冠状动脉介入术后支架内急性、亚急性血栓形成3例原因分析

目的寻找冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗术后支架内急性、亚急性血栓形成的原因。方法仔细观察询问术后患者发病情况,做心电图并行急诊冠状动脉造影。结果 1例患者血管硬化明显,病变弥漫,支架置入贴远端夹层;1例术后剧烈活动,可能诱发冠状动脉痉挛,导致血栓形成;1例患有糖尿病,冠状动脉植入长支架后支架贴壁不充分。结论支架内血栓形成与诸多因素相关,其防治措施也应据此多方面展开,选用最佳的治疗策略,从各方面预防和避免支架内血栓的形成。     

心电图表现多样的冠状动脉介入术后急性支架内血栓形成

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后急性支架内血栓形成的原因及临床特点。方法对PCI术后急性支架内血栓形成1例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本例因冠心病、不稳定型心绞痛择期行冠脉造影与支架置入术,术中前降支置入支架,手术顺利。术后1 h胸痛再发,并出现血压、心率下降,心电图相继出现缓慢型及快速型心律失常,再次行冠脉造影示前降支支架内血栓形成,予血栓抽吸及球囊后扩张支架置入,冠脉血流恢复。后患者病情稳定出院,随访半年无胸闷、胸痛发作。结论 PCI术后急性支架内血栓形成患者症状和心电图可有不典型表现,及时复查冠脉造影是明确诊断并予有效干预的关键。     

应用快速起搏支架定位治疗前降支开口病变的效果观察

目的探讨应用快速起搏支架定位方法治疗前降支开口病变的临床疗效。方法2008年6月至2010年11月我院收治前降支开口病变患者38例,随机分为起搏组19例及非起搏组19例,起搏组应用右心室快速起搏支架定位方法释放支架,非起搏组直接支架定位方法释放支架,对上述两组患者进行术后9个月临床随访并行定量冠状动脉造影复查,比较两组患者手术即刻成功率、术后住院及随访过程中主要不良心脏事件（包括心源性死亡、再发心肌梗死和靶病变血运重建）发生率,以及晚期管腔丢失、支架内血栓、支架内再狭窄发生率。结果两组患者术前临床基线特征、冠状动脉病变情况及经皮冠状动脉介入术后即刻情况差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。术中支架定位时间起搏组和非起搏组分别为（16．5±0．5）、（46．6±1．4）S,差异有统计学意义（t=88．256,P=0．004）。起搏组术后无一例发生急性或亚急性血栓、支架内再狭窄或支架内闭塞,非起搏组1例术后出现支架急性血栓闭塞,经血栓抽吸及球囊扩张急诊介入处理症状消失。随访270～275d,起搏组及非起搏组于介入治疗术后9个月完成了冠状动脉造影,均无死亡和心肌梗死以及靶病变重建事件发生,无再狭窄及闭塞,非起搏组5例患者发生左前降支支架近端再狭窄50％～60％,因无症状而未再行靶病变重建。结论应用快速起搏支架定位治疗前降支开口病变安全、有效,有利于支架精确定位,改善预后,减少急性血栓及支架内再狭窄发生。     

急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉药物支架介入治疗疗效分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的安全性及临床疗效。方法诊断ST段抬高AMI患者28例，急诊行PCI，开通梗死相关血管（IRA）后，原则上均行药物支架植入。同时观察住院期间心脏重要事件发生情况。结果IRA为前降支15例，左回旋支3例，右冠状动脉10例。行PCI25例，手术成功率96．2％，共植入药物支架32枚，IRA即刻的前向血流为，TIMI3级23例，占92％。PCI术后1月内无心脏重要事件生存患者20例，4例PCI术后出现左侧心力衰竭，此4例患者左冠状动脉均存在病变；1例患者术后因非IRA出现急性闭塞而死亡。结论急诊PCI能及时开通IRA，挽救AMI患者濒死的心肌，且成功率高，病死率低，患者恢复快。PCI及药物支架的运用是AMI的一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

