颈动脉狭窄对老年患者认知功能影响的随访研究

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄对老年患者认知功能的影响. 方法 在第三军医大学大坪医院住院部和门诊患者中经简明智能状态量表(MMSE)筛选认知功能正常的老年患者215例,通过颈颅联合CT血管造影(CTA)和(或)数字减影脑血管造影(DSA)等方法 ,确定有无颈动脉狭窄和狭窄程度.分颈动脉重度狭窄(狭窄率≥70%)组.颈动脉中度狭窄(狭窄度30%～69%)组,颈动脉轻度狭窄(狭窄度10%～29%)组和基本正常组(狭窄度<10%),1年后采用MMSE检测认知功能及其损害,比较不同颈动脉狭窄组患者认知损害的发生情况以及认知功能下降程度. 结果 经过1年随访,颈动脉重度狭窄患者认知损害发生率(43.1%)高于颈动脉中度狭窄组(22.8%)、颈动脉轻度组(8.3%)和颈动脉基本正常组(8.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).各组MMSE评分均降低,其中颈动脉重度狭窄组MMSE评分(19.85±7.54)低于颈动脉中度狭窄组(22.71±5.73)、颈动脉轻度狭窄组(25.32±4.22)和颈动脉基本正常组(25.25±4.36),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 颈动脉狭窄可导致老年人认知功能损害的发生.并且认知功能损害随颈动脉狭窄程度加重而加重.     

血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的探讨血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者60例。按照患者及家属意愿,同意在常规内科治疗基础上接受血管内支架置入术为观察组,接受常规内科治疗的为对照组,每组30例。对比2组患者治疗半年后的颈动脉狭窄率,并用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo-CA)评价2组患者认知功能。结果 2组患者治疗前颈动脉狭窄率无显著差异,治疗后观察组狭窄率(21.2±3.1)%,明显低于对照组的(59.5±5.4)%;2组患者治疗前MMSE评分无显著差异,治疗后观察组MMSE评分(26.54±4.20)分,明显优于对照组的(21.21±3.51)分;2组患者治疗前MoCA评分无显著差异,治疗后观察组MoCA评分(21.9±3.8)分,明显优于对照组的(17.1±4.5)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管内支架置入术对无症状重度颈动脉狭窄患者有很显著的效果,有利于减少颈动脉的狭窄率,改善患者认知功能,值得推广。     

支架植入手术对颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者术后脑血流动力学变化的影响

目的探讨支架植入手术对颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者术后脑血流动力学变化的影响。方法选取我院2010-01—2014-12收治的30例颈动脉狭窄合并认知功能障碍患者,所有患者均行支架植入手术,手术前后分别采用简易精神评估量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知估量表(MoCA)评价认知功能,观察治疗效果。结果手术前MMSE和MoCA评分显著低于术后3个月,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后rCBF与rTTP低于术前,其他高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);患者术后血液流变参数均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论支架植入手术有利于改善患者脑血流动力学变化情况,也提高了患者的认知功能,有利于患者早日康复。     

2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄对认知功能障碍的影响

目的研究2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率,探讨2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄及其严重程度与认知功能障碍的关系。方法选择2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄的患者(A组)、2型糖尿病无颈动脉狭窄患者(B组)、健康查体者(C组)各50例为研究对象。颈动脉狭窄根据彩色多普勒超声判断。对3组患者应用简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知功能评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能的测定,比较3组患者认知功能障碍的发生率。结果 A组MMSE总评分(23.8±1.82)显著低于B组(26.2±1.53)和C组(29.5±2.01)(均P<0.05);A组MoCA总评分(21.32±1.65))显著低于B组(24.22±1.59)和C组(27.62±2.25)(均P<0.05)。以MMSE评分标准判断,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(21.0%)显著高于B组(14.0%)和C组(8.0%);以MoCA评分为标准,A组的认知功能障碍发生率(24.0%)显著高于B组(16.0%)和C组(6.0%)(均P<0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病合并颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能障碍的发生率明显增高。     

