiological diagnosis was made in 21, with viridans streptococci the most common isolate. DISCUSSION: Infective endocarditis in the Western Cape of South Africa is a disease of younger adults, with a male predominance. Rheumatic heart disease is the major predisposing factor. Degenerative heart disease and intravenous drug abuse are not important risk factors. Our data do not support the notion that HIV infection is an independent risk factor for IE. Local mortality rates are much higher than recent international figures, as is the proportion of 'culture-negative' IE.     

Infective endocarditis in the pediatric patient: a 60-year single-institution review

ObjectiveTo determine the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) presenting in pediatric patients during a 60-year period at our institution.Patients and MethodsIn this retrospective medical record review, we extracted demographic characteristics, diagnostic variables, and outcomes for patients less than 20 years of age diagnosed with IE from January 1, 1980, to June 30, 2011. We compared this cohort with a previously reported cohort of pediatric patients with IE from our institution diagnosed from 1950 to 1979.ResultsWe identified 47 patients (24 males; mean ± SD age at diagnosis, 12.3±5.5 years [range, 1 day to 18.9 years]) who had 53 episodes of IE. The most common isolated organisms were viridans streptococci (17 of 53 episodes [32%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (12 of 53 episodes [23%]). Of the 47 patients, 36 (77%) had congenital heart disease, 24 of whom had cardiac surgery before their first episode of IE (mean ± SD time to IE diagnosis after surgery, 4.2±3.2 years [range, 64 days to 11.3 years]). Fourteen patients (30%) required valve replacement because of valvular IE, and 16 (34%) had complications, including mycotic aneurysm, myocardial abscess, or emboli. Vegetations were identified using echocardiography in 37 of the 53 unique episodes of IE (70%). Endocarditis-related mortality occurred in 1 patient. Compared with the historical (1950-1979) cohort, there were no differences in patient demographic characteristics, history of congenital heart disease, or infecting organisms. One-year mortality was significantly lower in the modern cohort (4%) compared with the historical cohort (38%) (P<.001).ConclusionMost pediatric episodes of IE occur in patients with congenital heart disease. Mortality due to endocarditis has decreased in the modern era.     

感染性心内膜炎的流行病学和病原学研究——附118例病例分析

目的:为了探讨感染性心内膜炎的流行病学及病原学特点。方法:本文对1978年4月至1997年1月在我院心外科行瓣膜替换术的118例感染性心内膜炎患者的流行病学及病原学特点进行分析。结果:在118例患者中,男性90例,女性28例,平均年龄为34.4a。血培养阳性率为35.6％,瓣膜培养阳性率为41.6％。同时,检测结果显示,瓣膜肠道病毒阳性检出率为41.2％,在血培养阴性者中更高达70.6％。结论:①感染性心内膜炎发病人数有逐年递增趋势,男性患者明显多于女性;②致病微生物以革兰氏阳性菌为主;③肠道病毒亦可能是血培养阴性的感染性心内膜炎的致病因素之一。     

Infective endocarditis in the intensive care unit: clinical spectrum and prognostic factors in 228 consecutive patients

Objective To identify factors associated with in-hospital outcome of adult patients admitted to the ICU with infective endocarditis (IE). Design and setting Retrospective study performed in the two medical ICUs of a teaching hospital. Patients and participants The charts of all 228 consecutive patients aged 18 years or older admitted with infective IE between January 1993 and December 2000 were reviewed. All patients satisfied the modified Duke’s criteria for definite IE. Measurements and results There were 146 episodes of native valve endocarditis and 82 of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant causative micro-organism. Most complications occurred early during the course of IE. One-half of the patients underwent cardiac surgery during the same hospitalization and had a better outcome than nonoperated patients. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 45% (102/228). Multivariate analysis revealed the following clinical factors in patients with native valve IE as independently associated with outcome: septic shock (odds ratio 4.81), cerebral emboli (3.00), immunocompromised state (2.88), and cardiac surgery (0.475); in patients with prosthetic valve IE the factors were: septic shock (4.07), neurological complications (3.1), and immunocompromised state (3.46). Conclusions IE still carries high morbidity and mortality rates for the subset of patients requiring ICU admission. Most complications occur early making the decision process for optimal medical and surgical management more difficult. Surgical treatment appears to improve in-hospital outcome. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

