针刺对备用DRG的NGF及其mRNA阳性大、中、小神经元数量的影响

本研究观察了 NGF及其 m RNA阳性神经元在 DRG大、中、小神经元中的数量变化 ,目的在于探讨 DRG各类神经元NGF变化与针刺促进脊髓可塑性的关系。对 5只成年猫进行双侧备用根手术。术后当日开始针刺一侧 L6 脊神经后肢分布区的两组穴位即足三里和悬中、伏兔和三阴交 ,每天一次 ,每次 3 0 min,连续针刺 7d后处死动物。取针刺侧与非针刺侧 L6 的 DRG制成 2 0μm厚冰冻纵切片。分别用 NGF抗血清和 NGF的 c RNA探针进行免疫组织化学反应及原位杂交染色。计数两侧 DRG相同面积内大 (>5 7μm)、中 (4 2～ 5 7μm)、小 (<42 μm)型 NGF及其 m RNA阳性神经元的数量。结果显示 :针刺侧备用 DRG NGF及其 m RNA阳性大、小型神经元的数量明显增加 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而对中型神经元数量影响不明显。结论 :针刺促进脊髓可塑性可能与备用 DRG大、小神经元表达 NGF增多有关。     

NGF及NGF mRNA在去部分背根猫脊髓和背根节表达的变化

用成年猫单侧备用根模型 (切断一侧 L1～ 5 、L7～ S2 节段脊髓背根 ,保留 L6 背根 ) ,用免疫组织化学和原位杂交技术 ,对脊髓背角 板层、背核和 L6 背根节中神经生长因子的表达进行了动态观察。结果证明 ,部分背根去传入后 :(1)脊髓各节段双侧背角 板层的神经生长因子和神经生长因子 m RNA阳性神经元的数量及体积显著增高、增大 ;(2 )手术侧背核神经生长因子和神经生长因子 m RNA阳性神经元的增高强于非手术侧 ,但术后两时间组的手术侧之间无差异 ;(3 )备用根背根节新出现了神经生长因子 m RNA阳性神经元 ,且神经生长因子阳性神经元数量明显高于正常组 ,且随术后时间增加而递增。以上结果表明 :部分背根去传入猫脊髓背角 板层及背核内神经生长因子水平提高 ,尤其备用根背根节神经元神经生长因子的增加 ,为备用背根传入纤维侧支生芽和突触重建提供了良好的条件 ,有助于解释脊髓初级传入纤维损伤溃变后代偿性机能恢复的机制     

家兔脊髓双侧后根神经节神经元数量不对称性及对称性的研究

对6例家兔的脊髓颈膨大部C_4～T_2和4例家兔的胸髓T_5～T_(10)的后根神经节神经元进行细胞和核仁大小的测量并作细胞计数,以探讨后根神经节细胞的形态并研究脊髓左、右后根神经节细胞数量的不对称和对称性。动物行常规灌注固定,后根神经节经石蜡包埋后做连续切片。切片厚度为10μm和2μm,焦油紫染色,在普通光镜下对各节细胞进行观察计数。细胞计数以核仁为指标,并进行计数校正。此外,借助图像分析仪分别对300个细胞的核仁和300个细胞的平均径进行测量。测量结果发现,颈膨大部后根神经节细胞平均径和胸段相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),而颈膨大部核仁的平均径略大于胸髓部(P<0.05)。比较左、右后根神经节细胞数量,发现颈膨大或中胸段各节对应的左、右各后根节的细胞数量存在着较大差异,呈现明显不对称性;但从整体上看,各例颈膨大部C_4～T_2和胸段T_5～T_(10)的每侧后根节细胞总和均十分接近,呈现一定的对称性。     

