Elevated C-reactive protein associates with early-stage carotid atherosclerosis in young subjects with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether low-grade inflammation contributes to early-stage advanced carotid atherosclerosis in young subjects with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The mean and maximum (max) intima-media thicknesses (IMT) of the carotid artery were assessed using ultrasound B-mode imaging in 55 patients with type 1 diabetes (22 men and 33 women, aged 22.1 +/- 3.6 years (+/- SD), duration of diabetes 14.2 +/- 5.7 years) and 75 age-matched healthy nondiabetic subjects (28 men and 47 women). High-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured with a latex-enhanced immunonephelometer. RESULTS: The patients with type 1 diabetes had significantly higher hs-CRP levels (median 0.35, range 0.05-1.47 mg/l vs. median 0.14, range 0.05-1.44 mg/l; P = 0.001) as well as significantly higher mean IMT and max IMT than the nondiabetic subjects (mean IMT 0.76 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.04 mm, P = 0.003; max IMT 0.84 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.77 +/- 0.06 mm, P < 0.0001). Hs-CRP levels were significantly correlated with the mean and max IMT of patients with type 1 diabetes and with the max IMT of nondiabetic patients. Multivariate regression analyses for both diabetic and nondiabetic subjects as a single group showed that hs-CRP levels are independently correlated with the mean IMT and max IMT levels (P = 0.002 and P = 0.023, respectively) as well as with diastolic blood pressure, sex, and duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that hs-CRP levels are elevated in young patients with type 1 diabetes, possibly corresponding with early-stage advanced carotid atherosclerosis.     

老年糖代谢异常患者颈动脉硬化与C反应蛋白的关系

目的:了解老年糖代谢异常患者颈总动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)与C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的关系。方法:158例年龄为68～93岁老年非糖尿病患者,每例均行标准75g口服糖耐量试验,同时测定血脂、血清CRP水平、空腹胰岛素等生化指标。超声测定颈总动脉内IMT并了解斑块情况。结果:患者中糖耐量正常者(NGT组)48例,糖耐量异常者(IGT组)71例,2型糖尿病(DM组)39例,3组体重指数、血压、血脂等均无明显差异。3组颈总动脉IMT均值分别为0.72、0.78、0.83mm,DM组及IGT组较NGT组显著升高(P<0.01),DM组与IGT组间差异无显著性,DM组斑块发生率(62%)明显高于其他两组(P<0.01)。3组CRP水平分别为(1.05±0.64)、(1.77±0.82)、(2.03±0.63)mg/dL,并呈上升趋势,两两比较DM组及IGT组较NGT组差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),而DM组与IGT组间无明显差异。结论:老年糖耐量异常人群颈总动脉IMT明显增厚,CRP水平明显升高,提示慢性亚临床炎症在2型糖尿病的发生发展过程中起到一定作用。     

Association between serum testosterone concentration and carotid atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: There is evidence to suggest that low concentrations of testosterone are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum testosterone concentration and carotid atherosclerosis as well as major cardiovascular risk factors in men with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum free and total testosterone concentrations were measured in 253 consecutive men with type 2 diabetes. The relationships between serum testosterone concentration and carotid atherosclerosis, determined by ultrasonographically evaluated intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque score (PS) in a subgroup of 154 diabetic patients, as well as major cardiovascular risk factors, including age, blood pressure, and lipid concentrations, were evaluated. RESULTS: Inverse correlations were found between free testosterone (F-tes) concentration and IMT (r = -0.206, P = 0.0103) and between F-tes concentration and PS (r = -0.334, P < 0.001). The IMT and PS were significantly greater in patients with lower concentrations of F-tes (<10 pg/ml) than in patients with higher concentrations of F-tes (1.01 +/- 0.29 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.26 mm, P = 0.038; 4.5 +/- 3.8 vs. 2.4 +/- 3.2, P = 0.0003; respectively). An inverse correlation was found between serum F-tes concentration and age (r = -0.420, P < 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between serum F-tes and total cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.145, P = 0.0238). CONCLUSIONS: Serum F-tes concentration is inversely associated with carotid atherosclerosis determined by ultrasonographically evaluated IMT and PS in men with type 2 diabetes.     

