臂丛神经显微结构的计算机三维重建

目的：重建臂丛神经的外轮廓及其内部神经束的精细三维行径，同时探索一种臂丛神经显微结构计算机三维重建的实用方法。方法：取健康成年尸体的臂丛神经标本2例(从神经根管出口至正中神经交叉处，平均长20cm)，作好标记，以女性头发作为定位线，采用连续组织切片后胆碱脂酶组织化学染色，高分辨率数码摄像系统获取二维数码信息后对臂丛神经显微结构进行三维重建。结果：三维重建真实地再现臂丛神经的三维立体结构及其内部各神经束的三维立体行径，并可显示臂丛神经中神经束的任意断面及其全长的解剖结构与相互关系，形象地展示臂丛神经内部神经束的复杂重组过程。重建结构均能单独或搭配显示，还能任意角度显示：在臂丛的五个根中，C6-C8内部神经束数目较C5、T1多。在C6-C8中，又以C7神经根内部神经束数目最多。结论：臂丛神经内部神经束结构相当复杂，相互间不断交叉重组，形成独特的神经束网络结构。臂丛神经显微结构三维重建由于采用了较为精确的定位材料和方法，三维图像显示效果较好，是一种较为实用的方法。     

三种人体数据集的腓骨瓣三维可视化应用研究

目的 研究三种人体数据集的腓骨瓣三维可视化应用. 方法 ①健康自愿者2人,经肘静脉注射造影剂,使用64排多层螺旋CT进行双下肢扫描,观察腓动脉及其分支分布及彼此间的吻合情况,将下肢二维灰度.DICOM格式图像以三维体数据的形式输入计算机,应用Amira4.1软件对腓动脉及腓骨的结构进行三维重建并立体显示.②取新鲜捐献尸体1具,采用改良的明胶-氧化铅灌注术经腹主动脉灌注,灌注后对双下肢行连续螺旋CT扫描,观察腓动脉及其分支的分布情况.利用Amira4.1软件对腓动脉及其分支结构进行三维重建并立体显示.③应用"虚拟中国人"(VCH)男性3号数据集,在薄层断面图像上观察小腿主要解剖结构,应用Amira4.1软件对小腿主要结构进行计算机三维重建并立体显示. 结果 运用Amira4.1图像处理软件,在三维表面重建的图像中可清晰地观察到外科腓骨瓣各解剖结构的形态,特别是腓动脉的分支情况和体表的投影得到很好的显示.利用软件的Movie Maker模板创建电影文件,将其制作为电影,画面清晰流畅,可直观、立体地显示形态特征. 结论 三种数据集重建的图像可以提供正常腓骨瓣三维动态解剖,对腓骨瓣的临床试验、基础研究、临床训练和手术规划具有重要应用价值.     

数字化虚拟可视技术在骨科的初步应用研究

目的探讨数字化可视技术在骨科建模及应用中的价值。方法①应用“虚拟中国人”（VCH）男性3号数据集，在薄层断面图像上观察膝部及小腿主要解剖结构，应用Amira 3．1软件对膝关节、小腿主要结构进行计算机三维重建并立体显示。②对明胶一氧化铅灌注的新鲜成人下肢标本进行连续CT扫描，观察足背动脉的分布及彼此间的吻合情况，应用Amira 3．1软件对足背皮瓣结构进行计算机三维重建并立体显示；③应用VCH女性1号、男性1号足踝CT扫描图像重建并立体显示其结构。④选取典型骨折患者的CT扫描图像重建并立体显示骨折情况。⑤选择典型胸椎CT连续断层扫描数据集，将断层扫描数据导入Amira3．1软件，三维重建各椎体数字解剖模型，模拟椎弓根的固定情况并立体显示。结果各薄层断面图像上可清楚地显示骨、主要血管、神经的分支和其它结构，重建的数字化模型可准确反映各自的解剖学结构特点。结论重建的图像可以提供骨关节正常三维动态解剖，为皮瓣设计、骨折分类及手术方式的选择提供了更多的解剖学依据，同时为下一步虚拟手术的设计奠定了良好的基础。     

