良性阵发性位置性眩晕的眼震图研究

目的:探讨视频眼震图(VNG)在良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)中的应用价值。方法:回顾126例BPPV患者的VNG资料,分析总结各型BPPV在Dix-Hallpike和滚转试验中VNG上的眼震特点。结果:126例BPPV患者中,后半规管BPPV(PSC-BPPV)98例(77.8%),水平半规管BPPV(HSC-BPPV)17例(13.5%),前半规管BPPV(ASC-BPPV)5例(3.9%),混合型BPPV6例(4.8%);28例PSC-BPPV记录到反转相眼震。VNG上显示PSC和ASC管石症Dix-Hallpike悬头位垂直相眼震分别向上、向下,水平相眼震均向对侧,回到坐位时眼震反向。HSC-BPPV滚转试验向两侧转头均可诱发出眼震,眼震与转头方向相同时,可判断为HSC管石症,以能够诱发较强眼震的转头侧为患侧;眼震与转头方向相反时,则为HSC嵴顶结石症,以能够诱发较弱眼震的转头侧为患侧。结论:VNG能够客观地记录BPPV患者的眼震情况,准确判断耳石所在的半规管,并且保存了眼震数据资料,可以进一步指导临床实践,值得推广。     

体位限制对手法复位后良性阵发性位置性眩晕的疗效观察

目的 探讨手法复位后体位限制对良性阵发性位置性眩晕(BPPV)患者的疗效。 方法 2015年12月至2016年6月共收治BPPV患者210例,随机分为手法复位后联合体位限制组(观察组)105例和单纯手法复位组(对照组)105例,其中后半规管BPPV(PSC-BPPV)患者两组各70例,向地性水平半规管BPPV(HSC-BPPV)患者两组各25例,背地性HSC-BPPV患者两组各10例。 结果 PSC-BPPV两组短期7 d和3个月疗效差异均无统计学意义(P=0.515, P=0.967); 向地性HSC-BPPV和背地性HSC-BPPV患者两组短期7 d疗效差异均有统计学意义(P=0.030, P=0.040),长期疗效评价无统计学意义(P=0.972)。 结论 PSC-BPPV患者行手法复位后可不予体位限制,HSC-BPPV患者手法复位后需要行体位限制,待患者无任何症状后可以自由体位。     

后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕发作与头部睡眠姿势相关性分析

目的　研究睡眠姿势与后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,PSC-BPPV）发病的关系,为临床BPPV的预防和治疗提供指导。方法　采用Dix-Hallpike试验,对208例确诊为PSC-BPPV患者进行问卷调查,内容包括眩晕的诱发体位、伴随症状、与睡眠姿势的关系及眩晕持续时间等。重点对PSC-BPPV病变耳和睡眠时头部姿势进行调查,分析两者相关性。结果　PSC-BPPV诱发体位主要是卧位坐起和躺下,伴随症状主要为恶心、呕吐,耳鸣很少,无听力下降,眩晕持续时间很少超过60 s。208例PSC-BPPV患者中125例睡眠时总采取同一姿势（右侧卧85例,左侧卧40例）,83例患者睡眠姿势不定。PSC-BPPV病变耳与患者头部睡眠姿势侧别具有较好一致性（Kappa系数=0.401＞0）。Spearman相关性分析发现PSC-BPPV病变耳与头部睡眠姿势侧别比较（r =0.203,P＜0.05）,与年龄比较（r =-0.179,P＜0.05）,差异具有统计学意义,与性别比较差异无统计学意义。结论　习惯性头部睡眠姿势促使耳石沉积在低位耳的后半规管,是导致同侧PSC-BPPV的主要因素之一。     

复位治疗对良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者姿势稳定性的影响

目的探讨耳石复位治疗（CanaIithrepositioningprocedure,CRP）对后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, PSC-BPPV）患者姿势稳定性的影响。方法25例PSC—BPPV患者在CRP前、后进行4种站立条件下的姿势稳定性测试,①坚硬平板、睁眼（T1）;②坚硬平板、闭眼（T2）;③海绵垫、睁眼（T3）;④海绵垫、闭眼（T4）。以配对的25名正常人为健康对照组。采用身体直立时足底压力中心的平均晃动速度（swayvelocity,SV）为研究参数。结果①CRP前患者SV均较健康对照组增加,T1时有显著性差异（f=2．442,P=0．022）：T2NT4有极显著性差异（f值分别为3．529、5．799和4．312,P〈0．01）;②CRP后除T1外（f=1．808,P=0．083）,T2-T4时,患者身体晃动SV较治疗前降低,有显著性差异（f值分别为2．487、2．248和2．897,P〈0．05）：③CRP后患者姿势稳定性与健康对照组比较,T1gUT2时SV间比较,无显著性差异（f分别为1．388和2．022,P〉0．05）;T3和T4时SV间比较,有显著性差异（f分别为1．488和2．327,P〈0．05）。结论CRP可提高PSC—BPPV患者姿势稳定性,但与正常人仍有一定差异,提示PSC．BPPV患者可结合CRPgl前庭康复治疗提高姿势平衡能力。     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕

良性阵发性位置性眩晕(Benign Paroxysm Positional Vertigo,BPPV)是一种阵发性、由头位变动引起的伴有特征性眼震的短暂发作性眩晕,是最常见的前庭疾病。后半规管BPPV(Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo ofPosterior Semicircular Canal,PSC-BPPV)是最常见的BPPV类型,临床上推荐Dix-Hallpike试验作为诊断PSC-BPPV的"金标准",Epley法是目前治疗PSC-BPPV最有效的复位方法。水平半规管BPPV(Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigoof Horizontal Semicircular Canal,HSC-BPPV)发病机制复杂,是仅次于PSC-BPPV的常见BPPV亚型,其实际发病率可能被低估。临床实践中,HSC-BPPV其诊断与复位治疗方法与PSC-BPPV均不相同。本文即围绕HSC-BPPV研究的发展史及流行病学、分类、病因、发病机制、诊断及治疗复位方法的相关进展做一综述。     

水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断

目的探讨水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）的诊断。方法自2003年1月至2006年9月，本眩晕中心共确诊为水平半规管BPPV（HSC BPPV）患者46例。诊断依据为典型的病史及用红外视频眼震电图仪记录患者在Dix—Hallpike试验和滚转试验中的眼震结果，并排除其他疾病。研究HSC BPPV的眼震特点。结果441例诊断为BPPV患者中，46例（10．43％）为水平半规管BPPV。其中38例（82．61％）为单侧病变，5例（10．87％）患者合并同侧后半规管病变，3例（6．52％）为双侧病变。35例患者通过两种试验诱发出水平眼震，11例患者仅通过滚转试验诱发出水平眼震。25例患者眼震方向向地，13例患者眼震方向背地，3例患者眼震方向不固定，5例患者各种手法诱发出同一方向的眼震。29例患者在双侧手法中出现眼震，17例患者在一侧手法中出现眼震。结论HSC BPPV眼震为完全水平性且多为快相向地。通常受累耳在双侧手法中均可出现眼震，以向患侧为重。一侧水平半规管和后半规管可同时受累。滚转试验在HSC BPPV检查中比Dix—Hallpike试验更加敏感。Dix—Hallpike试验结合滚转试验可使更多的HSCBPPV患者得到确诊．     

良性阵发性位置性眩晕临床特点

目的分析良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）患者临床特点。方法 2009年9月～2010年6月明确诊断BPPV的患者90例,详细记录病史、伴随症状、既往史,进行耳科常规检查、纯音听力测试和前庭功能检查,使用视频眼震图观察记录视动功能试验、冷热试验、水平滚转试验、变位试验等,计算半规管轻瘫（canal paresis,CP）值。结果①患者平均年龄（52.48±15.43）岁,男女比例为1∶2.1;耳鼻咽喉科首诊36例（40.0%）、神经内科首诊31例（34.4%）。②后半规管BPPV 51例（56.7%）,水平半规管BPPV 18例（20.0%）,上半规管BPPV 20例（22.2%）,混合型BPPV 1例（1.1%）。③行前庭功能检查78例患者中有52例（66.7%）出现CP,当病史≤2周、2周〈病史≤1个月、1个月〈病史≤6个月、6个月〈病史≤5年、病史〉5年,CP所占比例分别为42.9%、61.5%、75.0%、84.2%、62.5%,P〉0.05,不具有统计学意义。77例单侧BPPV患者中,患侧CP25例（32.5%）,健侧CP11例（14.3%）,双侧CP15例（19.5%）。④行纯音听力测试,67例BPPV患者（68耳）中有21例（21耳,30.9%）伴有感音神经性听力损失。结论 BPPV是常见的前庭系统疾病,病因尚不明确。可伴有前庭功能异常和感音神经性聋,临床上应重视对BPPV患者前庭功能和听功能评价,以明确相关的防治策略。     

