贯彻启发式设计 深化多媒体教学

在多媒体教学实践过程中，笔者体会到采用计算机多媒体进行教学，形象、生动、直观、教学信息量大，而且计算机多媒体教学将文字、图像、声音等媒体信息有机的集成到一起，调用起来方便、快捷、可控性好，不仅优化了教育传播过程，提高了教学进度和教学效果，而且在重点和难点问题的解决上十分有效（毕竟多媒体教学比传统的“口授＋板书＋挂图”生动形象得多）。除此之外，多媒体教学课件容量大、便于携带，较传统的多媒体组合教学有更大的优势。但一段时间以后，学生对多媒体教学的新鲜感消失，随之学习态度、行为也发生了一些微妙变化，这说明多媒体教学虽然具有先进性，但是如果没有现代教育理论的指导，将重蹈传统教学的老路。针对这一问题，笔者在参考其他高等院校的成功经验之后，提出了“药用植物学”多媒体教学的启发式设计。     

贯彻启发式设计 深化多媒体教学

在多媒体教学实践过程中,笔者体会到采用计算机多媒体进行教学,形象、生动、直观、教学信息量大,而且计算机多媒体教学将文字、图像、声音等媒体信息有机的集成到一起,调用起来方便、快捷、可控性好,不仅优化了教育传播过程,提高了教学进度和教学效果,而且在重点和难点问题的解决上十分有效(毕竟多媒体教学比传统的"口授+板书+挂图"生动形象得多).除此之外,多媒体教学课件容量大、便于携带,较传统的多媒体组合教学有更大的优势.但一段时间以后,学生对多媒体教学的新鲜感消失,随之学习态度、行为也发生了一些微妙变化,这说明多媒体教学虽然具有先进性,但是如果没有现代教育理论的指导,将重蹈传统教学的老路.针对这一问题,笔者在参考其他高等院校的成功经验之后,提出了"药用植物学"多媒体教学的启发式设计.     

多媒体技术在血液细胞形态学诊断教学中的应用

多媒体教学，是利用图、文、声、像等技术，在计算机的控制下，以最优化的方式实现教学过程。它可以根据教学内容和教学目标，优选形式多样的多媒体，以直观、形象、生动的现代化教学方式，实现全方位、立体化和灵活多样的教学过程，成为国内外提高教学质量、改革教学方式的重要手段。     

多媒体教学在人体生理学教学中的应用

随着科技的发展和计算机的普及,多媒体教学逐渐替代传统的教学方式进入课堂教学。与传统教学手段相比,多媒体教学具有生动、形象、快捷等诸多优势,但是在教学过程中也存在着一定的问题。笔者结合自己在多媒体教学过程中的一些感受,通过分析多媒体教学在人体生理学理论教学中的优点和缺点,探讨如何能更好地发挥其优势,提高教学质量。     

《口腔颌面外科学》应用多媒体教学的体会

口腔颌面外科学是口腔医学的重要组成部分，是一门科学性、实践性、技巧性很强的临床学科。目前，多媒体教学作为一种现代化的教学技术被广泛应用到各个学科的教学工作中，它较传统的教学方式（板书＋挂图或投影、幻灯）有许多优势。多媒体教学利用多媒体技术将图像、视频、文字等融为一体，把教学内容直观、形象、生动地展现给学生，有利于学生的理解和记忆，因此能激发学生的学习兴趣、提高他们的学习热情，并能活跃课堂气氛，让学生的注意力更集中，从而取得良好的教学效果[1]。本文分析了口腔颌面外科学教学中使用多媒体辅助教学的优点和需要注意的问题。     