数字化组织瓣的虚拟临床解剖学测量

背景:近年来,数字化技术已成为骨科、显微外科学界的研究热点和前沿课题,其在骨关节数字化模型建立、虚拟手术系统研发以及临床应用等领域均取得令人瞩目的成果。与传统方法相比较,数字化虚拟技术的应用能够建立更为直观、立体,可供个体操作的三维组织瓣模型,可望提供更为精确、详实的解剖学数据,并可为临床应用提供参考依据。目的:探讨数字化三维重建组织瓣模型进行虚拟解剖学测量的应用价值。方法:①取新鲜捐献成人尸体标本2具,采用改良的明胶-氧化铅灌注术经腹主动脉灌注,灌注后对肢体行连续螺旋CT扫描。②健康成人志愿者6人,经肘静脉注射造影剂,使用64排多层螺旋CT进行扫描。将这两种方法采集的数据以Dicom 格式输入计算机,应用 Amira4.1 软件进行腓肠肌皮瓣和髂骨瓣的三维重建并立体显示,观察并测量记录组织瓣的主要供血动脉类型,血管穿支数目,主支和穿支血管的外径、管蒂长度和分布情况,并与尸体标本解剖的组织瓣数据进行比较。结果:数字化三维重建组织瓣模型测量数据与尸体标本组织瓣的解剖学数据基本相符。氧化铅灌注数据重建模型更能清楚地显示细小穿支血管及血管网分布,但由于灌注压影响,重建的血管外径大于正常血管外径范围,而CT血管造影数据重建的血管外径在正常血管外径范围内,且均偏小。结论:采用数字化三维重建技术可直观显示正常组织瓣的三维解剖形态,可丰富显微外科临床与解剖的教学手段,解决尸体解剖教学标本不足的问题,并为今后大体解剖学测量提供新思路。     

SD大鼠坐骨神经微血管三维可视化研究初探

目的探讨通过全身灌注伊凡斯蓝(Evan’s blue,EB)或氧化铅建立SD大鼠坐骨神经内微血管可视化模型的可行性,并比较其优劣。方法取15只健康成年SD大鼠,雌雄不限,200～250 g,随机分为传统显影组(A组)、荧光显影组(B组)和放射显影组(C组),每组5只,分别灌注明胶墨汁灌注剂、明胶EB灌注剂和明胶氧化铅灌注剂。灌注后4℃低温保存2 h取材,体视显微镜对各组进行观察后,反射荧光显微镜采集B组、micro-CT采集C组神经内微血管二维图像,导入计算机用Mimics 15.0软件进行三维重建。结果 3组均可在体视显微镜下观察到坐骨神经内微血管形态。反射荧光显微镜观察示,微血管管径为10～30μm。B、C组均可通过将获取的二维图像导入计算机清晰重现微血管三维结构。结论 EB、氧化铅灌注法均可对神经内微血管进行三维重建可视化观察,但EB存在易渗漏、图像噪点多、工作量大的缺点,不利于大样本研究;氧化铅虽分辨率较EB显影低,但易于操作,可用于大样本研究。     

臂丛神经三维重建及相关解剖学研究

目的 通过对正常女性臂从及其周围组织进行三维重建,探索神经受压的解剖学基础.方法 利用虚拟中国人女性1号数据集C_2～T_3层面共计750幅图像对臂丛神经及其毗邻组织(主要为骨、肌肉及腱性组织)进行计算机三维重建,观察神经占位情况,然后在此基础上对三维模型的臂从神经各段(根、干、股、束)做模切面,分别计算神经/间隙比值.结果 三维重建后,可透过体表在任意角度观测模型的内部结构.其中臂丛神经根、干、股、束各段结构的空间位置及行径方向均可清晰显示.根、干、股、束段神经与神经间隙横断面比值分别为0.5547±0.1684、0.2909±0.0644、0.4552±0.1236及0.2950±0.0572.臂从神经根、股段所处空间通道占位情况明显大于干、束段.结论 臂丛神经周围的骨、肌肉及腱性绀织是造成神经卡压的主要因素,臂丛根、股段所处神经通道相对较为狭窄,为臂丛卡压的临床诊断及治疗提供了参考.     

