硬脊膜动静脉瘘(附1例临床分析)

目的探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析了1例患者的相关临床资料。结果本例患者以双下肢渐进性麻木、无力1年余,加重伴大小便障碍9个月为主要临床表现,脊髓MRI显示T9~L1髓内以长T2长T1为主之异常信号,超选择DSA造影可见位于入LT12椎管处一硬脊膜动静脉之瘘口,成功地进行了经单侧椎板开窗夹闭瘘口术。结论SDAVF为一具有直接的动静脉交通性病变,常伴有小型畸形团,多发生于中年男性,误诊率高,主要表现为渐进性的肢体麻木、无力及大小便障碍,MRI有助于诊断,但仍须DSA确诊。阻断连接瘘口与冠状静脉丛的引流静脉是治疗SDAVF的有效方法,显微外科手术效果可靠、复发率低,尽早地确诊和治疗是取得良好疗效的根本前提。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床诊断与显微手术治疗分析

目的分析和总结硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床诊断及显微手术切除治疗经验。 方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2014年1月在平煤神马医疗集团总医院确诊并行显微手术切除治疗的硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者8例,并从临床症状、影像学资料及显微手术切除治疗效果总结了临床诊断及治疗的经验。 结果所有病例均经半椎板入路行动静脉瘘显微手术切除术,术后复查脊髓血管造影,均未发现异常的瘘口及迂曲扩张的引流静脉显影。随访24个月,其中痊愈5例,好转2例,有效率87.5%。 结论MRI是筛选硬脊膜动静脉瘘的无创手段,脊髓血管造影是确定诊断的金标准。显微手术方法简单,疗效确切,可作为治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘的首选方法。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断及手术治疗

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断及手术治疗。方法 1996年9月～2002年9月收治硬脊膜动静脉瘘病人20例，均行术前MRI、脊髓血管造影证实，手术切断瘘口处硬脊膜动脉与引流静脉的异常交通。结果 12例完全康复，8例症状改善，脊髓功能部分恢复。结论 脊髓MRI是硬脊膜动静脉瘘的无创筛选检查，而脊髓血管造影是确诊的金标准；手术电凝切断瘘口效果肯定，可明显改善症状，防止脊髓损害进一步加重。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘6例临床和影像学特点分析

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘（spinal dural arteriovenous fistula,SDAVF）的临床和影像学特点,提高对于SDAVF的认识。方法 对6例确诊SDAVF患者的临床、影像学资料以及治疗与转归等进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者中5例为中老年男性,1例为青年女性。6例患者的病灶部位均在胸腰段脊髓,其中3例有脊髓圆锥及马尾神经根受累。双下肢麻木症状发病3例,骶尾部或双下肢疼痛发病2例,下肢无力发病2例,6例患者均有尿便和性功能障碍,1例急性起病,5例亚急性或慢性起病。2例呈进行性病程,无明显波动,4例病程中病情有明显波动。脊髓磁共振检查（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）全部病例均见到脊髓轻度增粗和髓内弥漫性长T2异常信号灶,4例脊髓表面尤其是背侧可见到迂曲血管流空影,腰骶段受累病例更加明显。6例均行脊髓数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查,见到供血动脉形成的动静脉瘘口以及明显蜿蜒迂曲延长的引流静脉从而确诊本病。全部6例患者的临床体征水平与影像学上病变水平均不甚一致,影像学表现重于临床。4例患者接受了1～3次的介入栓塞治疗,其中3例取得较好疗效,但这3例患者均有复发。结论 SDAVF有其临床和影像学特点。男性中老年患者多见,主要为胸段脊髓或腰骶段脊髓、神经根的症状体征,下肢感觉异常、疼痛、步态异常或运动障碍、尿便和性功能障碍均是常见的临床表现,可先后受累。病程可呈慢性进展,可在波动中进展,也可以进展中有波动。脊髓MRI检查对于本病的诊断可有提示。及早规范的血管栓塞或手术治疗可能取得较好疗效。     

硬脊膜动-静脉瘘

硬脊膜动-静脉瘘(SDAVF)是一种常见的脊髓血管畸形,但临床表现常不具有特异性,临床医生对其认识不够,所以患者往往不能得到及时诊断,延误治疗。因此,早期诊断本病非常重要。本文总结了近年对SDAVF的临床特征、影像学表现、诊断和鉴别诊断要点及治疗方法的选择等方面的进展作一介绍。     

寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗(2例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊断与治疗。方法采用多模式影像学方法诊断,枕下后正中入路手术治疗寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者2例,并结合文献进行分析。结果本组2例寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者均表现为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血,均经DSA确诊,并经枕下后正中入路成功阻断瘘口后引流静脉。结论寰枕交界区硬脊膜动静脉瘘发病率低,缺乏特征性临床表现,诊断困难;多模态影像、尤其是DSA是确诊的主要方法;开颅手术切断瘘口后引流静脉是相对安全、有较高病灶闭塞率的治疗方法。     

表现为蛛网膜下腔出血的高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的对表现为蛛网膜下腔出血的高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘发病机制进行分析,预测出血因素,避免漏诊,指导治疗。方法对5例表现为蛛网膜下腔出血的高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床资料进行总结。结果5例瘘口均位于枕大孔区～颈2节段,由椎动脉脊膜支供血．通过髓周静脉引流。所有5例引流静脉均向颅内引流,有不同程度扩张,3例伴有静脉瘤样改变。手术后复合瘘口均消火,4例治愈,1例死亡。结论高颈段硬脊膜动静脉瘘向颅内引流并伴有引流静脉扩张易出血,颅内压增高可能是诱发出血的因素。血管造影应全面,避免小部分蛛网膜下腔出血的患者造影假阴性。手术夹闭瘘口并切断近端引流静脉是可靠的治疗方法。     

复合手术治疗硬脊膜外动静脉瘘合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘1例 并文献复习

目的 总结硬脊膜外动静脉瘘（SEDAVF）合并硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）的复合手术治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析复合手术治疗的1例SEDAVF合并SDAVF的临床资料,并结合文献分析。结果 首先经动脉途径进行ONYX胶栓塞,因胶弥散效果不佳,仅封堵供血动脉,瘘口及引流静脉仍可显影;然后,开放性手术烧灼硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉丛血管,但未剪开硬脊膜探查,术后7 d因并存SDAVF加重血流动力学改变并引起症状加重,再次行介入栓塞时处理SDAVF。术后6个月随访双下肢肌力恢复至4级,大小便功能正常。结论 SEDAVF处理的关键在于闭塞瘘口及近端引流静脉,对于合并的SDAVF,可选择介入治疗。单纯SEDAVF,可选择开放性手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迂曲的静脉湖;SEDAVF合并SDAVF,可先行介入栓塞瘘口,解除脊髓静脉高压综合征及硬脊膜外静脉湖压迫症状;如仍末治愈,可行开放手术灼闭硬脊膜外扩张迀曲的静脉湖,解除对脊髓的压迫。     

320排CTA对硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断价值

目的 探讨320排CT血管成像(CTA)对硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的诊治价值.方法 回顾性分析11例SDAVF病人的临床资料,均行320排CTA及DSA检查,以病变的定性诊断、供血动脉、瘘口、引流静脉的显示情况及手术治疗效果等作为观察指标进行分析.结果 320排CTA对11例病人均做出正确诊断,DSA首次检查漏诊2例,经行320排CTA获得相关图像信息后再行DSA检查发现病变.所有病人经手术治疗后随访3个月～2年,短期预后均良好,但术后9～12个月出现神经功能障碍加重3例.结论 320排CTA可良好地立体显示SDAVF病灶的特征及其周围的骨性解剖结构,但其不能动态显示病灶的血流动力学改变,尚不能取代DSA检查.     

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula with spinal venous drainage]

Two cases of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the medullary veins are reported. One patient was a 68-year old man who experienced brief and repeated episodes of paraplegia, followed by a permanent spinal cord syndrome. The other patient was a 74-year-old woman who rapidly developed a syndrome of the medulla and spinal cord. In both cases spinal cord angiography failed to show vascular malformations, but myelography revealed venous imprints and magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spinal cord disclosed a pre-medullary signal. Cerebral angiography showed an intracranial arteriovenous fistula fed by the external carotid artery and draining into the veins of the posterior fossa and the spinal venous network. Complete occlusion of the fistula was achieved by embolization with microparticles. Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae draining into the medullary veins are rare: to our knowledge, only 4 cases have been reported. Such lesions must be considered whenever a spinal cord syndrome has no detectable cause.     