Pancreas transplantation improves vascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Pancreas transplantation (PTX) normalizes glucose and improves microvascular complications, but its impact on macrovascular disease is still debated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), shown to correlate with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and events, was determined prospectively by ultrasonography in successful pancreas transplant recipients to evaluate the effect of PTX on CVD risk. Carotid IMT and CVD risk factors of pancreas transplant recipients (n = 25) were compared with three groups: individuals with type 1 diabetes without significant nephropathy (n = 20), nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients (n = 16), and normal control subjects (n = 32). Mean age of pancreas transplant recipients at the time of transplantation was 42.4 +/- 1.2 years (mean +/- SE) and duration of diabetes was 25.9 +/- 1.4 years. RESULTS: After PTX, HbA(1c) level (P < 0.0001) decreased to normal and, whereas creatinine level (P = 0.0002) decreased, it remained elevated compared with normal control subjects (P < 0.05). Blood pressure, BMI, fasting lipid levels, smoking frequency, and use of hypolipidemic agents were unchanged. Mean carotid IMT was increased in pancreas transplant candidates but decreased by 1.8 +/- 0.1 year after PTX (P = 0.0068), no longer different from that in normal control subjects or patients with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid IMT improves after successful PTX within 2 years of the procedure, with normalization of HbA(1c) and improved renal function, independent of changes in lipid levels, BMI, blood pressure, smoking, or use of hypolipidemic agents. This study suggests that CVD risk, future events, and mortality should improve after PTX in the absence of other significant, untreated CVD risk factors.     

超声评价初诊2型糖尿病患者颈总动脉内-中膜厚度及血流动力学与糖化血红蛋白的相关性

目的 应用高频超声评价初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者颈总动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及血流动力学与不同水平糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的相关性.方法 选取符合2010年糖尿病新标准诊断的初诊T2DM患者82例,根据HbA1c水平将其分为A组45例（HbA1c均〈6.5%）和B组37例（HbA1c均≥6.5%）.应用高频超声测量两组患者及50例健康成人（C组）双侧颈总动脉IMT、动脉斑块及血流动力学参数,包括搏动指数（PI）和阻力指数（RI）.结果 A、B组颈总动脉IMT均高于C组（P 〈 0.05）,且B组IMT高于A组（P 〈 0.05）.B组斑块发生率和斑块积分均高于A、C组（P 〈 0.05）,且A组斑块发生率和斑块积分与C组比较差异无统计学意义.A、B组颈总动脉血流参数PI和RI均稍高于C组（P 〈 0.05）,且A、B组间PI和RI比较差异无统计学意义.结论 超声可准确评估初诊T2DM患者颈总动脉IMT、斑块形成及血流动力学特征与HbA1c水平的相关性,对初诊T2DM患者颈动脉并发症的早期诊断有重要意义.     

血清基质金属蛋白酶-9与2型糖尿病颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨血清基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 选择93例T2DM患者作为研究对象,测量患者颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)、斑块情况.根据IMT值将选取T2DM患者分为3组:单纯糖尿病组32例(糖尿病组),糖尿病颈动脉内中膜增厚组31例(中膜增厚组),糖尿病颈动脉粥样硬化斑块形成组30例(斑块组);另选健康查体者30名作为对照组.测定血清MMP-9浓度并进行相关分析.结果 糖尿病组血清MMP-9为(550.26±269.28)μg/L,显著高于对照组(359.70±215.62)μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=2.23,P＜0.05);中膜增厚组MMP-9为(712.15±340.47)μg/L明显高于对照组(t=4.53,P＜0.01)和单纯糖尿病组(t=2.40,P＜0.05);斑块组MMP-9为(889.08±247.80)μg/L明显高于对照组(t=7.01,P＜0.01)、糖尿病组(t=4.89,P＜0.01)和中膜增厚组(t=2.53,P＜0.05).结论 血清MMP-9升高与颈动脉粥样硬化的病变程度密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigated the relationship between serum matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and carotid atherosclerosis(AS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods A total of 93 patients with T2DM were recruited to our study.The intima-media thickness(IMT) and plaques of carotid artery were measured.These patients were divided into 3 groups according to their IMT values: diabetes mellitus(DM) group(n=32),carotid artery intima thicken group(n=31) and carotid artery intima plaque group(n=30).At the same time,30 healthy individuals were selected as control.Serum level of MMP-9 were determined and analyzed.Results The serum MMP-9 in DM group was significantly higher than that in healthy controls([550.26±269.28]μg/L vs.[359.70±215.62]μg/L,t=2.23,P＜0.05).The serum MMP-9 level of intima thicken group(712.15±340.47)μg/L was significantly higher than that in healthy controls(t=4.53,P＜0.01) and DM group(t=2.40,P＜0.05).The serum MMP-9 level of plaque group([889.08±247.80]μg/L) was even more significantly higher than DM group(t=4.89,P＜0.01),IMT group(t=2.53,P＜0.05) and healthy controls(t=7.01,P＜0.01).Conclusion The severity of carotid atherosclerosis in T2DM is closely associated with the serum MMP-9 level.     