复发和非复发良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者温度试验结果比较

目的　比较复发和非复发良性阵发性位置性眩晕（benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV）患者温度试验特点。方法　收集同期就诊79例BPPV患者,随 访后分为复发组26例和非复发组53例,均采用冷热温度试验检测一侧减弱（unilateral weakness,UW）发生率,并对结果进行比较分析。结果　复发组UW19例（73.08%）,非复发组UW26例（49.06%）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（χ 2=4.11,P＜0.05）。复发组温度试验UW正常或轻度减弱10例（38.46%）,非复发组37例（69.81%）,二者比较差异有统计学意义（χ 2=7.11,P＜0.01）。后半规管BPPV患者UW31例（56.36%）,外半规管BPPV患者UW14例（58.33%）,二者比较差异无统计学意义（χ 2=0.02,P＞0.05）。45例温度试验异常的BPPV患者中,减弱侧和病变侧不一致率高（57.78%）。两组优势偏向（directional preponderance,DP）异常率比较差异无统计学意义（χ 2=0.16,P＞0.05）。结论  复发组UW发生率高于非复发组,且复发组UW程度较非复发组严重。温度试验为BPPV患者的治疗及预后提供参考依据。     

水平背地性眼震良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊断和手法复位

目的：验证一种新的用于治疗水平背地性眼震良性阵发性位置性眩晕（apogeotropicHSC—BPPV）的手法复位方法。方法：该研究采取改良的SupineRollTest（M-RollTest）方法共诊断出l78例水平半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（HSC-BPPV）患者,其中37例apogeotropicHSC—BPPV纳入该研究样本,占发病数的20．79％。采用管石重置手法先将37例apogeotropicHSC—BPPV患者水平背地性眼震转变为水平向地性眼震;此后,施行传统barbecue法进行手法复位。管石重置手法如下：①患者取仰卧头垫高30°体位静卧;②10min后头快速向患侧转90°;③2min后头向中线回旋45°;④保持体位2min后患者恢复仰卧头高30°体位;静卧10min后,采用M—RollTest检查验证患者是否出现双侧水平向地性眼震。如管石重置失败,重复以上手法多次,直至出现双侧水平向地性眼震为止。结果：36例双侧水平背地性眼震经水平背地性眼震管石重置手法全部转变为双侧不同强度的水平向地性眼震,其中,18例经1次,11例经2次,4例经3次,3例经4～6次。1例经1次管石重置手法后自觉症状减轻,再次行M—RollTest检查证明水平眼震消失,但Dix-hallpike手法复位检查出现同侧上跳性扭转性眼震,确诊为同侧后半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕（PSC-BPPV）。该组管石重置成功率为为97．3％。36例HSC—BPPV患者经barbecue法手法复位全部一次性获得成功,1例PSC—BPPV患者经Eptey管石复位法一次性获得成功。结论：该研究设计的水平背地性管石重置手法是治疗apogeotropicHSC—BPPV的必要手段,简便易学、成功率高,患者舒适度好,相对依从性高。     

211例良性阵发性位置性眩晕临床分析

目的：探讨不同类型良性阵发性位置性眩晕（BPPV）的临床特征。方法：回顾性分析211例BPPV患者的临床特征,并对不同类型的BPPV作比较。结果：BPPV以女性多见,50～60岁为发病高峰段,潜伏期为（1．60±1．19）s,46例（21．8％）无明显潜伏期;眩晕发作持续时间中位数为10S,持续时间〈60s者177例（83．8％）,超过60s者34例（16．2％）;后半规管受累189例（89．6％）,水平半规管受累21例（10％）,后半规管加水平半规管受累1例（0．4％）。后半规管BPPV、水平半规管BPPV潜伏期分别为（1．89±1．33）s、（O．92±1．04）s,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;汉族患者发病明显多于其他民族;而在性别构成、病程、眩晕持续时间上均无明显差异。结论：BPPV以后半规管受累常见,与水平半规管相比,后半规管BPPV潜伏期更长。     

外半规管良性阵发性位置性眩晕的诊疗

良性阵发性位置性眩晕(benign paroxysmal positional vertigo,BPPV)是最常见的周围性眩晕,主要表现为随头位变化出现的短暂性眩晕发作,该病分为后半规管型、外半规管型、上半规管型及多半规管.其中后半规管BPPV最常见,其次为外半规管BPPVo外半规管BPPV根据发病机制、原理、眼震方向等有多种分类方法.近年来外半规管BPPV的手法复位逐渐被熟悉,但一些患者复位后效果不佳,如外半规管嵴帽结石症,部分患者行常规手法复位后发作性眩晕仍然存在.我们将这部分手法复位后眩晕症状改善不明显的类型归结为难治型外半规管嵴帽结石症.本文主要围绕外半规管BPPV的概念及分类、流行病学、病因、发病机制、诊断及复位方法,尤其对于难治型外半规管嵴帽结石症的复位方法做一综述.     