股前外侧区皮瓣血管3D可视化研究与皮瓣设计

目的为股前外侧皮瓣的临床应用提供血管3D可视化解剖学依据。方法选择6侧动脉灌注明胶-氧化铅混悬液的新鲜成人下肢标本，解剖观测股前外侧区动脉及皮肤穿支血管的基础情况，并拍摄X线片观测穿支血管的二维分布；对其中2侧下肢标本股部及其股前外侧区的皮肤、肌肉分别进行连续螺旋CT扫描，并应用计算机软件分别进行动脉、穿支血管的三维重建及3D可视化处理。结果三维重建的数字化模型可准确反映股前外侧区动脉的解剖学结构特点，以及可直观准确地显示皮肤穿支血管的供血区域，股前外侧皮瓣各穿支血管各自进行的血管三维重建的形态和供血区域一致。结论皮瓣血管3D可视化研究能直观且准确显示股前外侧区皮瓣的血管三维形态和供血区域，并为术前皮瓣设计提供了直观的数字化形态学依据。     

小腿链式穿支皮瓣血管三维重建的解剖学研究

目的探讨小腿动脉穿支血管的三维重建方法, 为临床安全而准确地切取小腿链式穿支皮瓣提供依据。方法取新鲜的成人尸体下肢标本3侧(全军创伤骨科研究所实验室提供), 以明胶-氧化铅自股动脉灌注, CT扫描全段肢体后采集数据, 导入Mimics Research 19.0软件中对骨骼、动脉及其穿支体进行三维重建, 通过调整CT值动态显示血管层次结构和毗邻关系, 并以不同颜色显示各穿支动脉的解剖学区域, 利用Scion Image软件测量单一穿支的供血面积;三维打印小腿骨骼及血管模型用于直视观察;标本解剖以三维重建的穿支血管参数规划解剖入路, 以穿过深筋膜处外径≥0.5 mm的穿支为测量对象, 观测穿支的数量、血管蒂长、外径等参数并进行统计分析。结果 CT三维重建图像能够清晰显示小腿动脉及其穿支血管、微细血管的三维结构, 以及血管的走行、分布特点、与毗邻结构的三维关系等。打印的三维模型可直观地观察穿支血管的层次和穿支间的吻合关系。3侧小腿标本动脉发出穿支(22±4)条, 血管蒂长(46.7±18.3) mm, 穿支血管外径为(0.8±0.3) mm, 单穿支分布面积为(38.2±10.7) cm2...     

多层螺旋CT肝血管三维重建及临床应用

滑环技术应用于CT的基础上出现了螺旋CT（spiral CT or helical CT），螺旋CT是指x线源旋转及数据收集过程中患者连续平移，在相对短的时间内获取容积数据。多层螺旋CT（multi-slice spiral CT）采用多排探测系统，x线球管旋转1周最多可重建64层图像，因而具有更快的扫描速度和更高的图像质量，重建图像可达到各向同性。多层螺旋CT血管成像（multi-slice spiral CT angiography，MSCTA）是CT扫描和三维重建技术的综合利用。三维重建技术应用特殊的计算机软件，将螺旋CT、电子束CT、MRI等扫描所获得的原始容积数据经计算机程序处理，重建出直观的三维立体图像。该技术仅静脉内注射造影剂，无需动脉插管就能得到血管造影的三维结构图像，在临床上较易开展，主要用于显示体内脏器的血管结构。对肝脏病变的定位、指定部分肝切除或经血管治疗计划等很有帮助。     

椎管外臂丛的血供分布特点及其临床意义

目的 探讨臂丛的动脉来源、分布及其临床意义。方法 （1）取3具成人新鲜尸体标本,采用明胶一氧化铅微血管放射显影法观察臂丛动脉的区带状分布;（2）取10具防腐固定并经颈总动脉灌注红色乳胶的尸体标本,于手术显微镜下解剖并观察臂丛的动脉来源和分布。结果 臂丛血供来源于锁骨下动脉-腋动脉轴发出的分支,各分支间互相吻合。根据其分布特点。可将臂丛营养血管分为三个带状血管区。Ⅰ区指自椎间孔处臂丛神经根延伸至上、中、下干及其前后股区域,该区以椎动脉及颈深动脉供血为主。Ⅱ区包括股与束的大部分区域．此区供血以肩胛背动脉分支及锁骨下动脉直接营养支为主。肩胛背动脉分支较粗大,供血区域较宽;锁骨下动脉直接营养支相对较细,数量较多,平均2．7支（1-5支）。Ⅲ区包括束的小部分区域及终末支,此区以腋动脉直接营养支供血为主,营养支数量平均为3．4支（1-6支）。结论 椎管外臂丛动脉可分为三个带状血管区。每一动脉分支在进入臂丛后分为升支和降支与神经伴行,升、降支之间的吻合方式以不改变口径的真性吻合为主。三个分区之间的血供可以互相代偿,为血管化臂丛神经移植提供了解剖学基础。     