Relationship between C-reactive protein and intima-media thickness in the carotid and femoral arteries and to antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein in healthy men: the Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance (AIR) study

Results from several recent reports have linked high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to atherosclerotic disease and its complications. The aims of the present study were to investigate the relationship between CRP levels and subclinical atherosclerosis, as measured by ultrasound in the carotid and femoral arteries; and also to examine whether CRP levels are associated with antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL). The study group (n = 391) consisted of clinically healthy 58-year-old men recruited from the general population. CRP and antibody titres to Ox-LDL were measured by ELISA. The results showed an association between CRP and ultrasound-assessed subclinical atherosclerosis in the femoral artery (r = 0.14, P = 0.010), and also between CRP and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood glucose, cigarette-years and antibody titres to ox-LDL (r = 0.19, P < 0.001). In this clinically healthy population of 58-year-old men, CRP levels were associated with both intima-media thickness and plaque occurrence in the femoral artery. The association between CRP and femoral atherosclerosis was not independent of smoking, serum LDL cholesterol, or systolic blood pressure. CRP levels were independently related to abdominal obesity measured as WHR, smoking and antibody titres to Ox-LDL.     

老年2型糖尿病与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病与动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 对2005年4月至2007年10月住院的277例大于60岁的老年患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,将其分为糖尿病伴颈动脉粥样硬化组(A组119例)、糖尿病不伴颈动脉粥样硬化组(B组30例)、非糖尿病伴颈动脉粥样硬化组(C组32例)和非糖尿病不伴颈动脉粥样硬化组(D组96例),分析颈动脉斑块与各因素的相关性.结果 ①A组与C组比较显示空腹血糖[(7.14±2.49)mmoL/L与(5.21±0.87mmol/L)],TG[(1.41±0.78)mmol/L与(0.95±0.39)mmol/L],左、右颈动脉内膜-中层厚度[(0.85±0.11)mm与(0.79±0.08)mm,(0.85±0.11)mm与(0.78±0.09)mm]、斑块指数(1.37±1.16与0.50±0.80)明显增高(P均<0.01),HDL-C[(1.29±0.32)mmol/L与(1.58±0.45)mmol/L]明显降低(P<0.01);②A组与B组比较显示左、右颈动脉内膜-中层厚度[(0.85±0.11)mm与(0.80±0.11)mm,(0.85±0.11)mm与(0.80±0.12)mm]、斑块指数(1.37±1.16与0.00±0.00)及脑卒中发病率[34.5%(41/119)与13.3%(4/30)]明显增高(P<0.05或P<0.01);③颈动脉斑块与糖尿病史(r=0.551,P<0.01)、高血压病史(r=0.169,P<0.01)、冠心病史(r=0.109,P<0.05)、脑卒中史(r=0.136,P<0.05)、脂肪肝(r=0.340,P<0.01)、FBG(r=0.339,P<0.01)、TG(r=0.195,P<0.01)、ApoB(r=0.152,P<0.05)呈直线正相关,与HDL-C(r=-0.143,P<0.05)呈直线负相关.结论老年2型糖尿病患者发生动脉粥样硬化的危险性高于非糖尿病患者,伴有动脉粥样硬化的糖尿病患者脑卒中发病率高于不伴动脉粥样硬化的糖尿病患者,颈动脉斑块的发生与糖尿病史、高血压病史、冠心病史、脑卒中史、脂肪肝、FBG、TG、ApoB呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关.     

