护理研究中应用实验动物状况的调查研究

目的 :探讨我国护理研究中应用实验动物的相关情况。方法 :对 1994年— 2 0 0 2年统计源期刊中 6种杂志应用实验动物进行研究的论文进行检索 ,并进行总结分析。结果 :刊登实验动物研究论文 5 5篇 ,实验动物应用于护理研究的论文数量逐年递增 ,其中基础理论研究 6篇 ,应用基础研究 49篇 ;16篇获得基金资助 ;实验动物为家兔、大鼠、犬、小鼠。结论 :护理领域实验动物研究近年来发展迅速 ,但实验动物研究受基金的资助少 ,涉及的护理研究领域较局限 ,实验动物标准化、实验设计及统计学方法上仍存在问题     

护理研究中应用实验动物状况的调查研究

目的：探讨我国护理研究中应用实验动物的相关情况。方法：对1994年-2002年统计源期刊中6种杂志应用实验动物进行研究的论文进行检索，并进行总结分析。结果：刊登实验动物研究论文55篇，实验动物应用于护理研究的论文数量逐年递增，其中基础理论研究6篇，应用基础研究49篇；16篇获得基金资助；实验动物为家兔、大鼠、犬、小鼠。结论：护理领域实验动物研究近年来发展迅速，但实验动物研究受基金的资助少，涉及的护理研究领域较局限，实验动物标准化、实验设计及统计学方法上仍存在问题。     

护理科研中实验动物应用现状分析

实验动物在生物医学研究领域中被广泛应用 ,如果实验动物质量达不到标准 ,动物实验的敏感性、重复性差 ,将致实验动物浪费严重 ,科研论文的科学性及可信性降低 ,在国际学术界得不到公认[1] 。我国护理界已意识到了实验动物科学的重要性 ,应用动物实验进行护理科研的论文逐年增加[2 ] 。本文以《中华护理杂志》等 8种护理期刊 8年来的论文为线索 ,分析了我国护理科研中实验动物的应用、书写及实验设计情况。1　材料与方法利用《中国生物医学文献光盘数据库》CBMDis co 1995～ 2 0 0 2年数据库 ,在《中华护理杂志》、《实用护理杂志》、《护…     

生存质量量表在护理研究领域中的应用

[目的]了解生存质量量表在我国护理研究领域中的应用情况。[方法]利用《中国生物医学文献光盘数据库》,选择CBMdisc1998—2003数据库,用关键词“生存质量OR生活质量OR生命质量AND护理AND量表”检索到相关论文85篇,对论文发表的时间、数量、作者地域分布、引文数量、科研基金资助及使用的测评工具等情况进行统计分析。[结果]1998年以来,有关生存质量量表的护理研究论文共85篇,其中科研基金资助项目论文9篇,合著论文77篇,论文作者多分布在广东、山东、上海、北京、西安等地,应用量表157次,引用参考文献454篇,以使用普适性量表为主。[结论]生存质量研究在护理研究领域已经受到重视,生存质量量表的应用目前还比较局限,有必要在护理领域进行深入地研究。     

生存质量量表在护理研究领域中的应用

[目的]了解生存质量量表在我国护理研究领域中的应用情况。[方法]利用《中国生物医学文献光盘数据库》，选择CBMdisc 1998-2003数据库，用关键词“生存质量OR生活质量OR生命质量AND护理AND量表”检索到相关论文85篇，对论文发表的时间、数量、作者地域分布、引文数量、科研基金资助及使用的测评工具等情况进行统计分析。[结果]1998年以来，有关生存质量量表的护理研究论文共85篇，其中科研基金资助项目论文9篇，舍著论文77篇，论文作者多分布在广东、山东、上海、北京、西安等地，应用量表157次，引用参考文献454篇，以使用普适性量表为主。[结论]生存质量研究在护理研究领域已经受到重视．生存质量量表的应用目前还比较局限，有必要在护理领域进行深入地研究。     

护理类期刊基金资助课题论文刊出分析

为了解我国护理科研的现状,探讨护理领域各分支的科研状况,对护理类重点期刊《中华护理杂志》,《护士进修杂志》,《护理研究》,《实用护理杂志》1999年－2001年刊载的基金资助课题论文进行统计分析。结果：1999年－2001年共刊载基金论文120篇,占总论文数的2．2％,国家级资助论文占10．0％,且以实验研究论文为主（63．3％）,学科分布涉及各个专业,且与护理学科的发展方向相一致,提出护理管理者应加大力度扶持护理科研,提高护理人员的科研水平,争取国家级资助课题。     