抗血小板药物抵抗致冠状动脉支架植入术后亚急性血栓2例并文献复习

目的：分析冠状动脉支架术后血栓形成的原因,以指导临床治疗。方法回顾性分析近2年我科发生的2例支架内血栓形成患者的临床资料,分析支架后血栓发生原因及处理措施。结果2例患者均为急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗后亚急性血栓形成,均存在高龄、弥漫多支病变、合并阿司匹林或氯吡格雷抵抗等因素。结论 PCI 术后支架内血栓形成通常是多种因素共同作用的结果,对血栓高危患者应警惕抗血小板药物抵抗的可能性。     

老年急性心肌梗死患者行冠状动脉介入治疗术的护理

探讨老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)行冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的临床护理方法.40例老年急性心肌梗死患者行冠状动脉介入治疗术,护士术前、术中、术后配合医生做好病情观察和护理.40例老年急性心肌梗死患者均顺利完成冠状动脉介入治疗术,其中1例在术后第3天发生支架内亚急性血栓形成,经再次PCI治疗后均好转出院.术前的充分准备,术中的密切检测,术后的精心护理,及时发现并发症,有助于老年急性心肌梗死行PCI治疗术的安全,也有利于提高患者生活质量.     

主动脉球囊反搏辅助下急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的急诊介入治疗

目的：观察主动脉球囊反搏（IABP）辅助下急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并心源性休克患者行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2007年12月住院的56例AMI并心源性休克患者在IABP辅助下行急诊PCI治疗及近期随访的临床资料。结果：冠状动脉造影示：单支血管病变8例,双支血管病变15例,三支血管病变25例,并左主干病变8例。56例患者梗死相关动脉全部再通,51例血流达到TIMI3级,5例患者发生慢血流或无复流。急诊介入术中死亡2例,介入治疗术后住院期内死亡17例。住院期间总死亡率为34%（19/56）。在随访至30d时行心脏彩超检查,左室射血分数均值为（0.37±0.11）。期间1例死于心衰;6例心绞痛复发;9例有心功能不全表现。无证实的亚急性血栓形成,无靶病变血管重建治疗或再次心肌梗死。结论：AMI并心源性休克的患者在IABP支持下行急诊PCI治疗,能改善心源性休克的血流动力学异常,有效地恢复梗死区心肌再灌注,降低死亡率。     

经皮冠状动脉介入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架内血栓反复形成临床分析

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架内血栓反复形成的相关危险因素、预后及预防措施.方法 回顾性分析4例经皮冠状动脉介入雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架内反复血栓形成患者的临床资料.结果 4例均发生2次支架内血栓;首次支架内血栓形成后2例急诊行经皮冠状动脉球囊扩张,1例再次置人支架,1例予以静脉溶栓治疗;2次支架内血栓形成后3例急诊行经皮冠状动脉球囊扩张,引起ST段抬高性心肌梗死,另1例因心源性休克死亡.结论 急诊再次介入治疗是治疗支架内血栓形成的首选治疗方法,但病死率仍较高.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗围术期死亡原因分析

目的：探讨急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）围术期死亡原因。方法：2002年1月—2006年3月在复旦大学附属中山医院接受PCI的3 806例冠心病患者中36例ACS患者发生围术期死亡。其中男性23例,女性13例;年龄24~85岁（平均年龄69±23岁）,包括急性心肌梗死（AMI）29例、不稳定心绞痛7例,其中既往有陈旧性心肌梗死史者7例、PCI治疗史者4例、冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）史者1例、脑卒中史者4例,合并有高血压病者20例、脂代谢紊乱者11例、糖尿病者6例、慢性阻塞性肺病者4例。结果：36例ACS患者中,因AMI行急诊PCI者24例,ACS行择期PCI者12例（包括AMI5例、不稳定心绞痛7例）。冠状动脉造影显示,26例有2支及以上多支血管病变,10例为单支血管病变。36例ACS患者PCI围术期死亡原因为心力衰竭或（和）心源性休克16例（44.4%）,室颤和（或）心脏骤停8例（22.2%）,多脏器功能衰竭4例（11.1%）,心脏破裂4例（11.1%）,急性或亚急性支架内血栓形成3例（8.3%）,消化道大出血1例（2.8%）。急诊PCI因泵衰竭死亡的12例患者中,广泛前壁AMI7例、下壁＋后壁AMI3例,下壁＋右室AMI2例。结论：ACS患者PCI围术期死亡的主要原因为泵衰竭、室颤和（或）心脏骤停、多脏器功能衰竭、心脏破裂及支架内血栓形成。     