Antiatherogenic mitochondrial genotype in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of a longevity-associated mitochondrial genotype (Mt5178A) derived from a C --> A transversion at nucleotide position 5178 of mitochondrial DNA, which causes a Leu-to-Met substitution within the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene, in type 2 diabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Mt5178 typing was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism with the restriction enzyme AluI in 1,148 type 2 diabetic Japanese subjects, and the results were compared with the clinical characteristics. Then, the association of Mt5178 type with early atherosclerotic changes of the bilateral carotid arteries on ultrasonography was assessed in 412 diabetic subjects randomly selected from the original 1,148 type 2 diabetic subjects, while maintaining the same frequency of Mt5178A and Mt5178C. RESULTS: The frequency of Mt5178A in the type 2 diabetic subjects (454 of 1,148; 40%) was not different from that previously found in healthy blood donors (114 of 252; 45%). Clinical characteristics regarding diabetes were not significantly different between the Mt5178A group (n = 454) and the Mt5178C group (n = 694). However, the mean intima-media thickness (IMT) at six sites in the bilateral carotid arteries was significantly smaller in the Mrt5178A group than in the Mt5178C group (0.906 +/- 0.018 vs. 0.995 +/- 0.021 mm, mean +/- SEM, P = 0.022), and the Mt5178 type was significantly correlated with both the mean IMT and the presence of plaque on multiple regression analysis and discriminant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The Mt5178A genotype may be unrelated to the etiology of type 2 diabetes. However, Mt5178A seems to have an antiatherogenic effect, at least in type 2 diabetic individuals.     

Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and aortic pulse-wave velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Vessel wall properties in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between atherotic (structural) and sclerotic (functional) changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Aortic distensibility and carotid intimal-media thickness (IMT) were evaluated using carotid-femoral aortic pulse-wave velocity (a-PWV) and high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography in 271 patients with type 2 diabetes and 285 age-matched control subjects. RESULTS: a-PWV and carotid IMT were significantly higher in the patients than in the control subjects in all age-groups (P < 0.0001, respectively). The carotid IMT and a-PWV were significantly correlated with age in both the patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects. There was a significant positive relationship between the carotid IMT and a-PWV in both the patients (r = 0.482, P < 0.0001) and control subjects (r = 0.424, P < 0.0001). The slope of the regression line for the carotid IMT to the a-PWV was significantly steeper in the diabetic patients than in the control subjects (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis in all subjects showed that age, diabetic state, and cigarette smoking were independently common risk factors for the increase in carotid IMT and a-PWV. In the diabetic patients, the independent risk factors associated with the carotid IMT were age, hyperlipidemia, and duration of diabetes (R2 = 0.232, P < 0.0001), while those associated with a-PWV were age and duration of diabetes (R2 = 0.334, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that diabetic patients showed more advanced changes in atherosis than that in sclerosis as compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Such atherotic changes in diabetic patients may be associated with hyperlipidemia.     

原发性高血压患者颈动脉硬化与炎症因子及血脂的相关性

【目的】探讨原发性高血压患者颈动脉硬化与炎症因子及血脂的相关性。【方法】选取原发性高血压患者91例及血压正常者42例,应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及斑块情况,根据颈动脉超声检测结果将高血压组分为伴颈动脉硬化组（IMT≥0．9mm）40例和无颈动脉硬化组（IMT〈0．9mm）51例。测定超敏c反应蛋白（hsCRP）、白细胞介素1（IL-1）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）及血脂。【结果】①高血压组收缩压、舒张压、TC、LDL-C及颈动脉斑块发生率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,②高血压组hs—CRP、IL—1、TNFa、颈动脉IMT值均明显高于对照组,且高血压患者中颈动脉硬化组hs—CRP、IL-1、TNF-α、颈动脉IMT值均明显高于无颈动脉硬化组（P〈O．05）,③在高血压患者,颈动脉IMT与hs—CRP（r=0．426;P〈0．05）、IL-1（r=0．327;P〈0．05）、TNF-α（r=0．284;P〈0．05）呈正相关。多元逐步回归分析表明：在高血压患者中,收缩压、hsCRP及LDL-C是影响高血压患者颈动脉IMT增厚的主要危险因素。【结论】高血压患者颈动脉硬化的形成与血压增高、炎症因子及血脂异常有关。     

