The associations between blood lipids and the Food Guide Pyramid: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: Dietary recommendations are based on nutrients, foods, and food groups, but the relationship between the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) food groups and serum lipids has not been studied. METHODS: NHANES III data were obtained for US adults who met the following criteria: aged 20-59 years, reliable participant, and typical 24-h recall. We examined whether serum lipids (serum total cholesterol (STC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerol) were related to FGP food group intake (dairy, fruit, grain, meat, and vegetable). RESULTS: A sample of 9111 participants qualified for this analysis. Fruit intakes were inversely related to STC, HDL-C, and LDL-C (P = 0.012, P = 0.001, and P = 0.014, respectively) and directly related to triacylglycerol levels (P = 0.003). Grain intake was inversely associated with both STC and HDL-C (P = 0.020 and P = 0.000). Dairy and meat intakes were directly related to LDL-C (P = 0.026 and P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Food groups are related to serum lipids. Universal definitions for food groups are needed in research and nutrition education. Studying the relationships between food groups and serum lipids is important for future dietary recommendations related to serum lipids.     

血脂偏高学龄儿童膳食干预效果分析

目的　评价血脂偏高学龄儿童的膳食干预效果。方法　对 316名 7～ 11岁在校儿童进行血脂谱水平测定 ,以总胆固醇 (TC)≥ 4 .2 6mmol/L或低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)≥ 2 .2 3mmol/L确定膳食干预对象 ,随机分为干预组 (12 0人 )和对照组 (40人 ) ;干预组遵循低胆固醇、低饱和脂肪酸食谱方案 ,干预期 3个月 ;干预前后对两组人群进行膳食调查、问卷调查及体格检查 (身高、体重、皮褶厚度等 )。结果　膳食干预后干预组儿童TC、LDL C水平与对照组相比无明显改变 (干预前分别为4 .6 4mmol/L和 2 .6 6mmol/L ,干预后分别为 4 .6 8mmol/L和 2 .6 2mmol/L ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,载脂蛋白A1(apoA1)水平由干预前 1378.4mg/L升高为 14 4 1.3mg/L(P <0 .0 5 ) ;膳食总能量、胆固醇、饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)摄入明显减少 ,其中脂肪供能比由干预前的 4 0 .7%下降到 31.2 % ,SFA供能比已达到“膳食控制一级方案”要求 (7.7% <10 % )。此外干预组儿童健康知识水平提高 ,不良生活、饮食习惯改善 (总分由干预前 2 4 .6上升为 2 7.4 ) ;身高增长与对照组一致。结论　对血脂偏高儿童进行以家庭为基础、以膳食调整为主的高危干预策略可有效提高血脂偏高儿童的健康知识水平 ,改善其不良生活及饮食习惯 ,同时不影响儿童的正常生长发育。     

Race and gender differences in serum lipoproteins of children, adolescents, and young adults--emergence of an adverse lipoprotein pattern in white males: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

METHODS. Serum lipoprotein profiles in 4,231 individuals, ages 5-26 years, were studied cross-sectionally in a biracial community to describe the race- and gender-specific changes from adolescence into young adulthood. RESULTS. White children and adolescents of both genders showed significantly higher covariates--adjusted triglycerides (9-11 mg/dl) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1-2 mg/dl)--and lower total cholesterol (3-14 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6-10 mg/dl) levels than their black counterparts. These black-white differences persisted among young adults of both genders with the exception of total cholesterol levels (higher triglycerides: 23-32 mg/dl; higher very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 5-7 mg/dl; lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 9-11 mg/dl); in addition, white young adult males began to show higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (14 mg/dl) than black young adult males. A consistent gender-related pattern emerged only among white young adults with males showing higher triglyceride levels (22 mg/dl), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5 mg/dl), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10 mg/dl) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10 mg/dl) than females. Lipoprotein changes from adolescence into young adulthood were more pronounced among white males than other race-gender groups, resulting in higher triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a higher total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in their young adulthood. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, a relatively higher proportion of young adult white males was classified as borderline-high (22.6%) or high (9.1%) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Adiposity was the major contributor to the adverse lipoprotein pattern, especially among white males. Sexual maturation and age influenced the lipoprotein levels to a greater extent among white males. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and oral contraceptive use began to emerge as minor but significant factors contributing to the lipoprotein levels in adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSION. These results underscore the desirability of early targeting for primary prevention.     