Anatomic study of distally based pedicle compound flaps with nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm

The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomic basis for a distally based neurovenovascular pedicle compound flap, with nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm. In this study, the origins, branches, and anastomoses of nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm and their relationships with the blood supply of adjacent muscle, bone, and skin were assessed in 96 adult cadavers by perfusion of red gelatin into the superior limb arteries. The results showed that the nutrient vessels of cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm were found to have multiple origins, consisting of six longitudinal vascular plexuses and one transverse vascular plexus of the forearm, as follows: 1) the anterior-lateral vascular plexus from cutaneous branches of the radial artery; 2) the anterior-medialis vascular plexus from cutaneous branches of the ulnar artery; 3) the dorso-lateral vascular plexus from radial osteal and cutaneous branches; 4) the dorso-medialis vascular plexus from ulnar osteal and cutaneous branches; 5) the radial vascular plexus from osteal and cutaneous branches of the radial artery, cutaneous branches of the radial artery in the upper wrist, recurrent branches of the styloid process of the radius, and the radialis vascular plexus of cutaneous branches of the tabatière anatomique (anatomical snuffbox); and 6) the ulnar lateral vascular plexus from cutaneous branches of the ulnar artery in the upper wrist and osteal and cutaneous branches. The transverse vascular plexus is composed of dorsal branches of the ulnar and radial arteries. These perforating branches give fascial branches, cutaneous branches, periosteal branches, and nutrient vessels of cutaneous nerves and superficial veins. These results suggest that nutrient vessels of the cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm have the same origins as those of the nutrient vessels of adjacent muscles, bones, and skin of the forearm, which can be designated as five types of distally based pedicle flaps with nutrient vessels of cutaneous nerves and superficial veins of the forearm, whose rotation point is at the wrist joint. This flap can be applied to repair tissues of distal parts of the hand.     

Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia by use of three-dimensional reconstruction from two types of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of three-dimensional (3-D) images reconstructed from 3-D constructive interference in steady state (3-D-CISS) and 3-D fast inflow with steady-state precession (3-D-FISP) images for the visualization of neurovascular compression in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. METHODS: Twenty-four consecutive patients with trigeminal neuralgia underwent preoperative 3-D-FISP and 3-D-CISS imaging. 3-D reconstruction of nerves and vessels was performed with the use of a volume-rendering method. We compared the 3-D reconstructed images with intraoperative findings. RESULTS: 3-D-CISS and 3-D-FISP images scanned from the same position clearly delineated the trigeminal nerve and vessels. 3-D reconstructed images showed the spatial relationship between the trigeminal nerve and causative vessels. The responsible arteries were identified from the 3-D reconstructed images, which closely simulated the microscopic operative view. CONCLUSION: 3-D reconstructions from two types of high-resolution magnetic resonance images (3-D-CISS and 3-D-FISP) are very useful for creating preoperative simulations and in deciding whether to perform surgery in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.     

臂丛神经损伤早期修复的临床研究

目的研究臂丛神经损伤早期行神经修复的可行性和优点。方法2004年2月-2005年10月，对5例早期臂丛神经损伤患者行神经探查修复术。其中2例为臂丛神经束支部损伤，3例为臂丛神经根性撕脱伤。受伤后至手术时间最短为4h，最长为25d，平均为5．8d（140h）。4例伴有锁骨下动脉或腋动脉损伤，2例伴有锁骨骨折，均在修复神经的同时行血管和骨折的处理。结果5例患者在术中及术后均未出现严重的并发症。术后随访时间为12—24个月。臂丛神经功能均有不同程度的恢复，血管通畅性良好。结论臂丛神经损伤早期行探查修复手术有利于神经的再生，但需严格掌握手术适应证，并需具备相应的医疗能力。     