药物洗脱支架在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的应用

目的:探讨药物洗脱支架(DES)在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(AMI)直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:选择2005年5月—2005年10月间的ST段抬高型AMI患者67例,在发病12h内行急诊PCI治疗,于梗死相关血管(IRA)的靶病变植入DES。术后前瞻性随访300d,观察主要心血管不良事件(MACE)(包括死亡、非致死性再梗和靶血管血运重建)的发生情况。结果:67例患者中,伴糖尿病者占20．9%,多支病变者占71．6%。67例患者共植入84枚DES,64例(95．5%)术终血流达到TIMI-3级。住院期间4例(6．0%)患者死亡,1例(1．5%)术后当天发生早期支架内血栓形成引起非致死性再梗而行靶血管再次血运重建。出院至术后300d随访期间,2例(3．0%)死亡,无一例发生晚期支架内血栓形成、非致死性再梗或因造影或临床再狭窄需行靶血管再次血运重建。结论:DES应用于ST段抬高型AMI患者具有良好的安全性,而且可以明显降低靶血管血运重建的发生率,改善患者远期预后。     

Acute multi-vessel coronary stent thrombosis

Background: Coronary artery stent thrombosis is a rare but often fatal complication associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using both bare-metal stents and drug-eluting stents. Although strict adherence to dual anti-platelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) minimizes this risk, stent thrombosis will still occur in rare patients, leading to acute, subacute, or late life-threatening acute coronary syndromes. Objectives: To present a rare case of acute stent thrombosis involving multiple vessels to increase awareness of this life-threatening condition among emergency physicians, and to review the current guidelines for anti-platelet therapy in this patient population. Case Report: A 52-year-old man who underwent PCI using drug-eluting stents in two separate coronary vessels presented to the Emergency Department within 2 h of discharge from the hospital with chest pain, dynamic electrocardiogram changes, and elevated cardiac markers. Despite compliance with the current recommendations for post-PCI anti-platelet therapy, urgent repeat catheterization revealed total thrombotic occlusion of both stents, requiring urgent repeat intervention. Conclusion: Despite patient compliance with the currently recommended anti-platelet regimen after stent therapy for coronary artery disease, acute stent thrombosis remains a rare but life-threatening risk in both the immediate and delayed post-intervention period. In addition, premature cessation of this anti-platelet therapy stands as the greatest risk factor for such thrombotic events. This case is presented to inform emergency physicians of the current post-PCI anticoagulation recommendations to help mitigate the risk of such complications.     

冠脉支架术后患者支架内再狭窄原因的回顾性研究

目的 通过对冠脉支架植入术后复查冠脉造影患者的回顾性分析,研究引起支架内再狭窄(ISR)的可能原因.方法 入选2009年～2010年所有复查造影的冠心病支架治疗患者73例,将其分成支架内再狭窄组及无再狭窄组,分析两组间可能导致支架内再狭窄的因素间差异.结果 73例患者共植入177枚支架,其中有22枚支架发生再狭窄(支架内再狭窄定义为随访时造影提示支架内管腔内径损失≥50%).分析两组基本临床资料特征及支架长度、直径,是否为药物涂层支架等因素;支架内再狭窄组及无再狭窄组在吸烟、2型糖尿病、支架长度、直径和药物/非药物支架方面有显著差异(P ＜0.05).Cox比例风险回归模型显示仅支架长度(P=0.009)、直径(P=0.029)和药物/非药物支架(P=0.026)为冠心病介入患者发生ISR的预测因子.结论 冠脉支架植入后发生再狭窄的主要原因为支架长度、直径及是否为药物支架.     