阿托伐他汀对2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的作用

目的探讨阿托伐他汀治疗对2型糖尿病患者糖代谢、脂代谢、炎症因子水平及颈动脉粥样硬化的作用。 方法选取临沂市人民医院2015年1月至2016年12月收治的2型糖尿病患者196例,按治疗方式的不同随机分为对照组与阿托伐他汀组,各98例。2组患者均予降糖、降压及阿司匹林治疗,阿托伐他汀组在此基础上加用阿托伐他汀20 mg治疗,均持续治疗6个月。采用t检验比较2组患者治疗前后糖代谢指标［空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）］、脂代谢［总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）］、炎症因子［C反应蛋白（CRP）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、细胞间黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）、血管细胞黏附分子-1（VCAM-1）、内皮细胞选择蛋白（Selectin）］水平及颈动脉粥样硬化指标［颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）、斑块厚度、斑块大小、斑块数量）的差异,采用Logistic回归分析分析IMT的影响因素。 结果治疗后,阿托伐他汀组的糖代谢指标FPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR水平与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义［（6.42±1.21）mmol/L vs（6.27±1.05）mmol/L,t=0.406,P=0.572;（6.21±0.65）% vs（6.08±0.73）%,t=0.662,P=0.339;（13.04±1.21）% vs（12.83±1.15）%,t=0.316,P=0.606;（3.75±0.27） vs（3.64±0.35）,t=0.283,P=0.692）］;脂代谢指标TC、TG、LDL-C的水平低于对照组,HDL-C的水平高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义［（3.18±0.33） vs（4.76±0.39）,t=2.738,P=0.009;（1.69±0.14） vs（2.13±0.31）,t=3.012,P=0.003;（1.74±0.27） vs（3.08±0.39）,t=3.974,P=0.001;（1.26±0.21） vs（1.04±0.15）,t=2.458,P=0.014）］;炎症因子CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、ICAM-1、VCAM-1、Selectin的水平低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义［（0.83±0.09） vs（0.92±0.11）,t=2.576,P=0.036;（1.83±0.25） vs（2.32±0.36）,t=3.119,P=0.025;（33.83±4.15） vs（41.92±6.11）,t=3.102,P=0.029;（198.83±14.15） vs（210.92±15.11）,t=2.583,P=0.035;（457.83±41.15） vs（501.92±38.11）,t=2.104,P=0.043;（20.04±1.91） vs（25.83±2.09）,t=2.722,P=0.031）］;颈动脉粥样硬化指标IMT、斑块厚度、斑块大小、斑块数量低于对照组差异具有统计学意义［（1.05±0.12）mm vs（1.30±0.16）mm,t=3.501,P=0.012;（2.64±0.37）mm vs（3.23±0.55）mm,t=3.164,P=0.019;（0.078±0.021）cm² vs（0.093±0.025）cm²,t=4.068,P=0.001;（3.54±0.62）个vs（4.23±0.92）个,t=2.083,P=0.042］。服用阿托伐他汀和HDL-C水平是IMT的保护因素,TC、TG、LDL、CRP、IL-6和TNF-α水平是IMT的危险因素。 结论阿托伐他汀治疗可有效调节2型糖尿病患者的脂代谢,降低炎症反应和颈动脉粥样硬化。     

老年高血压合并糖尿病患者颈动脉超声研究

目的观察老年高血压合并糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样斑块的超声声像图特点。方法老年患者80例,分为三组：单纯高血压组（EH组）29例,高血压合并糖尿病（EH合并DM组）21例,正常对照组30例。所有病例均接受颈动脉超声检查、血糖及血胰岛素超敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）。颈动脉观察指标包括：内膜中层厚度（IMT）及粥样斑块的厚度,并计算Crouse积分。结果与对照组比较,高血压者颈总动脉IMT、颈动脉分叉处IMT、Crouse积分显著增高;EH合并DM组颈总动脉IMT、Crouse积分显著高于EH组（P〈0．01）。颈动脉斑块积分与胰岛素抵抗指数（HoMA—IR）、体重指数（BMI）和空腹血糖呈正相关。结论超声能很好反映老年高血压合并糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的程度,糖尿病和高血压同时存在时可加速动脉粥样硬化的进展。     

初诊2型糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿与早期动脉硬化的相关性研究

目的观察初诊2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率（uAER）与早期血管动脉硬化的关系。方法对86例初诊2型糖尿病患者,留尿测定尿UAER,并根据UAER分为两组,同时用高分辨率超声检测颈动脉内膜厚度（IMT）,进行组间比较,对两者关系进行统计分析。结果初诊2型糖尿病患者颈动脉IMT与尿UAER、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）显著相关。结论尿UAER增高是初诊2型糖尿病患者早期大血管病变的独立危险因素。     