The course of infectious endocarditis in IV drug abusers and in subjects predisposed to heart diseases

40 patients with infective endocarditis (IE) abusing intravenous drugs (heroin, opium surrogates) and 9 IE patients predisposed to heart diseases were examined by Duke diagnostic criteria. IE in drug abusers is characterized by acute course of the disease with affection of the intact valves of the right heart (97.5%) and septicemia provoked by high-virulent microflora (Staph. aureus in 65%). Drug abusers showed the following principal clinical syndromes of IE: thromboembolic (65%); septic with formation of acute DIC syndrome (75%), development of pyodestructive foci in the organs and polyorganic insufficiency (23.3%); acute circulatory insufficiency (37.5%); secondary nephropathy (100%). In IE abusers with predisposition to heart diseases IE ran subacutely in the presence of bacteriemia caused by low-virulent microflora (Strept. viridans in 11%) or in the absence of microbial growth in blood seeding (78%). High IE lethality in drug abusers (40%) is explained both by severe complications and concomitant diseases (viral hepatitis B and C, HIV infection, etc.).     

Effectiveness of combined treatment of infective endocarditis

The purpose of the study was to develop and perfect complex therapy of modern infective endocarditis (IE). Ten-year experience in clinical diagnostics of 240 patients with acute, subacute, and lingering IE was summarized; the effectiveness of their treatment was evaluated. The features of modern IE were acute and subacute course of the disease with the involvement of aortal (37.8% of cases), tricuspid (16.8%), mitral (15.2%) valve, and septicemia, caused by highly virulent microflora (staphylococci--51% of cases; gram-negative bacteria--13%; fungi--5%). The clinical manifestations of modern IE included toxic infectious syndrome (24% of cases), heart failure (21%), symptoms of complications (16%), central hemodynamics disturbances (12%), and splenomegaly (8%). The treatment included antibacterial, pathogenetic, and symptomatic therapy, as well as extracorporal hemocorrection and cardiosurgery. Analysis of the results of surgical treatment of 140 IE patients allowed development of indications for valve prosthesis.     

Influence of Early Surgical Treatment on the Prognosis of Left-Sided Infective Endocarditis: A Multicenter Cohort Study

ObjectiveTo analyze the influence of early valve operation on mortality in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis (IE).Patients and MethodsA multicenter cohort study was carried out between 1990 and 2010. Data from consecutive patients with definite IE and possible left-sided IE were collected. Propensity score matching and adjustment for survivor bias were used to control for confounders. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.ResultsA total of 1019 patients with a mean age of 61 years (interquartile range, 47-71 years) were included. Early surgical treatment was performed in 417 episodes (40.9%). By propensity score, we matched 316 episodes: 158 who underwent early surgical treatment and 158 who did not (medical treatment group). In-hospital mortality and late mortality were lower in the surgically treated group (26.6% vs 41.8%; absolute risk reduction [ARR], −15.2%; P=.004 and 29.7% vs 46.2%; ARR, −16.5%; P=.002, respectively). Operation was independently associated with a lower risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.22-0.79; P=.007). Operation was associated with reduced mortality in patients with paravalvular complications (ARR, −40.5%), severe heart failure (ARR, −32%), and native valve endocarditis (ARR, −17.8%).ConclusionThis study supports the benefit of surgical treatment in patients with left-sided IE carried out during the initial phase of hospitalization, especially in patients with moderate or severe heart failure and paravalvular extension of infection.     