部分背根切断对备用背根节NT-3表达的影响

目的　探讨部分去背根后备用背根节 (L6 )各类细胞NT 3及其mRNA的含量变化。　方法　对成年雄性猫行单侧部分背根切断术 (切除一侧L1 ～L5,L7～S2 DRG ,保留L6 为备用根 )。取正常组一侧和术后 3d及 7d组手术侧的L6 DRG制作 2 0 μm厚冰冻切片 ,分别用NT 3抗体及NT 3cRNA探针行免疫组织化学及原位杂交染色。观察NT 3及其mRNA在DRG各类细胞的分布 ,测定NT 3及其mRNA在神经元和卫星细胞的光密度值 ,所得数据用q检验进行统计分析。　结果　部分去背根后 ,各时相备用背根节大神经元内NT 3的光密度值较正常者进行性减少 ,(P <0 0 5 ) ,而NT 3mRNA的光密度值术后 3d减少 ,7d回升至近正常者水平。比较之 ,小神经元和卫星细胞NT 3及其mRNA的光密度值进行性增多 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　部分背根切断对备用背根节各类细胞NT 3表达的影响不同 ,其功能意义可能与NT 3参与脊髓Ⅱ板层可塑性有关     

部分背根切断后备用DRG卫星细胞NGF、BDNF和NT-3的表达变化

为探讨部分去背根猫备用背根节 ( L6 )卫星细胞 NGF、BDNF和 NT-3的表达变化 ,将成年雄猫 2 0只分为正常对照组和术后 3 d、术后 7d及术后 10 d三个实验组。实验组行单侧部分背根切断术 (切除一侧 L1 ～ L5,L7～S2 DRG,保留 L6 背根为备用根 )。取正常组一侧和术后 3 d、7d及 10 d实验组手术侧的 L6 DRG制作 2 0μm厚冰冻切片 ,行免疫组化反应 ;观察 NGF、BDNF和 NT-3在 DRG卫星细胞的分布 ,计数各组 L6 DRG的 NGF、BDNF和 NT-3的阳性卫星细胞数量。结果发现 ,部分去背根术后7d和 10 d组 L6 DRG的 NGF、BDNF和 NT-3的阳性卫星细胞数量较术后 3 d组和正常组者明显增高 ( P<0 .0 1)。表明 ,单侧部分背根切断导致备用 DRG卫星细胞的 NGF、BDNF和 NT-3的表达上调 ,这一变化可能与脊髓可塑性有关。     

部分背根切断对备用DRG神经元和胶质细胞NGF表达上调的影响

本研究目的在于探讨部分背根切断后备用背根节(DRG)中各类细胞NGF及其mRNA的量变状况。将成年雄猫10只分为正常组、单侧部分背根切断后7天组等2组,每组5只。实验组切除一侧L1～L5,L7～S2 DRG,保留L6 DRG为备用根。取正常组一侧和术后7天组手术侧的L6 DRG制成20μm厚冰冻纵切片,分别用NGF抗体及其cRNA探针进行免疫组织化学及原位杂交反应。观察NGF及其mRNA在DRG各类细胞的分布,测定NGF及其mRNA的光密度值以反映其相对含量。结果表明,在正常组,L6DRG中仅存在少量的NGF及其mRNA阳性神经元,此外,一些胶质细胞也呈阳性反应。在手术组,各类神经元及胶质细胞内NGF及其mRNA的光密度值较正常者显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:部分背根切断导致备用DRG神经元和非神经元表达NGF增多,提示NGF可能有利于促进备用背根生芽。     

部分背根切断改变备用背根节神经元和卫星细胞脑源性神经营养因子的基因表达

目的　探讨部分去背根后备用背根节 (L6 )各类细胞脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)及其mRNA的量变情况。　方法　对成年雄性猫行单侧部分背根切断术 (切除一侧L1 ～L5、L7～S2 DRG ,保留L6 为备用根 )。取正常组一侧和术后 3d及 7d组手术侧的L6 DRG并分别行免疫组织化学及原位杂交染色。观察BDNF及其mRNA在DRG各类细胞的分布 ,测定BDNF及其mRNA在神经元和卫星细胞的光密度值。　结果　部分去背根后 3d ,中小神经元内BDNF及其mRNA的光密度值较正常者明显减少 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而 7d时又恢复近正常水平 (P >0 0 5 )。BDNF及其mRNA在大神经元的光密度值术后 3d无明显变化 ,而 7d时较正常者明显减少 (P <0 0 5 )。比较之 ,卫星细胞BDNF及其mRNA的光密度值术后 7d时明显升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,术后 3d与正常者比未见明显变化。　结论　部分背根切断导致备用DRG各类细胞BDNF的表达水平发生不同程度的改变。提示备用DRG内BDNF的变化与脊髓Ⅱ板层可塑性有关。     