高血压脑出血并发症护理文献浅析

目的了解近十年来护理干预手段在高血压脑出血并发症领域研究进展。方法利用《中国科技期刊全文光盘数据库》,选择1997-2007年数据库,用题名或关键词“高血压脑出血／并发症／护理”检索到相关论文58篇,对论文发表的时间、数量、引文数量、科研基金资助、作者地域分布、使用的研究或分析方法及中医护理干预手段的应用等情况进行统计分析。结果1997年以来,有关高血压脑出血并发症防治方面的护理研究论文共58篇,其中针对术后并发症防治的论文占94．8％;引用参考文献的文章共34篇,即有58．6％的论文引用了参考文献,且每篇论文的引文数量不超过5篇;3篇论文使用了对照试验,并用统计学方法进行了深入分析;科研基金资助项目论文0篇;论文作者多分布在山东省、河南省等地;合著论文36篇;实施中医护理手段的论文7篇。结论高血压脑出血并发症防治在护理干预领域的研究已受到重视,但目前的研究与应用范围还很局限,很有必要开展广泛、深入的研究;该领域文献无论数量、质量、科学性均有待提高;中医护理科研规模需扩大;护理科研的资助强度需加大。     

社区护理论文产出定量分析及其建议

目的定量分析中国社区护理研究与实践.方法统计学和文献计量学.结果获得1191篇社区护理论文,从年代分布、作者合作、高产作者、期刊分布、地区和机构发文方面进行定量分析,同时利用中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)检索社区护理基金资助论文62篇,分析了基金论文的年代分布和资助类型.结论社区护理论文逐渐增长,经验总结和推广应用需加强;研究以单兵作战为主,合作要加强;社区护理研究呈现出集中离散分布,核心期刊和核心地区基本形成;社区护理基金资助论文数量上升迅速,但基金论文比仍然较低.可见,我国社区护理研究进展迅速,经验总结和推广应用需加强.     

我国护理核心期刊刊载护理管理零被引论文分析

[目的]了解我国护理核心期刊护理管理论文零被引情况,发现存在的问题,为护理管理者进行科研选题、开展有效的科研工作提供参考,以提高护理管理质量。[方法]选择中国知网和万方数据库,利用计算机检索与手工检索相结合的方式对2012年1月—2014年12月12种护理核心期刊刊载的护理管理零被引论文数量、主题、基金资助、研究类型、作者地区分布、引文状况等进行分析。[结果]2012年—2014年护理管理零被引论文4 137篇,其中零被引基金论文1 235篇,零被引基金论文有逐年增长趋势。《中华护理杂志》论文零被引率最低,为41.67%;基金资助论文中零被引率最高的为院(校)级资助论文,占77.62%;质性研究类论文、实验性研究类论文、未应用统计学方法的论文所占比例较高,分别为77.50%、72.31%、75.24%;零被引论文的主题分布以护理人力资源管理为主,其次是护理质量管理,但是在护理人力资源管理中零被引基金论文以护理人员职业素养为主,占25.86%;而非基金论文以其他类型为主,占75.32%。护理质量管理中零被引基金论文以质量评估体系指标为主,占35.59%;而非基金论文以质量控制方法为主,占55.70%。[结论]护理管理论文总体引用情况较差,零被引论文比例较高,基金论文零被引率高于非基金论文(基金论文零被引率为70.98%,非基金论文零被引率为67.21%),提示应客观评价零被引论文的学术质量和引用价值。     

基于中国生物医学文献数据库的ICU谵妄护理文献计量学分析

目的探讨近十年国内ICU谵妄护理的研究趋势和研究热点,为ICU谵妄护理研究的发展方向提供参考和借鉴。方法通过检索中国生物医学文献数据库收录的2006~2015年间国内发表的ICU谵妄护理研究论文,采用Thomson Data Analyzer(TDA)分析软件提取数据,从年代变化、地区分布、机构类型、机构发文、作者发文、期刊分布、基金资助、关键词、主题词等方面进行计量学分析。结果遴选出ICU谵妄护理文献311篇,年文献发表量进入快速增长阶段;机构合作率为12.86%,篇均作者数为2.69,基金论文比为0.09。结论我国ICU谵妄护理研究已经受到广泛关注和重视,但是领域内研究机构之间的合作率偏低,科研基金资助论文比例不高,后续研究应注重获取科研基金资助并加强合作。     

Ethics and Animal Numbers: Informal Analyses, Uncertain Sample Sizes, Inefficient Replications, and Type I Errors