Hypolipidemic Effect of Tomato Juice in Hamsters in High Cholesterol Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia

Tomato is a globally famous food and contains several phytonutrients including lycopene, β-carotene, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. The increased temperature used to produce tomato juice, ketchup, tomato paste and canned tomato enhances the bioactive composition. We aimed to verify the beneficial effects of processed tomato juice from Kagome Ltd. (KOT) on hypolipidemic action in hamsters with hyperlipidemia induced by a 0.2% cholesterol and 10% lard diet (i.e., high-cholesterol diet (HCD)). Male Golden Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into two groups for treatment: normal (n = 8), standard diet (control); and experimental (n = 32), HCD. The 32 hamsters were further divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) to receive vehicle or KOT by oral gavage at 2787, 5573, or 13,934 mg/kg/day for six weeks, designated the HCD-1X, -2X and -5X groups, respectively. The efficacy and safety of KOT supplementation was evaluated by lipid profiles of serum, liver and feces and by clinical biochemistry and histopathology. HCD significantly increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, hepatic and fetal TC and TG levels, and degree of fatty liver as compared with controls. KOT supplementation dose-dependently decreased serum TC, TG, LDL-C levels, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, hepatic TC and TG levels, and fecal TG level. Our study provides experiment-based evidence to support that KOT may be useful in treating or preventing the onset of hyperlipidemia.     

The effects of low cholesterol, high polyunsaturated fat, and low fat diets on plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects

The effects of various cholesterol-lowering diets on plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were assessed in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects. The base-line diet was an ad libitum hospital diet of normal composition. Diet A was a 20% protein, 40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio 0.1 to 0.3, 250 to 300 mg cholesterol diet, diet B was identical to diet A except that the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio was 1.8 to 2.2, and diet C was a 20% protein, 80% carbohydrate, very low fat (5 to 10 g), polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio 0.1 to 0.3, 150 to 200 mg cholesterol diet. Diet A (low cholesterol) caused mean reductions in plasma, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol of 5.9, 5.6, and 6.3%, respectively, in 11 normal subjects. Diet B (low cholesterol, high polyunsaturated fat) caused significant decreases in plasma cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol of 17.0, 16.2, and 17.4%, respectively, in 12 normal subjects; and reductions of 11.0, 10.8, and 17.1%, respectively, in 19 hypercholesterolemic subjects. Diet C (low cholesterol, very low fat) produced significant mean decreases in plasma, LDL, and HDL cholesterol of 26.7, 29.9, and 27.9%, respectively, in 11 normal subjects, and in nine hypercholesterolemic patients of 22.6, 27.2, and 28.6%, respectively. The reductions in plasma cholesterol caused by these diets were therefore due to decreases in both LDL and HDL cholesterol with no significant changes in the LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio.     

Race and gender differences in serum lipoproteins of children, adolescents, and young adults—Emergence of an adverse lipoprotein pattern in white males: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Methods. Serum lipoprotein profiles in 4,231 individuals, ages 5–26 years, were studied cross-sectionally in a biracial community to describe the race- and gender-specific changes from adolescence into young adulthood.Results. White children and adolescents of both genders showed significantly higher covariates—adjusted triglycerides (9–11 mg/dl) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1–2 mg/dl)—and lower total cholesterol (3–14 mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (6–10 mg/dl) levels than their black counterparts. These black-white differences persisted among young adults of both genders with the exception of total cholesterol levels (higher triglycerides: 23–32 mg/dl; higher very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 5–7 mg/dl; lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: 9–11 mg/dl); in addition, white young adult males began to show higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (14 mg/dl) than black young adult males. A consistent gender-related pattern emerged only among white young adults with males showing higher triglyceride levels (22 mg/dl), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5 mg/dl), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10 mg/dl) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10 mg/dl) than females. Lipoprotein changes from adolescence into young adulthood were more pronounced among white males than other race-gender groups, resulting in higher triglyceride, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a higher total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in their young adulthood. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, a relatively higher proportion of young adult white males was classified as borderline-high (22.6%) or high (9.1%) for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Adiposity was the major contributor to the adverse lipoprotein pattern, especially among white males. Sexual maturation and age influenced the lipoprotein levels to a greater extent among white males. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and oral contraceptive use began to emerge as minor but significant factors contributing to the lipoprotein levels in adolescents and young adults.Conclusion. These results underscore the desirability of early targeting for primary prevention.     