修正蒙特利尔认知评估量表评估脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的效果研究

目的探讨修正的蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的应用效果。方法选取本院诊治的脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍患者53例为观察组,选取本院同期健康体检人员53例为对照组,均行MoCA和简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评定,比较2组MoCA和MMSE评分结果以及观察组不同严重程度间MoCA和MMSE的评分结果,分析MoCA和MMSE的诊断价值,分析MoCA、MMSE与脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的相关性。结果观察组MoCA、MMSE量表视觉空间与执行能力评分、命名评分、注意力评分、语言评分、延迟回忆评分、抽象评分、定向力评分、总评分均明显低于对照组。中度认知功能障碍患者MoCA评分、MMSE评分均明显低于轻度认知功能障碍患者,重度认知功能障碍患者均明显低于轻度和中度认知功能障碍患者。MoCA的灵敏度、阴性预测值、约登指数均明显高于MMSE,MoCA的特异度明显低于MMSE,但差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。MoCA的阳性预测值低于MMSE,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。MoCA与MMSE具有明显的正相关性,MoCA、MMSE与脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍均具有明显负相关性。结论 MoCA是脑白质疏松症认知功能障碍的有效评估方法,与患者认知功能障碍的严重程度密切相关,灵敏度高,值得临床推广使用。     

卒中与颈部血管动脉硬化斑块的相关性分析及对认知功能的影响

目的探讨卒中与颈部血管动脉硬化斑块的相关性及对认知功能的影响。方法选择2008-11-2014-11在我院治疗的248例卒中患者,将其分为脑血管病组和非脑血管病组,采用彩色多普勒诊断仪比较2组患者颈部动脉硬化斑块的性质、形态、回声特征、分布及管腔有无狭窄或闭塞,并对所有患者进行认知功能检查。结果脑血管病组颈动脉硬化斑块发生率明显高于非脑血管病组,2组均以颈动脉分叉处斑块尤为多发。脑血管病组颈动脉硬化斑块以Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型为主,非脑血管病组以Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型为主。2组患者颈动脉狭窄均以轻度狭窄为主,脑血管病组中度以上狭窄占22.86%,非脑血管病组占14.29%。非脑血管病组MoCA评分明显高于脑血管病组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈部血管动脉硬化斑块与脑卒中紧密相关,脑血管病卒中患者认知功能损害较严重。     

不同程度脑白质病变对腔隙性梗死患者认知功能的影响

目的分析腔隙性梗死(LI)脑白质病变(WML)程度与认知功能的相关性。方法以30例LI无WML者为对照组,30例LI合并轻度WML者为轻度组,30例LI合并中度WML者为中度组,30例LI合并WML者为重度组,分析4组认知功能及WML程度与认知功能的相关性。结果 4组间各项MMSE评分、MMSE总评分、各项MoCA评分及MoCA总评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),均以重度组最低,对照组最高。同时,WML程度与MMSE总评分及MoCA总评分存在负向直线相关性(P0.05)。结论 LI患者WML程度与认知功能存在显著的相关性,可用于评估患者认知功能。     

盐酸多奈哌齐联合高压氧治疗血管性认知障碍疗效观察

目的探讨盐酸多奈哌齐联合高压氧治疗血管性认知障碍临床疗效。方法将存在血管性认知障碍的90例患者随机分为治疗组(n=47例)和对照组(n=43例),对照组给予多奈哌齐及脑血管病基础治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合高压氧物理治疗,观察治疗前后MMSE及MoCA评分变化。结果治疗前存在不同程度认知障碍,但MMSE及MoCA评分比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后2组认知功能均改善,MMSE及MoCA评分均提高,与对照组比较治疗组评分显著提高,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管性认知障碍患者在常规血管病及多奈哌齐治疗基础上联合高压氧物理治疗,能显著改善患者认知障碍,且无明特殊不良反应,安全有效,实用范围广。     