Sema3A及其受体NP-1分别在成年猫脊髓及背根节中的表达

目的探讨正常状态下smea3A在成年猫脊髓,其受体neuropiln-1（NP-1）在背根节（DRG）的分布.方法选取成年雄猫5只,用免疫组织化学方法检测脊髓中sema3A,DRG中NP-1的分布.结果脊髓中sema3A的阳性反应物主要分布于腹角的绝大部分运动神经元的胞浆;背根节中NP-1阳性产物主要分布在部分中小神经元及少量大神经元的胞浆中.结论脊髓中的sema3A可能抑制了背根节神经元在脊髓中的错误出芽,从而保持了脊髓中正常突触联系的稳定性.     

腰椎上关节面方位角变化规律及其临床意义

目的 :探讨腰椎上关节面方位及对腰段脊柱稳定性的影响。方法 :测量 45套成人腰椎上关节面边缘的相互距离 ,并计算出上关节面的方位角。结果 :腰椎上关节面的方位角自上而下由大逐渐变小 ,男性右侧L1为 69.9°± 10 .5° ,L5为 61.5°± 10 .0° ,女性右侧L1为 66.4°± 8.5° ,L5为 60 .2°± 17.8° ,同一节段上关节面的方位角右侧大于左侧 ,相邻节段间无显著性差异 ;男性L1～L4节段左右两侧方位角比较 ,有显著性差异 (t=2 .15～ 4.43 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,女性仅L4节段左右两侧方位角比较 ,有显著性差异 (t =2 .2 5 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;男女两性方位角比较 ,仅L4节段左侧方位角有显著性差异 (t =2 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :腰椎上关节面的方位由近矢状位逐渐过渡到近冠状位 ,腰椎两侧上关节面方位角不对称     

单侧坐骨神经完全结扎对大鼠腰段背根神经节内VGluT1阳性神经元的影响

本实验将大鼠分为两组(正常对照组和单侧坐骨神经完全结扎组),采用免疫细胞化学和中性红复染的方法分别观察了正常大鼠和单侧坐骨神经完全结扎后存活不同时间组大鼠腰4(L4)节段的背根神经节(DRG)内I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体(VGluT1)样阳性神经元的分布及其数量的变化。结果如下:(1)正常大鼠L4节段的DRG内可观察到VGluT1样阳性产物呈点状或斑状分布于胞浆内,有大约71.5%的DRG细胞表达VGluT1样免疫阳性,其中以大型(>40μm)和中等大小(20~40μm)的神经元为主(分别占整个VGluT1样阳性细胞总数的30.7%和65.9%);(2)坐骨神经结扎后第1、2d,在结扎同侧L4节段的DRG内未检测到VGluT1样阳性神经元数量的明显变化;但自术后第4d开始,VGluT1样阳性神经元的数量随术后存活时间的延长逐渐减少。结扎1~4周大鼠DRG内VGluT1样阳性神经元数量在同一个动物的手术侧与对照侧相比有明显减少(P<0.01);而结扎1~4周大鼠的手术侧DRG内VGluT1样阳性神经元的数量也明显低于结扎1~3d大鼠的手术侧(P<0.05或P<0.01)。以上结果表明,DRG内合成VGluT1样阳性物质的神经元主要是大、中型细胞,DRG细胞可通过轴浆流将VGLluT1向周围突运输,故外周神经的损伤很易影响到DRG神经元内VGluT1的合成。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.