13例硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床特征与误诊分析

目的分析硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的临床、影像学特点、误诊原因,提高临床医生对SDAVF的认识和诊断水平。方法回顾性分析13例脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者的临床特点、影像学资料。结果 13例患者中12例男性,平均年龄52.3岁。所有患者症状体征均集中在双下肢、二便和性功能。表现为下肢运动障碍、浅感觉障碍、深感觉异常及大小便功能障碍、性功能障碍。3例患者在腰椎穿刺后症状体征曾有加重。以胸腰段脊髓受累为主,可见到脊髓轻度增粗和髓内异常信号灶,脊髓前后有迂曲状、"虫蚀样"的血管流空影;全部患者均经脊髓血管造影明确诊断。11例接受了介入栓塞或手术治疗,10例在治疗后即刻改善,1例复发。4例在糖皮质激素治疗后症状恶化。结论 SDAVF以中老年男性多见,主要表现为进行性加重的运动和感觉功能减退、大小便功能障碍。脑脊液检查无特异性。本病早期临床表现无特异性,容易误诊。脊髓MRI可对其进行初步诊断,是避免误诊的关键,选择性脊髓血管造影是诊断本病的金标准。及早规范的血管栓塞或手术治疗可能取得较好疗效。     

最大密度投影、双容积及双容积动态成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊治的研究

目的 探讨最大密度投影、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积及双容积动态成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘诊断及手术的应用价值。方法 对8例硬脊膜动静脉瘘患者术前均行最大密度投影、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积和双容积动态成像,协助术前诊断、判断瘘口的部位、供血动脉与椎间孔的关系、引流静脉所在椎管内的部位,然后手术灼闭瘘口。结果 最大密度投影冠状位、矢状位和轴位成像、3D-DSA/Dyna-CT双容积成像、双容积动态成像可使硬脊膜动静脉瘘的供血动脉、瘘口位置、引流静脉与其毗邻的椎间孔、棘突、上下椎体的空间三维解剖关系清晰的显现,弥补了单一3D-DSA、MRA、CTA等影像的不足,不仅可在术前协助诊断,模拟手术入路,而且可指导手术过程的顺利进行,有效的避免并发症的发生,取得良好临床效果。结论 双容积与双容积动态成像,尤其是最大密度投影成像对硬脊膜动静脉瘘的诊断、治疗有较大的应用价值。     

Spinal vascular malformations--typical and atypical findings

Vascular malformations of the spinal cord and its meninges are rare diseases which comprise true inborn cavernomas and arteriovenous malformations (AVM), including perimedullary fistulae, glomerular and juvenile AVMs, and presumably acquired dural arteriovenous fistulae. This article gives an overview of the imaging features on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital subtraction angiography of both typical and atypical findings to describe the wide variety of possible pathological entities encountered. Clinical differential diagnoses, the neurological symptomatology and potential therapeutic approaches of these diseases, which may vary depending on the underlying pathology, are given. Although MRI constitutes the first choice diagnostic modality for suspected spinal vascular malformations, we conclude that the definite diagnosis of the disease and thus the choice of the appropriate therapeutic approach rests on selective spinal angiography which should be performed at a specialized center. Treatment in symptomatic patients offers an improvement in prognosis. Microsurgical treatment is recommended for symptomatic spinal cord cavernomas. Dural arteriovenous shunts can either be treated by microsurgical or endovascular approaches, the former being a simple, quick and secure approach to obliterate the fistula while the latter is technically demanding. In spinal arteriovenous malformations of both the fistulous and the glomerular type, the endovascular approach is the method of first choice; in selected cases, surgery or a combined therapy may be necessary.     

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas—An underdiagnosed disease

Background Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are rare and present with non–specific symptoms. The diagnosis is difficult and it is therefore conceivable that patients may not be recognized. Methods We reviewed the intake forms of patients who had been admitted to the spinal cord injury ward of a rehabilitation center in the period 1980–2004 to identify possible patients with an undiagnosed SDAVF. Clinical and radiological data were evaluated in selected cases. Results In 20 of 1429 newly admitted patients to the rehabilitation center (in 614 of whom trauma was not the cause), we restudied the CT myelograms, MRI scans or spinal angiograms and in two of these we found an undiagnosed SDAVF, and one cerebral dural arteriovenous fistula. One of these three was diagnosed with SDAVF 8 years after the admission to the rehabilitation center; the other two patients had never been diagnosed with SDAVF. In 9 patients a diagnosis of SDAVF had already been established by the time they were admitted to the spinal cord unit. In 20 other patients the admission diagnosis was a vascular lesion or 'progressive myelopathy' but appropriate radiological studies had been destroyed or had never been performed. Conclusion Our results suggest that spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are an underdiagnosed condition.     

Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Glomus Arteriovenous Malformation of the Cervical Spine

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spine magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) demonstrated a glomus-type intradural arteriovenous malformation of the upper cervical region of the spine in a 24-year-old woman. Gadolinium-enhanced, three-dimensional, phase-contrast angiography displayed the nidus and feeders of the arteriovenous malformation. The clinical features of the two most common types of spinal arteriovenous malformations (dural arteriovenous fistula and glomus intradural arteriovenous malformation) are reviewed. Conventional MRI and spine MRA may obviate the need for performing total spinal myelography in patients suspected of having spinal arteriovenous malformations.     

复合手术治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘31例分析

目的 探讨复合手术治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年8月至2019年7月复合手术治疗的31例SDAVF的临床资料。术中DSA技术定位瘘口,据造影结果调整动脉夹,并验证瘘口闭塞的安全性和准确性。术后平均随访（28.9±2.7）个月,采用Aminoff-Logue评分（ALS）评价脊髓功能。结果 31例瘘口位置均准确定位,无扩大切口以暴露病灶,术后造影显示瘘口均消失。末次随访ALS[（3.3±0.5）分]较术前[（4.4±0.5）分]明显降低（P<0.05）;好转14例,无变化4例,加重2例,好转率为66.7%。随访期间无复发病例。结论 复合手术SDAVF安全、有效,与血管内栓塞相比,解决了其早期失败率及晚期复发率高的问题;与显微手术相比,实现了术中精准定位及实时效果评价。     

Venous congestive myelopathy in spinal dural arteriovenous fistula mimicking neoplasia

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most common acquired arteriovenous shunts that occur in adults. By increasing venous pressure in the spinal venous system they are a cause of venous congestive myelopathy. We report the case of a patient with a SDAVF mimicking, on magnetic resonance imaging, the presence of a spinal cord tumour due to an unusual pattern of enhancement after gadolinium administration.     

Novalis Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

The spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) is rare, presenting with progressive, insidious symptoms, and inducing spinal cord ischemia and myelopathy, resulting in severe neurological deficits. If physicians have accurate and enough information about vascular anatomy and hemodynamics, they achieve the good results though the surgery or endovascular embolization. However, when selective spinal angiography is unsuccessful due to neurological deficits, surgery and endovascular embolization might be failed because of inadequate information. We describe a patient with a history of vasospasm during spinal angiography, who was successfully treated by spinal stereotactic radiosurgery using Novalis system.     

脊髓动静脉性血管病变的诊断与治疗(附99例报告)

目的探讨脊髓动静脉性血管病变(SCAVLs)的诊断与治疗。方法自1990年8月至2006年8月,我们收治99例SCAVLs,并回顾性分析他们的影像学改变、治疗方法与结果。结果99例脊髓动静脉性血管病变中,行手术治疗65例,介入治疗34例。手术治疗病例中,脊髓动静脉畸形(SAVM)31例、硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)26例和髓周动静脉瘘(PMAVF)8例,各型SCAVLs病例术后获好转者分别为19例、17例和4例。结论脊髓MRI和DSA是正确诊断本病的关键。对SDAVF和Ⅰ型PMAVF宜首选手术治疗,对SAVM应尽可能采用手术切除(或术前辅以栓塞治疗)畸形灶,对Ⅱ型或Ⅲ型PMAVF宜取介入治疗或介入与手术联合治疗。治疗时,应针对动静脉短路进行根治性治疗,即手术和/或栓塞来闭塞瘘口和去除畸形灶。     

应用复合手术平台治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的 探讨复合手术平台在硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)治疗中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年10月复合手术治疗的18例SDAVF的临床资料.结果 18例手术时间3.1～4.6h,平均(3.5±0.8)h.术后即刻造影未发现瘘口及异常引流静脉.无手术死亡病例,未发生与造影相关并发症.术后3个月复查脊髓...