感染性心内膜炎的临床变迁（附116例临床分析）

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的病因、致病微生物的变化、临床变迁及预后等因素，提高IE的诊治水平。方法 对1990年6月-2002年6月住院的116例IE患基础心脏病情况、主要临床表现、血培养、超声心动图检查、治疗结果及预后等进行分析。结果 IE基础心脏病中，先天性心脏病的比例(34．5％)有所升高，而风湿性心脏病的比例(25．9％)有所下降，无器质性心脏病的比例(19．O％)较既往国内外报道的发病率有明显的提高。血培养阳性率为41．4％，草绿色链球菌是IE的主要致病菌(29．2％)；近年来，发现条件致病菌假单胞菌属引起IE(本组4例)。超声心动图探测心内赘生物的比例为65．5％。人工瓣膜性IE发病率(17．2％)有所升高，死亡率为25．O％。本组死亡13例(11．2％)，本病预后严重。结论 IE基础心脏病和致病菌发生较明显变化，超声心动图对IE诊断及治疗有重要价值，本病预后严重，人工瓣膜性IE发病率及死亡率高，应尽早手术治疗。     

The diagnostic ability of echocardiography for infective endocarditis and its associated complications

Echocardiography, transthoracic and transoesophageal, plays a key role in the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of patients with infective endocarditis. It constitutes a major Duke criterion and is pivotal in treatment guiding. Seven echocardiographic findings are major criteria in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) (vegetation, abscess, pseudoaneurysm, fistulae, new dehiscence of a prosthetic valve, perforation and valve aneurysm). Echocardiography must be performed as soon as endocarditis is suspected. Transoesophageal echocardiography should be done in most cases of left-sided endocarditis to better define the anatomic lesions and to rule out local complications. Transoesophageal echocardiography is not necessary in isolated right-sided native valve IE with good quality transthoracic examination and unequivocal echocardiographic findings. Echocardiography is a very useful tool to assess the prognosis of patients with IE at any time during the course of the disease. Echocardiographic predictors of poor outcome include presence of periannular complications, prosthetic dysfunction, low left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary hypertension and very large vegetations.     

Infective endocarditis: the features of its clinical course and the prognosis

The paper covers an investigation of 150 patients with infective endocarditis (IE), including 100 patients (aged 18 to 30 years old) with intravenous drug abuse as the main risk factor. This subgroup is characterized by an acute clinical course of IE, with tricuspid valve disorder in most cases and septic pulmonary embolism relapse in 72% of cases. Heart failure, multiple cardiac valvular disorder and focal lung destruction were found to be the main factors of unfavorable outcome. A relation between the size of vegetation on the heart valves and the mortality rate was established. At the same time, secondary immunodeficiency due to HIV-infection had no significant effect on the mortality rate in the group of drug addicts. More frequent cases of heart failure with systemic circulation embolism lead to higher hospital mortality in the group of patients with a subacute clinical course of IE. In elderly patients other concomitant pathology resulted in late IE detection and a high mortality rate.     

儿童感染性心内膜炎诊断与治疗

目的：探讨儿童感染性心内膜炎（IE）的临床特征，提高对儿童感染性心内膜炎的诊治水平。方法：回顾分析52例儿童感染性心内膜炎的基础病因、临床表现、并发症及治疗结果。结果：儿童感染性心内膜炎基础病因主要是先天性心脏病35例（67．3％），其次为风湿性心瓣膜病10例（19．2％），无基础心脏病7例（13．5％）。发热、贫血为儿童感染性心内膜炎常见临床表现。血培养阳性30例（57．7％），发现心内赘生物30例（57．7％）。外科手术治疗5例，术后患儿生活质量好。治愈35例（67．3％），自动出院3例，死亡14例（26．9％）。结论：先天性心脏病及风湿性心瓣膜病患儿出现不明原因长时间发热，无基础心脏病患儿发热、出现心脏杂音均应考虑感染性心内膜炎的可能，IE患儿经敏感、大剂量抗生索治疗后赘生物不消失、心瓣膜出现严重损害时应积极进行外科手术治疗。     