Frequency of secondary dyslipidemia in obese children

Objective:

This paper reports the frequency, type, and degree of dyslipidemia in obese children before therapeutic intervention. The relationships between lipid values and weight status, as well as lipid values and physical fitness, of these children were also investigated.

Design and methods:

The initial examination of the Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC) measured the values of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 546 obese children aged 7–12 (body mass index [BMI] > 97th percentile), and compared these values with those of the age- and sex-specific reference group in the Lipid Research Clinics Population Studies Data Book (LRC). Four groups were selected according to the following scheme: A, Normolipidemia; B, Hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia alone; C, Hypo-HDL-C + hypertriglyceridemia; D, Combined hyperlipidemia = Hyper-LDL-C + hypertriglyceridemia. Body mass index, BMI-SDS (corrected BMI), and physical performance in watt/kg body weight were measured.

Results:

A total of 45.8% of the overweight children showed an abnormal lipid profile. Ten percent of the children had high LDL-C levels (group B), while 15% had increased LDL-C and increased TG (group D) (higher prevalence in boys). In 18.9% we found increased TG, combined with decreased HDL-C values (group C).

Conclusion:

Obese children are at risk of dyslipoproteinemia and related diseases. Children with the highest BMI-SDS and lowest physical fitness have the lowest HDL-C values and increased TG, indicating a higher risk for the metabolic syndrome.     

Hypolipidemic Effects and Safety of Lactobacillus Reuteri 263 in a Hamster Model of Hyperlipidemia

We aimed to verify the beneficial effects of probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri 263 (Lr263) on hypolipidemic action in hamsters with hyperlipidemia induced by a 0.2% cholesterol and 10% lard diet (i.e., high-cholesterol diet (HCD)). Male Golden Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into two groups: normal (n = 8), standard diet (control), and experimental (n = 32), a HCD. After a two-week induction followed by a six-week supplementation with Lr263, the 32 hyperlipidemic hamsters were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) to receive vehicle or Lr263 by oral gavage at 2.1, 4.2, or 10.5 × 10⁹ cells/kg/day for 6 weeks, designated the HCD, 1X, 2X and 5X groups, respectively. The efficacy and safety of Lr263 supplementation were evaluated by lipid profiles of serum, liver and feces and by clinical biochemistry and histopathology. HCD significantly increased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, hepatic and fetal TC and TG levels, and degree of fatty liver as compared with controls. Lr263 supplementation dose dependently increased serum HDL-C level and decreased serum TC, TG, LDL-C levels, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, hepatic TC and TG levels, and fecal TG level. In addition, Lr263 supplementation had few subchronic toxic effects. Lr263 could be a potential agent with a hypolipidemic pharmacological effect.     

1310例体检人群血清脂蛋白胆固醇与年龄、性别及血糖水平的相关性研究

目的探讨成人血清脂蛋白胆固醇与年龄、性别及空腹血糖水平的关系。方法选择1310名体检健康人作为研究对象,根据年龄分为6组,测定其血清脂蛋白胆固醇及空腹血糖,比较各年龄组及性别间脂蛋白胆固醇变化和差异,并行相关分析。结果极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)有随年龄增长而升高的趋势(r=0.19及0.25,均P=0.000),但60岁后男性VLDL-C有所下降。60岁前各年龄段男性VLDL-C结果均显著高于女性(P=0.000),60岁后男女间无差别(P>0.05)。50岁前男性LDL-C水平均高于女性(P<0.05),50岁以后男女间无差别(P>0.05)。高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)随年龄增长变化不明显(P>0.05),但女性各年龄段HDL-C结果均显著高于男性(P=0.000)。相关分析显示随空腹血糖水平升高VLDL-C升高趋势不明显(r=0.08,P=0.004),但LDL-C有所升高(r=0.13,P=0.000)且HDL-C明显降低(r=-0.18,P=0.000)。结论随年龄增长健康人群有发生脂蛋白代谢紊乱的倾向,且男性趋势更明显;空腹血糖增高和脂代谢紊乱有一定的相关性。     

Influence of Habitual Dairy Food Intake on LDL Cholesterol in a Population-Based Cohort