'Bow and lean test' to determine the affected ear of horizontal canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

OBJECTIVE: One of the problems in the management of horizontal semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (HSC-BPPV) is the difficulty in determining the affected ear using Ewald's second law. The purpose of this study is to develop the new "bow and lean test (BLT)" to easily determine the affected ear of HSC-BPPV and evaluate its efficiency. METHODS: We compared the efficiency between the classic method and BLT in 26 patients with HSC-BPPV. The classic method is based on Ewald's second law comparing the intensity of nystagmus or symptoms in the head roll test. BLT is based on the direction of both "bowing nystagmus" and "leaning nystagmus" at the head's bowing and leaning state in a sitting position. The affected ear is the same direction of bowing nystagmus in canalolithiasis and the same direction of leaning nystagmus in cupulolithiasis. RESULTS: In 26 patents (15 canalolithiasis, 11 cupulolithiasis), 3 (11.5%) patients did not show a prominent affected ear in the classic method, and 7 (26.9%) patients showed the different affected ear between the two methods. All 10 patients were successfully treated with just one trial of barbecue rotation based on the affected ear in BLT. Three patients did not show any bowing or leaning nystagmus. The side with canal paresis in all four patients, who showed significant canal paresis in bithermal caloric tests, was equal to the affected ear based on BLT. CONCLUSIONS: The "bow and lean test" (also called "Choung's test") is a new method that can easily determine the affected ear of HC-BPPV.     

震动眼震在单侧前庭外周疾病中的临床意义

目的研究震动眼震（vibration—induced nystagmu，VIN）在前庭外周疾病诊断中的临床意义，并确定震动实验（vibration test，VT）的灵敏度和特异度。方法30例健康成人和眩晕门诊112例单侧外周前庭疾病患者纳入本研究，排除具有自发性眼震患者，采用置于乳突和前额的震动刺激（92Hz）进行震动实验，观察记录VIN的诱发情况，患者和正常受试者同时还进行摇头眼震（headshaking nystagmus，HSN）和前庭双温冷热试验检查，并进行比较。结果112例患者中，有91例（81％）出现VIN，主要是水平眼震，VIN在乳突比在前额更常诱发出，其中76例VIN的方向朝向健侧，然而15例梅尼埃病患者VIN方向朝向患侧。30例健康受试者，均未出现VIN。随着前庭双温冷热试验中半规管轻瘫（canal paresis，CP）值的增加，VIN出现率增加。分别有70例（63％）单侧外周前庭疾病患者和9例健康受试者（30％）出现HSN。前庭双温检查，112例患者中CP值〈25％有10例，25％≤CP值≤40％有32例，40％〈CP值〈70％有48例，cP值≥70％有22例，30例健康受试者CP值均〈25％，VIN出现率随着cP值的增加而增加。结论VIN检查是一项简单、非侵入性的、患者能很好耐受的检测单侧外周前庭功能障碍的临床测试方法，具有比HSN检查更高的灵敏度和特异度。     

Influence of Canal Paresis and Compensation on Gain and Time Constant of Nystagmus Slow-phase Velocity to Yaw-axis Rotation

In order to assess the influence of canal paresis and compensation on the yaw-axis rotatory chair test parameters gain and time constant, a study was conducted in 435 patients diagnosed with unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. Patients were grouped according to the amount of canal paresis found in the caloric test and by the result of a bedside examination of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The time constant of the VOR diminishes as canal paresis increases and, when using a high-velocity sinusoidal test, there is a similar reduction in gain. Mean time constant was reduced when rotations were to the side of the lesion (ipsilesional) and to the normal (contralesional) and differences between both rotations were found for 21-80% canal paresis. Ipsilesional gain was significantly less than contralesional gain, which had a normal result independent of the amount of canal paresis; differences between them were significant when canal paresis was > 41%. Spontaneous nystagmus significantly influenced the appearance of asymmetries in gain and time constant in the tests performed while, with high-velocity sinusoidal rotation, gain was found to be significantly different for ipsilesional and contralesional rotations in non-acute symptomatic patients.     

Influence of canal paresis and compensation on gain and time constant of nystagmus slow-phase velocity to yaw-axis rotation.

