肉毒毒素治疗颈部肌张力障碍的继发性无应答

目的 研究肉毒毒素A治疗颈部肌张力障碍的长期疗效,探讨继发性无应答现象的发生率及相关机制.方法 回顾性分析1993-2006年汉诺威医科大学连续接受肉毒毒素A治疗持续至少1年(治疗≥4次)的颈部肌张力障碍患者临床资料.对符合继发性无应答标准的患者进行中和性抗体检测(小鼠膈肌实验)及痉挛模式再评估(肌电图分析).结果 共195例患者入选,其中接受Dysport 治疗者153例,平均单次剂量(389±144)U;接受Botox 治疗者42例,平均单次剂量(145±44 U).患者经重复治疗后平均临床改善综合评分(GCI)为(2.4±0.5).8例(4.1%)患者出现继发性无应答现象,其中4例(2.1%)中和性抗体检测阳性(接受Dysport治疗3例,接受Botox 治疗1例).抗体阴性者中3例证实痉挛模式改变,调整注射方案后GCl明显改善.结论 肉毒毒素A治疗颈部肌张力障碍患者长期疗效肯定,继发性无应答发生率低,中和性抗体的产生及痉挛模式改变可能是继发性无应答发生的主要原因.     

Bilateral Pallidotomy for Dystonia: A Systematic Review

Stereotactic lesioning of the bilateral globus pallidus (GPi) was one of the first surgical treatments for medication-refractory dystonia but has largely been abandoned in clinical practice after the introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS). However, some patients with dystonia are not eligible for DBS. Therefore, we reviewed the efficacy, safety, and sustainability of bilateral pallidotomy by conducting a systematic review of individual patient data (IPD). Guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and IPD were followed. In May 2020, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies reporting on outcome of bilateral pallidotomy for dystonia. If available, IPD were collected. In this systematic review, 100 patients from 33 articles were evaluated. Adverse events were reported in 20 patients (20%), of which 8 were permanent (8%). Pre-and postoperative Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Movement Scale scores were available for 53 patients. A clinically relevant improvement (>20%) of this score was found in 42 of 53 patients (79%). Twenty-five patients with status dystonicus (SD) were described. In all but 2 the SD resolved after bilateral pallidotomy. Seven patients experienced a relapse of SD. Median-reported follow-up was 12 months (n = 83; range: 2–180 months). Based on the current literature, bilateral pallidotomy is an effective and relatively safe procedure for certain types of dystonia, particularly in medication-refractory SD. Although due to publication bias the underreporting of negative outcomes is very likely, bilateral pallidotomy is a reasonable alternative to DBS in selected dystonia patients. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.     

Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin for Lower Limbs Spasticity after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objectives: To evaluate current evidence of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for lower limbs spasticity after stroke.

Methods: Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations,Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed (NLM) from database were searched inception through Week 23, 2015. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the clinical efficacy of BTX injection to placebo or conventional therapy on lower limbs spasticity after stroke were included. We constructed random effects models and calculated mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) for continuous outcomes.

Results: One thousand three hundred and forty-three records were identified and among them 7 articles (603 patients) were eligible for the final analysis. A statistically significant decrease in muscle tone was observed at week 4 and 12 after injection (Subgroup analysis, SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.2–1.5; p = 0.001; I² = 81% and SMD = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.07–0.77; p = 0.02; I² = 45%, respectively). Patients who received in BTX therapy were likely to have significant increased Fugl-Meyer score than control group with MD = 3.19 (95% CI: 0.22–6.16, p = 0.04, I² = 96%). There was no difference in gait speed between two groups during whole follow-up period.

Conclusion: BTX showed more persistent clinical benefits in lower limbs spasticity and Fugl-Meyer score than placebo in patients after stroke. These results suggest that BTX could be a useful and safety strategy for the treatment of lower limbs spasticity after stroke. Further investigation is required to determine the effectiveness of BTX injection for stroke patients with optimal timing and dose of intervention.     

A型肉毒素治疗睑肌痉挛的长期疗效与安全性

目的:探讨A型肉病毒素(dysport)治疗睑肌痉挛的长期疗效及安全性。方法:回顾性分析46例原发性睑肌痉挛患者于第1、3、5年接受dysport注射的剂量、起效时间、疗效持续时间、症状改善率不良反应。结果:46例患者第1、3、5年中位症状改善率分别为90%、85%及80%,治疗5年后仍有93.48%的患者改善率50%,且疗效持续8周以上。第1、3、5年起效时间分别为4、5和7 d,有延长趋势;疗效持续时间稳定维持在12周;治疗剂量略有下降,但无显著性差异。主要不良反应为睑下垂、疼痛烧灼感、复视及局部血肿,1周内自行消失,无过敏及全身不良反应。结论:dysport局部注射治疗睑肌痉挛安全,疗效持久,能最大程度地改善局部痉挛症状,可能成为治疗睑肌痉挛的首选方法。     