To obtain approval for the use vertebrate animals in research, an investigator must assure an ethics committee that the proposed number of animals is the minimum necessary to achieve a scientific goal. How does an investigator make that assurance? A power analysis is most accurate when the outcome is known before the study, which it rarely is. A ‘pilot study’ is appropriate only when the number of animals used is a tiny fraction of the numbers that will be invested in the main study because the data for the pilot animals cannot legitimately be used again in the main study without increasing the rate of type I errors (false discovery). Traditional significance testing requires the investigator to determine the final sample size before any data are collected and then to delay analysis of any of the data until all of the data are final. An investigator often learns at that point either that the sample size was larger than necessary or too small to achieve significance. Subjects cannot be added at this point in the study without increasing type I errors. In addition, journal reviewers may require more replications in quantitative studies than are truly necessary. Sequential stopping rules used with traditional significance tests allow incremental accumulation of data on a biomedical research problem so that significance, replicability, and use of a minimal number of animals can be assured without increasing type I errors.Abbreviation: SSR, sequential stopping ruleAnimal ethics committees, such as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees in the United States, must assure that the numbers of animals proposed for use in scientific experiments are justified and reasonable (United States regulations are reviewed in the IACUC Guidebook²⁶). The goal of this process is to assure that investigators using animals in experimental research have enough subjects to accomplish experimental aims without wasting numerous animals. Among the suggestions²⁶ for ways to reduce the number of animals are: (1) rational selection of group size (pilot study, power analysis); (2) careful experimental design; (3) maximizing use of each animal; (4) minimizing loss of animals; and (5) statistical analysis (maximum information from minimum number of animals).The investigator must justify, and the IACUC must approve, all animal numbers proposed for use in a new protocol or full renewal of a protocol. The IACUC must also approve the numbers of animals requested when protocols are amended to add new experiments to the protocol. According to the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare,²⁵ the addition of animals to a protocol can itself constitute a significant change to the protocol. In other words, adding animals to a protocol can constitute a significant change even if all procedures that will be used are already included in the protocol.When an IACUC requests a power analysis as a justification for sample sizes, responses from investigators may include anything from an excellent analysis to bewilderment. Graduates of medical or veterinary schools often do not have strong backgrounds in statistics and, for this reason, the justification of animal numbers causes distress on the part of both investigators and IACUC members. In my experience, a common response to an IACUC''s request for a power analysis goes something like, “A power analysis is not possible for our studies because the experiments have not yet been done, and we do not know what the means and standard deviations will be. We will use the fewest number of animals necessary to produce significance. We will conduct the experiment 3 times so that it will be acceptable for publication by a major journal.” When pressed about how they will know what the fewest number of animals is, investigators often reply that they will conduct a small study with a few subjects and use the resulting data to conduct a formal power analysis. The investigators then propose to request additional subjects from the committee for the full study by using that pilot analysis.This response raises several interdependent questions that are the topic of this article: (1) What is an a priori power analysis, and when is it appropriate? (2) How can the investigator and IACUC assure that no more animals will be used than the number necessary to produce significance? and (3) How many times is it necessary to replicate a successful experiment to assure that results are repeatable without wasting animals or repeatedly requesting additional animals from the IACUC?Requesting animal numbers in stages (for example, a pilot study followed by a main study) consumes time and effort for all concerned and can increase the rate of type I errors if the pilot animals actually are included in the main study.¹³ The current article discusses the problems encountered in trying to achieve an optimal sample size and minimize animal usage. A companion article¹¹ reviews a method, the variable-criteria sequential stopping rule (SSR), that can be used with many ordinary experiments in the biomedical sciences to solve some of these problems.     

肺气肿模型制作过程中的护理配合

利用介入技术对肺气肿进行肺减容治疗首先是动物模型的制作,在动物模型制作过程中术者的操作技巧及操作技能是动物实验成功的关键,加强动物实验过程中的护理干预,术前作好器械及药品准备、实验动物的准备,术中严格执行无菌技术操作原则、密切配合术者操作及严密观察实验动物病理、生理变化,术后密切观察及精心的护理。     

Therapeutic Use of Companion Animals in Health Care

Purpose: To explore research that lends credibility to the therapeutic use of animals in health care. By integrating research from other disciplines and applying it to nursing, the art of nursing is fostered through the creative application of knowledge to practice.
Significance: Positive physiological and psychological benefits have been linked to the presence of companion animals. For example, researchers suggest that decreases in blood pressure, heart rates, and stress levels, as well as increases in emotional well-being and social interaction are benefits of the human-animal bond.
Conclusions: Compiling what has been learned in earlier scientific studies provides direction for future research in nursing to enhance nursing knowledge and expand nursing theory to improve care. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the concepts of animal assisted therapy (AAT) to build a body of useful knowledge for practice.     