Background: Cholesterol has a pivotal role in human physiology, exerting both structural and functional activity. However, higher blood cholesterol levels, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), are a major cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, special attention has been given to the effect of dietary factors in influencing LDL-C blood levels. In particular, much research has focused on dairy products, since they are a main component of different dietary patterns worldwide. A large body of evidence did not support the hypothesis that dairy products significantly increase circulating LDL-C, but no definitive data are available. Hence, we aimed to assess the relationships among LDL-C, habitual dairy food intake and anthropometric variables in a cohort representative of the general population in a Mediterranean area. Methods: We evaluated 802 healthy adults included in the ABCD_2 (Alimentazione, Benessere Cardiovascolare e Diabete) study (ISRCTN15840340), a longitudinal observational single-center study of a cohort representative of the general population of Palermo, Sicily. The habitual intake of dairy products was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire, and LDL-C serum levels and several anthropometric parameters were measured. Results: The group with high LDL-C serum concentrations (≥130 vs. <130 mg/dL) exhibited higher age, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, carotid intima-media thickness and glycated hemoglobin. The habitual diet was not different between the groups in terms of macronutrient, cholesterol, egg and dairy food intake, with the exception of the weekly number of portions of milk (higher in the low LDL-C group vs. the high LDL-C group) and ricotta cheese (higher in the high LDL-C group vs. the LDL-C group). No significant correlation was found between LDL-C blood levels and the habitual intake of dairy products or the dietary intake of cholesterol and fats. The multivariate regression analyses (R² = 0.94) showed that LDL-C blood levels were significantly associated with the habitual intake of milk (p < 0.005) and ricotta cheese (p < 0.001) and with BMI (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study reported that total dairy food consumption was not correlated with LDL-C blood levels. However, multivariate analyses showed an inverse association between serum LDL-C and milk intake as well as a positive association between ricotta cheese intake and LDL-C concentrations. More studies are needed to better characterize the relationship between dairy products and circulating LDL-C.     

Partners in lowering cholesterol: comparison of a multidisciplinary educational program, monetary incentives, or usual care in the treatment of dyslipidemia identified among employees

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess whether either a low-cost educational intervention or small monetary incentive is more effective than usual care in lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol among employees. METHODS: Employees with an LDL-C >130 mg/dL were eligible. After receiving on-line educational materials, subjects were assigned to three groups: group 1 received dollar 100 if they reduced their LDL-C by 15% within 6 months, group 2 participated in a multi-disciplinary educational program, and group 3 received no further intervention. RESULTS: In total, 171 employees participated. Baseline mean LDL-C was 156 mg/dL. Approximately 6 months after randomization, mean LDL-C was reduced 17.9 mg/dL (11.3%) in group 1, 17.9 mg/dL (11.5%) in group 2, and 5.5 mg/dL (3.5%) in group 3. Reductions in groups 1 and 2 were statistically superior to group 3 (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Both an employer directed low-cost educational program and small monetary incentives similarly lowered LDL-C compared with usual care.     

The effects of concentrated barley beta-glucan on blood lipids in a population of hypercholesterolaemic men and women

Barley, like oats, is a rich source of the soluble fibre beta-glucan, which has been shown to significantly lower LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). However, barley foods have been less widely studied. Therefore, we evaluated the LDL-C-lowering effect of a concentrated barley beta-glucan (BBG) extract as a vehicle to deliver this potential health benefit of barley. In a 10-week blinded controlled study, subjects were randomized to one of four treatment groups or control. Treatment groups included either high molecular weight (HMW) or low molecular weight (LMW) BBG at both 3 and 5 g doses. Treatment was delivered twice per day with meals in the form of two functional food products: a ready-to-eat cereal and a reduced-calorie fruit juice beverage. Levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and TAG were determined at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. The study group comprised 155 subjects. All treatments were well tolerated and after 6 weeks of treatment the mean LDL-C levels fell by 15 % in the 5 g HMW group, 13 % in the 5 g LMW group and 9 % in both the 3 g/d groups, versus baseline. Similar results were observed for total cholesterol. HDL-C levels were unchanged by treatment. Concentrated BBG significantly improves LDL-C and total cholesterol among moderately dyslipidaemic subjects. Food products containing concentrated BBG should be considered an effective option for improving blood lipids.     