颈动脉狭窄与认知功能障碍及事件相关电位的相关性

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄（CAS）与认知功能障碍及事件相关电位（ERP）的相关性。方法177例CAS患者根据CAS程度分为轻度狭窄58例,中度狭窄62例,重度狭窄57例,同期选择185名颈动脉未发生狭窄的门诊体检者作为颈动脉无狭窄组。比较不同CAS组患者简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分、各指标变化、合并症发生率及ERP检测结果。结果cAs患者定向力、延迟回忆力、注意计算力、即刻回忆力、语言能力及MMSE评分均明显低于颈动脉无狭窄组（P〈0．05）,且随着颈动脉狭窄程度加重,上述指标评分均明显降低（P〈0．05）;CAS组患者糖尿病、短暂性脑缺血发作、高血压病、脑白质病变及高尿酸血症发生率均明显高于颈动脉无狭窄组（P〈0．05）;随着CAS程度的加重,N2和P300潜伏期逐渐升高（P〈0．05）,而波幅逐渐降低（P〈0．05）。结论CAS是导致认知功能障碍及ERP异常的危险因素,且狭窄程度与病情密切相关。     

颈动脉狭窄程度及部位与认知功能障碍的关系

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄程度及部位与认知功能障碍的关系.方法 采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)对52例短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)及39例腔隙性脑梗死患者进行认知功能评估,比较颈动脉狭窄不同程度和部位患者的MoCA得分.结果 左侧颈动脉狭窄患者的句子复述得分显著低于右侧颈动脉狭窄患者(P＜0.01),而交替连线、复制立方体、画钟及延迟回忆得分均显著高于右侧颈动脉狭窄患者(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).颈动脉中度狭窄患者与重度狭窄患者MoCA总分的差异无统计学意义.分别与颈动脉右侧中度狭窄及重度狭窄患者比较,左侧中度狭窄及重度狭窄患者的句子复述得分显著降低(均P＜0.01),而复制立方体、画钟得分显著增高(P ＜0.05 ～0.01).左侧中度狭窄患者延迟回忆得分显著高于右侧中度狭窄患者(P＜0.01).结论 左侧颈动脉狭窄以语言能力受损为著,右侧以执行功能、视空间结构及延迟回忆受损为著.颈动脉狭窄程度与认知功能障碍程度无明显关系.     

Evolving atherosclerosis at carotid and intracranial arteries in Japanese patients with ischemic heart disease: a 5-year longitudinal study with MR angiography

Progression of atherosclerosis at extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) is not well defined. We carried out a 5-year longitudinal study with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of patients with IHD to assess the incidence of progression of atherosclerosis at extracranial carotid and intracranial arteries and to determine predictors of the progression. We previously performed carotid and intracranial MRA on 67 patients who had received selective coronary angiography for the clinical diagnosis of IHD. Of these 67 subjects, 41 patients gave informed consent to undergo MRA reexaminations to evaluate changes of extra- and intracranial arteries over a 5-year period. The degree of stenosis was divided into five grades depending on the narrowness of the arteries, i.e. normal, mild, moderate, severe and occluded. The average of follow-up period with MRA examination was 58.8 months. The progression of atherosclerosis, as defined as an increase of one grade of the stenosis rating, including both the exacerbation of pre-existing stenosis and the appearance of new stenotic lesions, were found in five patients (12.2%) for the cervical carotid artery and in only one patient (2.4%) for the intracranial artery. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline carotid artery stenosis ( P  = 0.008), age ( P  = 0.047), and coronary events during the follow-up period ( P  = 0.048) were significant and independent predictors of progression of carotid atherosclerosis. In conclusion, our findings suggest that follow-up evaluation of the carotid artery is indicated for patients with IHD in whom carotid artery stenosis was detected on an initial examination. Further study is needed with larger numbers of patients to confirm these findings.     