Efficacy and Safety of Anticoagulant Therapy for the Treatment of Acute Cancer-Associated Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Current clinical practice guidelines all recommend the use of therapeutic doses of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) for the initial and long-term treatment of cancer-related thrombosis. The use of vitamin-K antagonists (VKA) is acceptable if LMWH is not available. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been shown to be comparable to conventional therapy for the acute treatment of VTE but their efficacy and safety in cancer patients remains uncertain.

Methods

A systematic literature search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the EBM reviews. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting rates of recurrent VTE and major bleeding in cancer patients were included. Relative risks (RR) (95% confidence intervals (CI)) for these outcomes were generated.

Results

A total of 9 RCTs (2310 patients) were included in our analysis. In comparison to VKA, LMWH showed a significant reduction in recurrent VTE events (RR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.74) whereas DOACs did not (RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.11). LMWH was associated with a non significant increase in the risk of major bleeding (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.5 to 2.23) whereas DOACs showed a non significant reduction (RR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.44). Annualized risks of recurrent VTE and major bleeding among patients randomized to VKA were higher in the LMWH studies as compared to the studies assessing DOACs suggesting that a higher risk cancer population were enrolled in the LMWH studies.

Conclusions

LMWH should be used for the treatment of acute cancer-associated thrombosis. The use DOACs cannot be supported until trials comparing them to LMWH are conducted.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗难治性三叉神经痛临床观察

目的：评价A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）治疗难治性三叉神经痛的疗效。方法：选取难治性三叉神经痛患者6例,其中原发性5例,继发性1例。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）于局部多点注射BTX-A,予治疗前及治疗后2周、2个月和6个月时进行疼痛测评。结果：VAS评分：BTX-A治疗前为（8.86±0.75）分;BTX-A注射后2周和2个月分别降至（1.00±1.26）分和（2.00±2.45）分,与治疗前比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;6个月时为（5.33±2.16）分,与治疗前比,差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。6例患者均无明显并发症出现。结论：BTX-A注射治疗难治性三叉神经痛是一种安全有效的新疗法。     

Safety and Efficacy of Repeated Thrombolysis with Alteplase in Early Recurrent Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review

Background and Aim: The current American Heart Association guidelines for the management of acute ischemic stroke advise against the use of intravenous (IV) alteplase in patients with recurrent stroke occurring within 90 days of their index event. Following these guidelines strictly, patients having early recurrent ischemic stroke would be unable to avail of this reperfusion strategy that has been proven to confer superior clinical outcomes. While some registry-based studies have demonstrated the safety of IV alteplase in this subgroup of patients, data on the repeated use of the drug are lacking. Thus, we aim to determine the safety and efficacy of repeated thrombolysis in patients with early recurrent ischemic strokes. Methods: The following electronic databases were searched for relevant studies: the Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials by The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE by PubMed, Health Research and Development Information Network, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Data on symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 90-day clinical outcomes, systemic hemorrhage and allergic reactionswere synthesized. Results: Ten articles with 33 patients in total were included in our review. One patient developed symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after the second reperfusion attempt and subsequently died from pneumonia. Another died from spontaneous rupture of previously unidentified infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Six of the 13 patients with available follow-up data had good clinical outcomes (Modified Rankin Score 0-2). There were no allergic reactions and other drug-related adverse events noted. Conclusions: Repeated IV alteplase can be safe and efficacious in patients who have early recurrent ischemic stroke. Larger studies, trials, or registry-based data are needed to ascertain the encouraging findings of our review.     

Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Movement Disorders

After botulinum toxin was initially used to treat strabismus in the 1970s, others started using it to treat movement disorders including blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and oromandibular dystonia. It was discovered that botulinum toxin can be an effective treatment for focal movement disorders with limited side effects. Over the past three decades, various formulations of botulinum toxin have been developed and the therapeutic use of these toxins has expanded in movement disorders and beyond. We review the history and mechanism of action of botulinum toxin, as well as describe different formulations available and their potential therapeutic uses in movement disorders.     

Complete Remission of Neuroleptic-Induced Meige's Syndrome by Botulinum Toxin Treatment: A Case Report

Abstract: A botulinum A toxin injection has beneficial effects on patients suffering from facial and cervical spastic disorders. However, its effect almost completely disappears within three months. We have reported a case of a 23-year-old schizophrenic patient with severe neuroleptic-induced Meige's syndrome in whom botulinum toxin treatment exerted a marked effect which lasted more than 15 months after the final injection of botulinum toxin in spite of continuous neuroleptic medication. It is concluded that botulinum can be recommended as a treatment of choice in neuroleptic-induced Meige's syndrome.     