食物血糖生成指数在糖尿病营养教育中的应用研究

目的 :　通过营养教育 ,观察糖尿病患者对食物血糖生成指数 (glycemic index,GI)知、信、行的变化 ,以及改变膳食 GI对血糖、血脂的影响。方法 :　选择了 72例糖尿病病例作为研究对象 ,随机分为 2组。试验组以食物 GI为主要教育材料 (GI组 ) ;对照组以食物交换份 (food ex-change list,FEL)为主要教育材料 (FEL组 )。采用课堂讲座、个别辅导、电话咨询等方式教育 5个月。观察教育前后研究对象对所授知识的知晓率、膳食行为、血糖和血脂变化等。结果 :　经过连续教育 5个月后 ,GI组对 GI问题知晓率由 0 %提高到 92 .2 %(P<0 .0 1 ) ,FEL组对 FEL问题的知晓率由 6 .5 %提高到 79.4%(P<0 .0 1 ) ;GI组空腹血糖 (FBG)、餐后 2 h血糖 (2 h PBG)、糖化血红蛋白 (Hb A1c)、总胆固醇 (TC)、血脂综合指数 (LCI)均有显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,FEL组仅 FBG、2 h PBG有显著性下降 (P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :　糖尿病营养教育是控制血糖、血脂的有效手段 ;GI知识较易被患者理解和掌握 ,通过 GI知识教育达到控制血糖和血脂的效果较为理想 ,便于在医院门诊和社区教育中广泛推广和应用。     

Maternal dietary counseling reduces total and LDL cholesterol postpartum

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary counseling on blood lipid concentrations during and after pregnancy.MethodsPartcipants (N = 256) were randomized into three study groups: dietary counseling with probiotics or placebo and a control group at first trimester of pregnancy. Diet quality was evaluated from food records by an index of healthy eating and total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A-I and B, and lipoprotein (a) were measured at the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and 1, 6, and 12 mo postpartum.ResultsDuring pregnancy, no differences in lipid values were noted among the groups, but postpartum TC and LDL-C were lower in both dietary counseling groups compared with controls (P = 0.027 and P = 0.012, respectively). Higher points on the healthy eating index, normal weight, and regular exercise were associated with a more favorable lipid profile at 12 mo after delivery.ConclusionMaternal dietary counseling may lower maternal TC and LDL-C levels postpartum. A healthy lifestyle during pregnancy and postpartum may benefit women’s cardiovascular health.     

减重干预对超重与肥胖成人代谢指标的影响

目的观察减重干预对超重、肥胖成人代谢指标的影响。方法在2008年3月至2009年12月我院体检社区人群中,人选排除高血压、糖尿病且未曾服用过于预血压、血脂及血糖药物、自愿接受减重干预的超重、肥胖成人共116例,按年龄分为青年组、中壮年组、老年组,对各组实施为期6个月的强化健康教育、膳食、运动管理等综合减重干预措施,分别对干预前后的体质指数（BMI）、体脂率、血压、空腹血糖、口服75g葡萄糖2h后血糖（OGTT 2h血糖）、血清三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）的测值进行t检验。结果干预后各组BMI、空腹血糖、TG及LDL均较干预前明显下降（P〈0．05）;各组HDL较干预前明显上升（P〈0．05）;青年组、中壮年组干预后体脂肪率、收缩压、舒张压及OGTT 2h血糖均较干预前明显下降（P〈0．05）,但老年组干预后体脂肪率、收缩压、舒张压及OGTT 2h血糖与干预前差异无统计学意义。结论减重干预可有效改善各年龄段超重、肥胖成人的体格及代谢指标,降低肥胖相关疾病的患病风险,是超重肥胖人群防病健身安全可靠的有效方法;老年超重、肥胖人群在减重干预的同时应尽早结合药物治疗。     

酸化豆粉对大鼠降血脂和抗氧化作用的影响

目的研究酸化豆粉对大鼠降血脂和抗氧化作用的影响。方法将SD雄性大鼠根据体重和血胆固醇水平分为3组,普通饲料对照组、高脂饲料组及10%酸化豆粉组,饲养6周后,测定大鼠空腹血脂、载脂蛋白及抗氧化指标水平的变化。结果酸化豆粉可显著降低大鼠血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、甘油三脂及血清载脂蛋白B浓度,增高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及血清载脂蛋白A水平,同时增高载脂蛋白A/载脂蛋白B比值;酸化豆粉组大鼠血清超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及血清硒水平显著升高,脂质过氧化产物水平显著降低。结论酸化豆粉预防大鼠高血脂及抗氧化作用明显,提示酸化豆粉有成为心血管保健食品的潜力和意义。     