肝动脉三维灰阶超声造影用于诊断肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的价值

目的探讨肝动脉三维灰阶超声造影(3D-CEUS)用于诊断肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的价值。方法对26例肝移植供体或怀疑肝动脉并发症的肝移植受体进行常规彩超、二维灰阶超声造影(2D-CEUS)和3D-CEUS检查。评价3D-CEUS的图像重建成功率及重建的肝动脉三维图像质量。结果 26例患者3D-CEUS可显示21条肝动脉,图像重建成功率81%。用3D-CEUS重建的肝动脉三维图血管连续性好,可显示冠状面Z轴上的、细小或迂曲的分支或属支,能帮助判定肝动脉段分支起源,能明确地显示血管的空间关系。结论 3D-CEUS检查具有三维图像直观、立体、清晰的特点,在诊断肝移植术后肝动脉并发症中具有临床应用价值。     

64排螺旋CT扫描数据的肝脏及腹腔血管三维重建的研究

目的 探讨利用64排螺旋CT扫描数据进行肝脏及其内部管道和腹腔血管的计算机辅助三维重建的准确性及临床意义.方法 利用64排螺旋CT薄层扫描正常人肝脏二维图像数据集,采用自主研发的医学图像处理系统对二维图像数据进行肝脏及其肝内管道、腹腔血管系统三维可视化重建,并对重建肝脏模型的体积与肝脏实际体积以及重建门静脉与64排螺旋CT后处理工作站采用容积再现法重建的门静脉进行对比研究.结果 肝动脉、门静脉和肝静脉系统三维效果逼真,立体感强,可任意角度旋转、观察;能够显示肝内各主要管道系统的空间位置关系,并准确地反映肝脏实际体积及肝内管道系统的真实情况.通过调节肝脏的透明度可同时显示肝脏和肝内动静脉、门静脉分支和腹腔动脉系统.计算机重建后的门静脉与螺旋CT后处理工作站容积再现法重建的门静脉完全一致.结论 计算机辅助的三维肝脏及其管道和腹腔血管系统能准确反映人体的真实结构,为肝脏的虚拟手术设计提供了可靠和真实的虚拟器官和血管系统.     

以上肢浅表皮神经伴行血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣的解剖学研究

对上肢浅表皮神经及其伴行血管与皮肤血供的关系进行显微解剖学研究后,设计出以上肢浅表皮神经伴行血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣。方法:新鲜成人上肢标本22侧,从肱动脉灌注红色乳胶后,对上肢浅表皮神经及伴行血管进行显微解剖。结果:(1)所有上肢皮神经都有来源于上肢知名血管的营养血管伴行。(2)与上肢浅表皮神经的伴行血管既营养神经,同时沿途又发出分支营养皮肤。(3)皮神经的伴行血管穿出深筋膜的部位有一定的规律性。结论;(1)上肢浅表皮神经的伴行血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣血供可靠,静脉回流充分,并可形成逆行蒂或顺行蒂岛状皮瓣。(2)以第2、3掌背皮神经伴行血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣,神经行走变异较多,伴行血管不稳定,临床选用时须慎重考虑。     

Double muscle transfer for upper extremity reconstruction following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus

Recent interest in reconstruction of the upper limb following brachial plexus injuries has focused on the restoration of prehension following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. The authors use free muscle transfers for reconstruction of the upper limb to resolve the difficult problems in complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. This article describes the authors' updated technique--the double free muscle procedure. Reconstruction of prehension to achieve independent voluntary finger and elbow flexion and extension by the use of double free muscle and multiple nerve transfers following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus (nerve roots C5 to T1) is presented. The procedure involves transferring the first free muscle, neurotized by the spinal accessory nerve for elbow flexion and finger extension, a second free muscle transfer reinnervated by the fifth and sixth intercostal nerves for finger flexion, and neurotization of the triceps brachii via its motor nerve by the third and fourth intercostal motor nerves to extend and stabilize the elbow. Restoration of hand sensibility is obtained via the suturing of sensory rami from the intercostal nerves to the median nerve. Secondary reconstruction, including arthrodesis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb and glenohumeral joint, and tenolysis of the transferred muscle and distal tendons, improve the functional outcome. Based on the long-term result, selection of the patient, donor muscle, and donor motor nerve were indicated. Most patients were able to achieve prehensile functions such as holding a can and lifting a heavy box. This double free muscle transfer has provided prehension for patients with complete avulsion of the brachial plexus and has given them new hope to be able to use their otherwise useless limbs.     