Increased intimal-medial thickness in newly detected type 2 diabetes: risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) and its determinants in newly detected type 2 diabetic subjects, classified according to the new criteria of the American Diabetes Association, in comparison with age- and sex-matched control subjects with normal glucose tolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was case-controlled, with matched pairs for 71 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic individuals. Subjects aged 40-70 years were recruited from a risk population for diabetes seen in the Risk Factors in IGT for Atherosclerosis and Diabetes (RIAD) Study. Standard risk factors, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test with real insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide, and ultrasound measurement of the IMT of the common carotid artery were performed. RESULTS: The diabetic subjects, both men and women, displayed carotid intimal-medial thickening, even in the subgroup with fasting plasma glucose between 7.0 and 7.8 mmol/l. HbA1c was significantly increased in the diabetic patients (6.33 vs. 5.48%). Insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide were also significantly higher. Among the coronary risk factors, triglycerides and plasminogen activator inhibitor were significantly increased. After age and sex adjustment. IMT in the diabetic group was correlated to triglycerides and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio. In the total group, IMT was significantly correlated to blood pressure, 2-h glucose in oral glucose tolerance testing, triglycerides, albuminuria, and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, and inversely correlated to HDL cholesterol. No independent determinant of IMT was found in the diabetic group by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Newly detected type 2 diabetic patients exhibit a higher degree of early atherosclerosis than normal glucose-tolerant subjects matched for age and sex. Our data suggest that hyperglycemia, together with a clustering of risk factors, and in particular dyslipidemia, may cause intimal-medial thickening in the early phases of diabetes.     

2型糖尿病患者脉搏波传导速度、踝臂指数和颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病人群大动脉顺应性和颈动脉粥样硬化的情况及相关性.方法 随机抽取我院2型糖尿病患者以及正常对照各80例作为研究对象.使用动脉硬化诊断装置VP-1000检测肱踝脉搏波传导速度(BaPWV)和踝臂指数(ABI),采用多普勒彩色超声观察颈总动脉内膜-中层厚度(IMT)以及斑块形成情况,比较两组合并颈动脉斑块时脉搏波传导速度的变化情况,分析颈动脉IMT与BaPWV和ABI的相关性.结果 糖尿病组BaPWV[(1752±213)cm/s]较正常对照组[(1279±159)cm/s]升高(t=28.09,P＜0.01);糖尿病组ABI(0.95±0.13)与正常对照组(1.28±0.17)相比差异有统计学意义(t =32.11,P＜0.01).糖尿病组颈动脉IMT增厚率(45.0％)及斑块发生率(35.0％)与正常对照组(分别为27.5％和10.8％)相比差异有统计学意义(x2值分别为4.16、4.14,P均＜0.01);糖尿病组合并颈动脉斑块者BaPWV[(1810±296)cm/s]较无颈动脉斑块[(1480±304)cm/s]者升高(t=15.86,P＜0.01).糖尿病患者BaPWV与颈总动脉IMT呈正相关(r=0.271,P＜0.05),ABI与IMT呈负相关(r=-0.406,P＜0.05).结论 BaPWV与糖尿病患者颈动脉IMT呈正相关,ABI与IMT呈负相关,BaPWV和ABI可作为评估糖尿病外周动脉硬化情况有效且简便易行的指标.     

Association of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Serum triglyceride levels are important in the development of atherosclerosis. Although triglyceride levels are generally increased in the postprandial periods, the association between postprandial triglyceride (pTG) levels and atherosclerosis has not been investigated in diabetic patients. To investigate the role of pTG levels in atherosclerosis, we examined the correlation between pTG levels and carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasonography in 61 patients with type 2 diabetes. Plasma glucose (PG), insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol levels were measured after overnight fasting and 4 h after a meal. RESULTS: Carotid IMT of the patients with fasting hypertriglyceridemia was greater than that of the patients with normal fasting triglyceride (fTG) levels (0.85+/-0.12 vs. 0.76+/-0.14 mm; P = 0.02). The carotid IMT was increased in the patients with pTG levels >2.27 mmol/l. The normo-normo (NN) and normo-hyper (NH) groups consisted of patients with normal fTG levels but with pTG levels <2.27 and >2.27 mmol/l, respectively. Patients with both hypertriglyceridemia and pTG levels >2.27 mmol/l formed the hyper-hyper (HH) group. Carotid IMT was significantly increased in the NH (0.86+/-0.13 mm) and HH (0.85+/-0.12 mm) groups compared with the NN group (0.73+/-0.13 mm; P<0.01). Although postprandial PG, pTG, and fasting LDL cholesterol levels were all independently correlated with carotid IMT, pTG levels had the strongest statistical influence (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia despite normal fTG levels may be an independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes.     