急性心肌梗死患者血清瘦素的改变及临床意义

[目的]观察临床急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清瘦素水平的变化,探讨其临床意义。[方法]随机选取临床研究对象68例,其中AMI组患者36例,正常对照组32例。所有研究对象均测定血压(Bp)、血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和瘦素水平。[结果]与正常对照组比较,AMI组患者的Bp、TC、LDL-C、hs-CRP和瘦素水平均有明显升高(P﹤0.05),而两组间TG无明显差别。AMI患者的瘦素水平与hs-CRP有明显的正相关性(r=0.319,P﹤0.05)。[结论]AMI患者瘦素水平明显升高,提示它可能是一种重要的损伤因子,在AMI的发病中起重要作用。     

Distributions and Trends of Serum Lipid Levels among United States Children and Adolescents Ages 4–19 Years: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Background.Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses into adulthood. The reduction of cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, in childhood may reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Lipid distributions among children and adolescents were examined using the most recent nationally representative data.Methods.Data from 7,499 examinees in NHANES III (1988–1994) were used to estimate mean and percentile distributions of serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides in children and adolescents aged 4 to 19 years. The estimates were analyzed by age, sex, and race/ethnic groups. Trends in mean total cholesterol were examined for 12- to 17-year-olds using data from NHES III (1966–1970), NHANES I (1971–1974), and NHANES III (1988–1994).Results.For children and adolescents 4 to 19 years of age, the 95th percentile for serum total cholesterol was 216 mg/dL and the 75th percentile was 181 mg/dL. Mean age-specific total cholesterol levels peaked at 171 mg/dL at 9–11 years of age and fell thereafter. Females had significantly higher mean total cholesterol and LDL-C levels than did males (P< 0.005). Non-Hispanic black children and adolescents had significantly higher mean total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels compared to non-Hispanic white and Mexican American children and adolescents. The mean total cholesterol level among 12- to 17-year-olds decreased by 7 mg/dL from 1966–1970 to 1988–1994 and is consistent with, but less than, observed trends in adults. Black females have experienced the smallest decline between surveys.Conclusions.The findings provide a picture of the lipid distribution among U.S. children and adolescents and indicate that, like adults, adolescents have experienced a fall in total cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol levels in U.S. adolescents declined from the late 1960s to the early 1990s by an average of 7 mg/dL. This information is useful for planning programs targeting the prevention of cardiovascular disease beginning with the development of heathy lifestyles in childhood.     

儿童肥胖与脂质代谢紊乱

目的探讨儿童肥胖与脂质代谢紊乱的关系。方法回顾性分析我院肥胖病门诊7～18岁患儿283例,其中男性179例、女性104例。测量体重、身高、腰围及臀围,酶比色法测定空腹血清总甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果283例患儿超重15例、肥胖268例。147例血脂水平异常,其中1项异常100例、2项异常34例、3项异常和4项全部异常分别为11和2例。TG升高131例、TC升高42例、HDL-C降低和LDL-C升高分别为20和17例。校正年龄和性别后,体质指数(BMI)仅与血清TG水平呈显著正相关(r=0.13,P<0.05)。腰围不仅与血清TG水平呈显著正相关(r=0.21,P<0.01),也与血清HDL-C呈显著负相关(r=-0.14,P<0.05)。腰围与血脂紊乱的程度呈正相关(r=0.17,P<0.01)。以同龄同性别腰围95th百分位值为标准,将283例患儿分为腰围正常组和腰围异常组,则腰围异常组患儿血清TG显著增高(P<0.01),而HDL-C水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论肥胖儿童脂质代谢紊乱以血清TG和TC升高为主。与BMI相比,腰围与脂质代谢紊乱的关系更密切。同龄同性别腰围95th百分位值可作为诊断儿童腰围正常与否的临界点。     

对非酒精性脂肪肝患者生活方式结合膳食干预的效果观察

目的探讨改变生活方式和饮食干预对非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)的治疗效果。方法从2006～2007两年间来我院健康查体管理中心某机关查体人员中筛选出NAFLD 125例,年龄在30～60岁。其中,经B超诊断轻度脂肪肝48例,中度70例,重度7例,自愿接受饮食及运动治疗干预作为观察对象。采取询问法记录患者干预前和干预后3 d摄入食物的种类和数量及日常生活习惯。制定膳食干预原则,编制食谱,给予饮食和运动指导,共12个月,并定期随访。结果通过12个月的干预,观察对象的体重(BW)、体质指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)及血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)与干预前比较均有显著性下降。高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)没有改变。B超检查,16%恢复正常,中、重度脂肪肝患者由原来的77人降至31人,下降了59.7%。结论合理的饮食干预结合适当的有氧运动,对于脂肪肝具有良好的治疗作用。