长期应用A型肉毒毒素对面神经电生理功能的影响

目的 探讨长期应用A型肉毒毒素治疗面肌痉挛对面神经电生理功能的影响.方法 将44例面肌痉挛患者分别依据病程及接受肉毒毒素治疗的次数分为三组早期组(16例)、长期未治疗组(10例)、长期治疗组(18例).测量患者双侧面神经传导速度及复合肌肉动作电位波幅.结果 长期治疗组面神经诱发肌电图的CMAP波幅患侧较健侧显著降低,其余二组CMAP波幅及三组患者潜速率患健侧自身对比均无显著性差异.结论 长期A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗面肌痉挛安全、疗效显著.降低治疗侧的CMAP波幅,对面神经传导速度无影响.     

超声定位肌电图引导下A型肉毒毒素治疗重度流涎的临床观察

目的：评价A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）治疗流涎的疗效。方法：选择流涎患者5例,其中帕金森病（PD）3例,脑梗死2例。采用教师流涎分级法（TDS）及流涎频率评分后于超声定位后肌电图引导下对患者腮腺和颌下腺进行BTX-A多点注射,于治疗前及治疗后2周、1个月和3个月时进行流涎测评。结果：TDS和流涎频率评分：BTX-A治疗前为（4.6±0.5）分和（3.0±0.0）分;BTX-A注射后2周降至（2.6±0.9）分和（1.6±0.5）分;1个月时为（2.8±1.1）分和（1.8±0.8）分,与治疗前比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;3个月时为（3.2±1.3）分和（2.0±1.0）分,与治疗前比,差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。5例患者均无明显并发症出现。结论：BTX-A局部注射治疗流涎是一种安全、有效的新方法。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation in the Treatment of Pelvic Organ Disorders: A Systematic Review

Objective: This systematic review aimed to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) on symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and pelvic organ disorders, pain, adverse events (AEs), and quality of life (QoL). Methods: A literature search was performed in September 2011 in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE. Hand searching of references was conducted. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) with adult patients were included. Results: Seven studies met the eligibility criteria. Five RCTs indicated improvement (range 36.7–80%) on OAB symptoms, frequency, urgency, nocturia, and incontinence. One CCT reported improvement (mean 15.7) in 53% of the subjects on fecal incontinence (FI) symptoms on an FI Questionnaire (range 0–20). One RCT showed more than 50% improvement on pain (40%) and symptom scores (66.6%) in chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Limitations are the small amount, overall low quality, and variety in outcome measures of included studies. Only minor AEs were reported. No meta‐analysis was performed as a consequence of heterogeneous data. Conclusions: This systematic review provides evidence for the efficacy of PTNS on symptoms, pain, and QoL measures of OAB, FI and category IIIB CP/CPP. Evidence of effectiveness was found on symptoms and QoL for OAB. The total amount of seven included studies, from which even the most favorable study has some potential bias, is too small to draw firm conclusions. Independent high quality RCTs are necessary to confirm and delineate the range of therapeutic effects of PTNS in this region. PTNS is a safe intervention.     

Investigational Antiepileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Childhood Seizure Disorders: A Review of Efficacy and Safety

Summary: Pediatric epileptology is very different from adult epileptology. Although some epileptic disorders occur in both children and adults (e.g., localization-related epilepsy with complex partial seizures and primary generalized epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures), other disorders can be called the catastrophic epilepsies of childhood (e.g., infantile spasms and the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome). They occur, or at least begin, exclusively in childhood and are often associated with mental retardation. Many of these pediatric disorders are notoriously unresponsive to currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Although there are undoubtedly many reasons for this, one possible explanation is that the methods used to screen potential AEDs use animal models of adult epilepsy. No screening program uses an animal model of seizures that begin during development and lead to functional decline.     

穴位注射A型肉毒素治疗偏头痛的临床研究

目的探讨穴位注射A型肉毒素（BTX-A）治疗偏头痛的疗效。方法将60例偏头痛患者分为固定点注射和针灸穴位点注射两组，每例患者BTX-A注射总剂量均为25U，采用单盲法比较两组患者治疗前及治疗后1、2、3、4个月头痛症状的改善情况。结果治疗后两组偏头痛患者的发作频率、强度及持续时间均较治疗前降低（P〈0．01），但两组治疗后各指标比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论穴位注射法较固定点注射法治疗偏头痛效果明显，是一种安全、有效的新方法。