2型糖尿病血清sLR11对颈动脉动脉粥样硬化病变的影响

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血清可溶性低密度脂蛋白受体11(Soluble low-density lipoprotein recptor fami-ly member 11,sLR11)水平对颈动脉动脉粥样硬化病变(Carotid atherosclerotic lesions,CAL)的影响。方法 82名2型糖尿病患者分为颈动脉粥样硬化组(CAL组,n=43,颈动脉内膜中层厚度肥厚或斑块形成)和无颈动脉动脉粥样硬化组(NCAL,n=39,无颈动脉内膜中层厚度肥厚或斑块形成)。血清sLR11水平测定采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法,颈动脉内膜中层厚度(Intima-media thickness,,IMT)或斑块检测采用多普勒超声方法。数据以均数±SD或百分值(%)表示,统计软件使用SPSS11.0。结果 2型糖尿病患者CAL组血清sLR11水平显著高于NCAL组,2.65±0.52Uvs 1.56±0.43U,P<0.01;CAL组颈动脉IMT显著大于NCAL组,0.86±0.22mm vs 0.73±0.07mm,P<0.01。多元线性回归分析示:血清sLR11为颈动脉粥样硬化病变的独立危险因素(OR=1.33,95%CI 1.07-2.05,P<0.01),血清sLR11与颈动脉IMT呈正相关(r=0.352,P<0.01),偏相关系数为0.275(t值2.82,P<0.01),具有独立相关性。血清sLR11与BMI、病程、高血压、空腹血糖及餐后血糖无关。结论 2型糖尿病患者颈动脉斑块形成或IMT肥厚时血清sLR11水平显著升高,有望成为大血管动脉粥样硬化的早期预测因子和疗效评估指标。     

糖尿病及其合并高脂血症对颈部动脉粥样硬化影响的超声研究

目的应用超声评价糖尿病及其合并高脂血症时对颈部动脉粥样硬化的影响.方法对2型糖尿病(DM)33例,糖尿病合并高脂血症(DH)58例及对照组40例进行颈部动脉超声检查,分别测量颈动脉的内-中膜厚度(IMT),计算斑块检出率及两侧颈部动脉的血流动力学指标.结果 DM和DH组的IMT均高于对照组,其中DH组最高.斑块检出率:DM和DH组分别为48.5%和50%高于对照组(25%).DM和DH组的PSV/EDV和血流量降低,PI和RI增高.血糖和血脂分别与IMT、RI和PI值呈正相关.结论糖尿病合并高脂血症可加重颈部动脉粥样硬化的程度,致血管弹性降低、阻力升高.     

Prognostic value of carotid intima-media thickness in detection of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with calcified aortic valve stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: Aortic stenosis (AS) coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD) in at least 30% of patients. Patients with concomitant CAD may benefit from simultaneous coronary bypass grafting. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with AS in assessing concomitant CAD. METHODS: Group I consisted of 33 patients (mean age +/- SD, 61.0 +/- 8.2 years; 18 men and 15 women) with AS but without CAD on angiograms. Group II consisted of 34 patients (64.4 +/- 8.0 years; 25 men and 9 women) with AS and CAD confirmed angiographically. A control group included 36 patients (61.2 +/- 4.9 years; 18 men and 18 women) with normal coronary arteries and no AS. Maximal IMT was assessed in all patients at the common carotid artery, bulb, and internal carotid artery and expressed as a mean value. RESULTS: There were no differences among the respective groups with regard to age, sex, frequency of hypertension, diabetes, and smoking habit, although patients with CAD were more often hyperlipemic (P = .038). The IMT of the common carotid artery, bulb, and internal carotid artery was significantly higher in patients with AS and CAD compared with both the control group and patients with AS only. The multivariable regression model revealed that CAD (P < .001), AS (P = .006), male sex (P = .034), age (P < .001), and diabetes mellitus (P = .047) were independent risk factors for IMT thickening. A mean IMT value of greater than 1.2 mm was predictive (sensitivity, 73.5%; specificity, 72.7%) of concomitant CAD in patients with AS. CONCLUSIONS: Intima-media thickness increases in patients with AS. The greatest IMT values are observed in patients with both AS and CAD. Patients with AS might be suspected of having CAD when the IMT value exceeds 1.2 mm.