In order to assess the influence of canal paresis and compensation on the yaw-axis rotatory chair test parameters gain and time constant, a study was conducted in 435 patients diagnosed with unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. Patients were grouped according to the amount of canal paresis found in the caloric test and by the result of a bedside examination of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The time constant of the VOR diminishes as canal paresis increases and, when using a high-velocity sinusoidal test, there is a similar reduction in gain. Mean time constant was reduced when rotations were to the side of the lesion (ipsilesional) and to the normal (contralesional) and differences between both rotations were found for 21-80%, canal paresis. Ipsilesional gain was significantly less than contralesional gain, which had a normal result independent of the amount of canal paresis; differences between them were significant when canal paresis was > 41%. Spontaneous nystagmus significantly influenced the appearance of asymmetries in gain and time constant in the tests performed while, with high-velocity sinusoidal rotation, gain was found to be significantly different for ipsilesional and contralesional rotations in non-acute symptomatic patients.     

Abnormal deviation of subjective visual horizontal in patients with vestibular schwannoma

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to examine the correlation between the results of subjective visual horizontal (SVH) and other vestibular function tests in patients with untreated unilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS). METHODS: The subjects comprised 40 consecutive patients (17 men, 23 women) with VS who underwent vestibular function tests before surgery and had surgically and histopathologically confirmed unilateral VS. The vestibular function tests included SVH, caloric, and vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) tests. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients, 31 (77.5%) showed deviation of the SVH toward the affected side down. Especially in 8 patients (20.0%), abnormal deviation (more than 2.2 degrees) toward the affected side down was seen. None of the patients showed abnormal deviation toward the unaffected side down. On the caloric test, the proportion of absent caloric responses and the percent canal paresis in patients with an abnormal SVH was significantly higher than those in patients with a normal SVH. The proportion of abnormal VEMP responses was higher and the percent VEMP asymmetry was smaller in patients with an abnormal SVH than in patients with a normal SVH; however, the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal results on the caloric test and/or VEMP test were more frequently seen in VS patients with abnormal deviation of the SVH.     

Head-shaking nystagmus in patients with a vestibular schwannoma

The aim of this study was to calculate the sensitivity of the head-shake test for peripheral and central vestibular dysfunction associated with unilateral sporadic vestibular schwannoma and to discuss the feasibility of using the head-shake test as a screening test. The study group consisted of 102 patients with unilateral sporadic vestibular schwannomas, who were seen consecutively for preoperative vestibular assessment, including the head-shake test. The sensitivity of the head-shake test for vestibular schwannoma was found to be 22%, and the sensitivity and specificity of the head-shake test for canal paresis (>/=25%) were found to be 27% and 88%, respectively. Patients with abnormalities in the central vestibular system and with a greater canal paresis were more likely to have head-shake nystagmus, although, even for severe canal paresis, the sensitivity of the test remained low at 36%. The direction of nystagmus was found to be contra-lateral to the side of the tumour in 86% of patients. It was concluded that the head-shake test is of insufficient sensitivity to be used as a screening test either for vestibular schwannoma or for vestibular-system abnormalities associated with vestibular schwannoma. The deduction is made that the head-shake test is of insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be of clinical value as a screening test for vestibular dysfunction in a general population with symptoms of imbalance.     

Head‐shaking nystagmus in patients with a vestibular schwannoma

Head‐shaking nystagmus in patients with a vestibular schwannoma The aim of this study was to calculate the sensitivity of the head‐shake test for peripheral and central vestibular dysfunction associated with unilateral sporadic vestibular schwannoma and to discuss the feasibility of using the head‐shake test as a screening test. The study group consisted of 102 patients with unilateral sporadic vestibular schwannomas, who were seen consecutively for preoperative vestibular assessment, including the head‐shake test. The sensitivity of the head‐shake test for vestibular schwannoma was found to be 22%, and the sensitivity and specificity of the head‐shake test for canal paresis (≥25%) were found to be 27% and 88%, respectively. Patients with abnormalities in the central vestibular system and with a greater canal paresis were more likely to have head‐shake nystagmus, although, even for severe canal paresis, the sensitivity of the test remained low at 36%. The direction of nystagmus was found to be contra‐lateral to the side of the tumour in 86% of patients. It was concluded that the head‐shake test is of insufficient sensitivity to be used as a screening test either for vestibular schwannoma or for vestibular‐system abnormalities associated with vestibular schwannoma. The deduction is made that the head‐shake test is of insufficient sensitivity or specificity to be of clinical value as a screening test for vestibular dysfunction in a general population with symptoms of imbalance.