感染性心内膜炎误诊研究

目的 :总结感染性心内膜炎 (IE)的临床资料 ,分析误诊情况。方法 :回顾性分析北京协和医院近 10 a收治的 IE6 9例。结果 :误诊 6 3例 ,误诊率为 91.3%。常见误诊病种为上感。先天性主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形、二尖瓣脱垂及瓣膜退行性变的漏诊为导致 IE误诊的常见原因。UCG在诊断的确立中有举足轻重的地位。导致误诊的最重要原因是对 IE的认识不足。常见误诊治疗为不正规应用抗生素和糖皮质激素。治愈 38例 (5 5 .1% ) ,需手术 2 1例 (30 .4% ) ,死亡 10例(14.5 % )。结论 :IE为误诊率很高的疾病 ,误诊原因有多方面。需提高认识 ,早发现、早治疗 ,最终提高 IE的诊治水平。     

感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗(附41例报告)

目的 总结感染性心内膜炎的外科治疗经验。方法 41例感染性心内膜炎患者均在体外循环下进行病灶清除，同时行瓣膜置换和成形33例。其中主动脉瓣置换11例，二尖瓣置换6例，双瓣膜置换8例，人工瓣再置换3例，三尖瓣修复5例，法乐氏四联症3例；同期处理动脉导管未闭1例，室间隔缺损5例，主动脉窦瘤破裂2例。结果 无手术后早期死亡，1例6个月后死于心衰，1例10个月后复发，余39例恢复良好。结论 外科治疗感染性心内膜炎的疗效良好，手术时机的把握和围手术期的正确处理是治疗成败的关键。     

Surgical pathology of the pulmonary valve: a study of 116 cases spanning 15 years

The gross surgical pathologic features of the pulmonary valve were reviewed in 116 patients (63 male and 53 female) who had undergone a cardiac operation with pulmonary valve excision at our institution during the period 1973 through 1987. Although the mean age was 12 years, subjects ranged in age from 3 months to 73 years, and 25 patients, including 19 with congenital heart disease, were older than 20 years of age. Among 105 patients who had pure pulmonary stenosis, 61 (58%) had tetralogy of Fallot, 18 had isolated pulmonary stenosis, 23 had other congenital cardiac anomalies, and 3 had carcinoid heart disease. Five patients had pure pulmonary regurgitation (four with tetralogy and one with infective endocarditis), and four had combined pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation (two with congenital cardiac anomalies and two with carcinoid heart disease). In two patients, the valve was neither stenotic nor regurgitant. Thus, congenital heart disease accounted for 110 of the 116 cases (95%), and tetralogy of Fallot was the most commonly observed form (65 cases). Bicuspid pulmonary valve was the most common anomaly and was present in 58% of patients with tetralogy but in only 17% of those with isolated pulmonary stenosis.     

Cardiac valve replacement in congestive heart failure due to infective endocarditis.

From January 1961 to July 1974, 138 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement because of complications of infective endocarditis. The overall operative mortality was higher in patients with Class IV cardiac functional disability (17%) than in patients with Class III (7%) or II (8%). The mortality for patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement with Class IV disability was higher (22%) than that for patients with Class III (0) or II (6%). When compared with patients without infective endocarditis who had undergone cardiac valve replacement, the operative mortality per valve replacement was approximately the same when the degree of cardiac disability was the same at the time of surgery for both groups of patients. Patients with aortic regurgitant murmurs caused by infective endocarditis should be observed closely for the onset of heart failure, especially during the first month of disease. In patients with aortic or mitral incompetence, if heart failure develops or progresses during the first month, we believe that prompt cardiac valve replacement should be considered, because even heart failure that may initially appear mild often progresses to severe heart failure during this period.     

超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的临床价值

目的 评价超声心动图在感染性心内膜炎(infective endocarditis，IE)诊断中的价值。方法 分析总结38例IE患者的临床和超声心动图资料。结果 IE多发生于原有器质性心脏病基础上，以风心病和先心病为主。赘生物有附着位置、大小、形态及随病程变化多种超声特点。超声心动图可检出瓣膜脱垂、腱索断裂和瓣周脓肿等心脏内并发症。结论 超声能为临床提供IE患者的基础心脏病因、诊断、鉴别诊断、指导治疗和判断预后等具有重要价值的信息。