多媒体教学手段在语文教学中的运用

1多媒体教学手段在语文教学中运用的好处恰当地使用现代化的多媒体教学手段,不仅可以激发学生求知欲望和学习兴趣,而且有助于学生理解知识、丰富想象、强化记忆。那么,在语文教学中如何运用多媒体教学手段,提高教学效果呢?1.1运用多媒体教学手段,激发学生的求知欲望和学习兴趣多媒体教学直观形象,能以绘声绘色的形式生动反映客观事物。借助多媒体教学手段,能做到寓教于乐、寓学于乐,激发学生的求知欲望和学习兴趣。例如:教学《珊瑚》一课,通过一边放录音,一边进行“抽”、“拉”、“移动”的演示,就使珊瑚的形成、珊瑚礁的形成、珊瑚岛的形成的过程形象地展现于学生眼前,使学生很快地掌握了有关珊瑚的知识,激发了学生对自然的兴趣。再如:教学《再见了,亲人》,上课开始,打开录音机,顿时,教室里火车的鸣笛声,“再见了,亲人”和“再见了,亲爱的土地”的告别声响成一片。同时,插入适当的介绍。在音响中,学生被教师讲述的故事深深地吸引着,产生了强烈的学习欲望。1.2运用多媒体教学手段化难为易,解决教学中的重点难点学生的形象思维比较好,所以对教材中词语的涵义、事物的属性,在理解上多依赖于直观、形象。而多媒体教学不受时间、空间、宏观、微观的限制,能形象、逼真...     

肿瘤核医学教学中多媒体技术的应用探讨

随着计算机科学的飞速发展,多媒体技术已被应用在很多领域.在医学教育中,使用计算机多媒体教学技术,制造与教学内容相吻合的教学情境,可以生动、形象地描述各种教学问题,可以充分地激发学生的学习兴趣和求知欲望.这样不但促使传统教学思想和观念发生了重大的变化,也使得以往的教学形式、教学方法和教学过程发生了巨大变化,在肿瘤核医学教学中表现得尤为突出[1,2].     

多媒体技术在病理学教学中的应用和思考

多媒体教学应用于中等职业病理教学中,将抽象的教学信息直观、形象、生动地展示给学生,可增强学生的学习积极性和主动性,弥补传统教学的不足,有效提高教学效果。但在教学实践中,不可忽视传统教学方法,并注重提高多媒体课件的制作质量。只有合理、适当地使用多媒体教学,才能发挥其优势,不断提高教学质量。     

《中医内科学》典型病案的多媒体教学研究与实践

目的研究和探讨典型病案多媒体教学,以提高《中医内科学》的教学质量。方法选择中医内科典型病案进行拍照、摄影、计算机制作,通过多媒体形象、生动、直观地启发式教学。结果典型病案的多媒体教学能使学生轻松愉快地接受知识,易于掌握。结论典型病案多媒体教学有利于《中医内科学》教学质量的提高。     

多媒体教学与传统教学方式有机结合在提高教学效果中的作用

多媒体教学是指在教学过程中,根据教学目标和教学对象的特点,通过教学设计,合理选择和运用现代教学媒体,以多种媒体信息作用于学生,形成合理的教学过程结构,达到最优化的教学效果。多媒体教学在八十年代已经开始出现,但当时是采用多种电子媒体如幻灯、投影、录音、录像等综合运用与课堂教学。这种教学技术又称多媒体组合教学或电化教学,九十年代起,随着计算机技术的迅速发展和普及,多媒体计算机已经逐步取代了以往的多种教学媒体的综合使用地位。因此,现在我们通常所说的多媒体教学是特指运用多媒体计算机并借助于预先制作的多媒体教学软件来开展的教学活动过程。它又可以称为计算机辅助教学(computer assisted in-struction,即CAI)。多媒体计算机辅助教学是指利用多媒体计算机,综合处理和控制符号、语言、文字、声音、图形、图像、影像等多种媒体信息,把多媒体的各个要素按教学要求,进行有机组合并通过屏幕或投影机投影显示出来,同时按需要加上声音的配合,以及使用者与计算机之间的人机交互操作,完成教学或训练过程。多媒体教学以其课堂信息含量大、节省板书时间、题材丰富形象、形式活泼多样以及便于学生课后复习查询等优势,已确立了其在今后医...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.