Correlating cognitive impairment with carotid atherosclerosis and carotid artery stenosis in patients with acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND:Studies have demonstrated that carotid atherosclerosis and carotid artery stenosis are closely associated with cognitive impairment in patients with and without clinically evident cerebrovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between the degree of pathological changes in carotid atherosclerosis, carotid artery stenosis, and cognitive impairment in patients with acute cerebral infarction through the use of color Doppler imaging. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The present concurrent...     

Cerebral hypoperfusion during carotid artery stenosis can lead to cognitive deficits that may be independent of white matter lesion load

Studies investigating cognitive impairment in stroke-free patients with carotid artery stenosis have led to inconsistent results. Furthermore, the pathophysiological mechanism leading to cognitive impairment remains unclear. Cerebral hypoperfusion and arterio-arterial microembolization are discussed. The aims of our study were (1) to delineate patterns of cognitive impairment in stroke-free patients with carotid artery stenosis and (2) to investigate if cognitive impairment is independent of white matter lesion load in brain MRI. We identified 212 (93 women, mean age 70.2) stroke free, non-demented patients, who were referred for carotid artery stenting or because of subjective cognitive impairment. All patients completed a neurocognitive test battery measuring verbal fluency, constructional praxis, figural memory, verbal short-term- and long-term-memory, verbal recognition memory, semantic processing, speed of cognitive processing and divided attention. Grade of maximum carotid artery stenosis was categorized into three groups (mild, moderate, or severe). White matter lesion load was graded using a visual rating scale. Cognitive test scores of groups with different grades of carotid artery stenosis were compared. Univariate regression analysis was used to measure the predictive value of carotid artery stenosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed when integrating carotid artery stenosis and white matter lesion load. Carotid artery stenosis negatively correlated with measures of verbal fluency, constructional praxis, verbal short-term-memory, semantic processing, speed of cognitive processing, and divided attention. After adjustment for white matter lesions, carotid artery stenosis did not independently predict divided attention. Significance persisted in all other cognitive domains. In our selected group of patients, a higher grade of carotid artery stenosis is associated with cognitive decline. This process is independent of white matter lesion load. Possible pathophysiological implications are discussed.     

高龄老年人症状性颈动脉狭窄与颈动脉内膜切除术(附3例临床报告)

目的　探讨高龄老年人症状性颈动脉狭窄的诊断、狭窄程度与颈动脉内膜切除术的有效性。方法　回顾追踪 3例高龄老年人颈动脉内膜切除术前后临床缺血发作症状、颈动脉超声、头颅及颈部磁共振血管造影的变化。结果　 2例患者经颈动脉内膜切除术后 2、5年内缺血发作缓解 ,颈动脉检查狭窄消失 ,1例患者术后 1个月切除部位形成血栓再次出现狭窄。结论　老年人症状性高度颈动脉狭窄者可从手术中获益。     

Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography of carotid bifurcation stenosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the quantification of atherosclerotic stenosis of carotid artery bifurcation in comparison with digital substraction angiography (DSA) and Doppler sonography (DS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with atherosclerotic disease of the carotid arteries with proven stenosis by DSA, had spiral CTA, MRA using two- and three-dimensional time-of-flight gradient echo techniques, and DS using Doppler flow signal recording (total 47 carotid artery bifurcations). The degree of stenosis was measured according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria: total occlusion (100%), severe (70-99%), moderate (30-69%) and mild (0-29%). The degree of stenosis measured by CTA, MRA and DS was compared to DSA, used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Ninety-seven percent of MRA measures were equivalent to DSA, and 3% were underestimated; 96% of CTA measures were equivalent to DSA, and 4% were underestimated; 77% of DS measures were equivalent to DSA, 21% were overestimated and 2% were underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: CTA and MRA are equally accurate methods in quantifying the degree of carotid bifurcation stenosis.     

Ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRA in ICA-stenosis: is conventional angiography obsolete?

Background The standard techniques for the screening and staging of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis are Doppler (continuous wave) and Duplex sonography. For the imaging of ICA occlusive disease, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is replacing digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The purpose of this observational study was to assess whether contrast enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) combined with ultrasound provided sufficient information for the planning of surgical treatment. Methods CE-MRA was performed in 195 patients (mean age 67.5 years) with sonographic evidence of severe ICA stenosis. The MRA examination protocol contained a heavily T1-weighted contrast bolus enhanced 3D-gradient echo sequence. The degree of stenosis was estimated retrospectively by two experienced neuroradiologists who were blinded to the sonographic findings. Results The consistency of MRA and ultrasound was sufficient to plan thrombendarterectomy in 182/195 patients. The estimations of the degree of stenosis were congruent between MRA and ultrasound in 91 % of 197 vessels with high-degree carotid artery stenosis. CE-MRA evaluation had a high interobserver agreement. In 3 cases ultrasound examination diagnosed a filiform ICA stenosis which was not visible with MRA. In all these cases, DSA and the intraoperative findings revealed very short (1–2 mm), high-grade, excentric stenosis. CE-MRA correctly detected patency in 5 patients with high-grade and low-flow carotid artery stenosis, which had been regarded as occluded by ultrasound. Conversely with, in CE-MRA two occluded vessels were falsely considered as open. Conclusions The combination of sonography and CE-MRA is a powerful tool for the non-invasive presurgical evaluation of the carotid arteries. DSA should be reserved for selected cases. Received: 10 October 2000, Received in revised form: 2 January 2001, Accepted: 10 January 2001     

颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内血管狭窄程度和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系

目的探讨颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颅内血管狭窄和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系。方法对64例颈内动脉系统TIA患者行MRI、MR血管成像(MRA)检查及ABCD2评分,并分析其与近期预后的关系。结果 MRA结果显示,47例(73.4%)患者有不同程度的颅内血管狭窄或闭塞,其中正常或轻度狭窄组37例,中度狭窄组16例及重度狭窄组11例;根据ABCD2评分结果,低危组22例,中-高危组42例。发病7 d内14例(21.9%)发生脑梗死,中度狭窄组(12.5%)及重度狭窄组(7.81%)脑梗死发生率显著高于正常及轻度血管狭窄组(1.6%)(均P<0.05)。中-高危组中重度血管狭窄率及脑梗死发生率显著高于低危组(均P<0.05)。结论颈内动脉系统TIA患者颅内血管狭窄程度及ABCD2评分对TIA的近期预后评估有重要的意义。     

急性缺血性卒中患者颈动脉狭窄程度与头部MRA眼动脉显示率关系的初步研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中患者不同程度颈动脉狭窄与头部磁共振血管成像(MRA)眼动脉显示率之间的关系。方法缺血性卒中患者205例,颈动脉超声明确颈动脉狭窄程度,头部3D-TOF MRA观察眼动脉是否显示。计算不同颈动脉狭窄程度下头部MRA眼动脉的显示率,并对颈动脉狭窄的相关因素进行分析。结果颈动脉狭窄<30%者329侧,头部MRA眼动脉显示率为98.2%,颈动脉狭窄率30%～69%者52侧,眼动脉显示率为78.8%。颈动脉狭窄率≥70%者29侧,眼动脉显示率为44.8%,其中颈动脉完全闭塞为7侧,头部MRA均未见同侧眼动脉显示。本研究发现颈动脉狭窄的主要危险因素是糖尿病(OR 2.033,95%CI 1.053～3.928,P=0.035)和血浆同型半胱氨酸水平增高(OR 1.09,95%CI 1.038-1.145,P=0.001)。结论头部MRA眼动脉显示率随颈动脉狭窄程度增高而降低。糖尿病和高同型半胱氨酸血症是颈动脉狭窄的危险因素。