Preoperative visualization of neurovascular anatomy in trigeminal neuralgia

OBJECT: The authors report on a novel technique to identify neurovascular compression in trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Using 3D reconstructed high-resolution balanced fast-field echo (BFFE) images fused with 3D time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and Gd-enhanced 3D spoiled gradient recalled sequence, it is possible to objectively visualize the trigeminal nerve and nearby arteries and veins. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 18 patients with unilateral TN using 3 sequences: BFFE, 3D TOF angiography, and 3D Gd-enhanced imaging. The images were imported into OsiriX imaging software; after their fusion, a 3D false-color reconstruction was produced using surface rendering. The reconstructed images objectively differentiate nerves and vessels and can be viewed from any angle, including the anticipated surgical approach. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were predicted to have neurovascular compression on the symptomatic side (9 arterial and 6 venous compressions). All patients had a vascular structure that was identical in location and configuration to that predicted on preoperative analysis. The 3 patients without predicted compression underwent surgical exploration because they manifested the classic symptoms. As expected, exploration in 2 of these patients revealed no offending vessel. The third patient had a small vein embedded in the trigeminal nerve that was beyond the resolution of the 3D Gd-enhanced study. CONCLUSIONS: Combining BFFE with MR angiography and Gd-enhanced MR images capitalizes on the advantages of both techniques, enabling MR angiography and contrast-enhanced MR imaging discrimination of vascular structures at BFFE resolution. This results in an unambiguous 3D image that can be used to identify the neurovascular compression and plan the surgical approach.     

手及前臂皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：观察手及前臂皮神经营养血管的情况，为设计以皮神经及其营养血管为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供形态学依据。方法：用红色氯仿油画染料灌注的20侧成人上肢标本，在手术显微镜下解剖并观测手及前臂 5条皮神经营养血管的来源、数目、外径，穿出深筋膜的位置，与皮神经及浅静脉的关系等项目。结果；营养动脉多以降支方式伴行在皮神经深面内侧，前臂皮神经的血管网可达神经两侧各2．5cm范围内的皮肤，5条皮神经的营养动脉外径接近，结论：手及前臂皮神经的营养血管血供可靠，可设计相应部位的岛状皮瓣。     

Replantation of fingers and hands after avulsion and crush injuries.

INTRODUCTION: Avulsion and crush injuries constitute a particularly difficult problem due to extensive damage of vessels and nerves. In cases where a crush is the dominating injury factor causing complex fractures of forearm and carpal bones, shortening of the extremity is necessary for primary vessel and nerve reconstruction. Surgical experience in vessels dissection and optimal sequence of reconstruction procedures using vessels and nerve grafts are of paramount importance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the years 1986-2006 the author carried out 18 replantations and 4 revascularizations at various levels of distal upper limb after crush-avulsion trauma. There were 8 thumb, 7 long fingers and 7 hand amputations. Hand replantations were carried out in 5 males aged 18-45 (mean age 33). Thumb replantations were carried out in 2 females and 5 males. There were 4 complete amputations of a long finger (three teenagers and 32-year-old male). A vein grafting from the forearm was the basic method used in arterial reconstructions (3 hands, 5 thumbs and 6 long fingers). Grafts of the deep radial vein were used in 2 cases (one in hand and one in the thumb). Change in the standard sequence of the replantation procedure (i.e. reconstruction of the artery on the ulnar side of the thumb before bone stabilisation) appeared very helpful on thumb. Rerouting veins, venous flaps or skin flaps from the dorsal surface of the index finger were very useful in reconstruction of the blood outflow. Secondary reconstruction of nerves were carried out in 8 patients (40%) and 5 patients are still waiting for the surgery. RESULTS: Sixteen out of 18 replants (88.9%) and all 4 revascularized parts survived. Overall success rate was 90.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Grafting technique in reconstruction of arteries and veins during the primary vessels repair is a very good method and we advocate that it should be widely used. Due to extent of trauma, majority of the patients required secondary procedures - mainly reconstruction of nerves with nerve grafts.