Putting the bio in biobehavioral: animal models

Animal models are useful in research that examines physiological mechanisms and, as such, are invaluable in developing therapies to alleviate illness and promote health. Ethical considerations are essential for proper animal use and include replacement by nonanimal models where possible, reduction in the numbers of animals used, and refinement of experimental protocols to reduce animal suffering. Choosing the optimum model depends on the long- and short-term goals of the project, and the choice of a model goes hand in hand with appropriate study design. Five key features to think about when choosing a model are as follows: model asymmetry, necessary differences, specificity to the study, model validity, and model improvement. Appropriate use of both male and female animals has also become an important issue in recent times. These considerations will assist in understanding animal model use.     

实验动物在护理研究中的应用

为了解实验动物学在护理研究中的应用现状,利用《中国生物医学文献光盘数据库》检索“动物AND护理”论文38篇,从论文发表年代、作者地域分布,第一作者发文数,期刊分布,论文质量,所应用的动物种类等方面进行统计和分析。结果显示：38篇论文中1997年－2000年4a间发文33篇,占86．84％,而且有逐年增加趋势;从地域分布来看,军队和医学院校单位发文量较高,在《中华护理杂志》发文17篇,占44．74％。38篇论文质量较高,使用的动物种类及品种品系符合要求,提示,为提高护理科研的数量和质量,护理人员有必要学习和提高实验动物学的知识。     

Use of animals in experimental research: an ethical dilemma?

Mankind has been using animals already for a long time for food, for transport and as companion. The use of animals in experimental research parallels the development of medicine, which had its roots in ancient Greece (Aristotle, Hippocrate). With the Cartesian philosophy in the 17th century, experiments on animals could be performed without great moral problems. The discovery of anaesthetics and Darwin's publication on the Origin of Species, defending the biological similarities between man and animal, contributed to the increase of animal experimentation. The increasing demand for high standard animal models together with a critical view on the use of animals led to the development of Laboratory Animal Science in the 1950s with Russell and Burch's three R's of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement as guiding principles, a field that can be defined as a multidisciplinary branch of science, contributing to the quality of animal experiments and to the welfare of laboratory animals. The increased interest in and concern about animal welfare issues led to legislative regulations in many countries and the establishment of animal ethics committees.     

护理研究中实验动物的应用进展

综述了国内外护理研究中实验动物的应用现状,指出我国护理研究中实验动物福利与保护、动物辅助治疗方面的研究较少,有待于进一步探讨。     

Ultrasonic Vocalization Analysis as a Novel Metric to Assess Cage Enrichment in Rats

Laboratory rodent housing conditions vary significantly across laboratories and facilities. Variation in housing can be associated with animal stress leading to study variability and the subsequent inability to replicate experimental findings. Optimization and standardization of animal housing are necessary to promote animal welfare and data consistency, thereby reducing the number of animals necessary to detect treatment effects. While interest in environmental enrichment is increasing, many studies do not examine the behavior of animals in the home cage, neglecting important aspects of enrichment. To determine how increased vertical home cage area affects animal welfare, double-decker cages (enriched), which allow rats to upright stand, were compared with standard single-level cages, which impede the ability to upright stand. Home cage welfare was assessed by analyzing ultrasonic vocalizations, fecal corticosterone, upright standing, and fighting. Ultrasonic vocalization was further explored by analyses of call type as defined by a 14 call-type schematic. Rats housed in enriched cages spent more time fighting, produced fewer 50 kHz calls, and had higher levels of fecal corticosterone. Rats in standard cages attempted to upright stand more often but remained upright for a shorter amount of time due to the height limitation imposed by standard cages. In addition, standard cages restrict some naturalistic behaviors such as upright standing and reduce fighting, which may be attributable to their single-tier organization and floor space. Enriched cages permit rats to engage in normal ethological behavior but also increase fighting. This study demonstrates that housing conditions have a meaningful impact on multiple measures of animal affect. When considering study design, researchers should be aware of how housing conditions affect animal subjects.     

Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider

Administration of substances to laboratory animals requires careful consideration and planning to optimize delivery of the agent to the animal while minimizing potential adverse experiences from the procedure. For all species, many different routes are available for administration of substances. The research team and IACUC members should be aware of reasons for selecting specific routes and of training and competency necessary for personnel to use these routes effectively. Once a route is selected, issues such as volume of administration, site of delivery, pH of the substance, and other factors must be considered to refine the technique. Inadequate training or inattention to detail during this aspect of a study may result in unintentional adverse effects on experimental animals and confounded results.