Benefits of and safety concerns associated with drug-eluting coronary stents

Drug-eluting coronary stents are being used with increasing frequency in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Although these stents have shown remarkably low rates of restenosis compared with their predecessors, there have been increasing concerns lately regarding their safety. Extensive data have been published that demonstrate a higher risk of very late stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents; however, this has not had any impact on long-term mortality or the risk of myocardial infarction when compared with bare-metal stents. Their overall net clinical benefit therefore still favors their use. Recent research has led to a greater understanding of the multifactorial cause of stent thrombosis, which has enabled measures to be taken to reduce an individual patient’s risk. In the future, new stent designs and new antiplatelet agents may help to reduce this risk further.     

可降解与不可降解药物涂层支架及裸金属支架置入治疗急性心肌梗死

背景：大量随机对照临床试验显示药物涂层支架较金属裸支架的支架再狭窄率低,但药物涂层支架并不降低主要心血管事件和死亡发生率,而且长期随访的临床注册研究显示其可能会增加支架晚期血栓事件。目的：评价可降解、不可降解药物涂层支架及裸金属支架置入治疗心肌梗死后患者心血管狭窄的发生率及不良反应。方法：回顾性分析236例急性心肌梗死患者的临床资料,其中79例采用生物可降解雷帕霉素洗脱支架置入治疗,83例采用不可降解雷帕霉素洗脱支架置入治疗,74例采用金属裸支架置入治疗。对比3组支架置入12个月内晚期管腔丢失和支架再狭窄,以及24个月时的主要不良心脏反应。结果与结论：置入12个月时,裸支架组支架内晚期管腔丢失多于可降解和不可降降解雷帕霉素洗脱支架组（P 〈0.05）,3组间支架再狭窄率比较差异无显著性意义（P 〉0.05）。置入24个月时,3组死亡、心因性死亡、再发心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建、靶病变血运重建、主要不良心脏事件发生率及支架内血栓形成事件比较差异无显著性意义。3种支架在直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死中的长期疗效和安全性有待进一步随访。     

国产药物洗脱支架联合替罗非班治疗急性心肌梗死近中期疗效的临床观察

目的评价国产药物洗脱支架（乐普支架）联合替罗非班在急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗中的安全性、有效性及近中期疗效。方法2009年9月～2011年8月,共62例急性心肌梗死患者行急诊介入治疗,随机分为替罗非班组和对照组,替罗非班组在对病变血管经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）过程中置人乐普支架。所有患者术前均口服负荷量阿司匹林300mg、氯吡格雷300mg。术中推注肝素8000-10000U。球囊预扩张病变血管后,冠脉内注射10—15ml替罗非班,PCI术后0．15g／（kg·min）静脉滴注维持24—48h,术后皮下注射低分子肝素5～7d,对照组患者未冠脉内注射替罗非班。结果两组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组患者的梗死相关动脉PCI术后全部即刻再通,且梗死相关动脉即刻再灌注率。两者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PCI术后替罗非班组梗死相关血管TIMI3级血流获得率96．7％,高于对照组83．9％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,校正TIMI计桢数显示替罗非班组血流速度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。所有患者住院期间均未发生急性、亚急性血栓,均未发生心源性死亡、再发急性心肌梗死、急诊CABG和重复PCI等主要不良心脏事件。所有患者均接受了临床随访,均无不良心血管事件：再发心绞痛、心肌梗死、心力衰竭及猝死等发生。其中,32例患者术后6个月复查了冠状动脉造影,无一例发生支架内再狭窄。结论国产药物洗脱支架（乐普支架）联合替罗非班治疗用于急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗,是安全、有效的方法,近中期效果良好。     

Drug-eluting stents: trading restenosis for thrombosis?

Summary.  Within the last 6 years, it has been demonstrated that drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce significantly angiographic and clinical restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. These results are consistent across several clinical randomized controlled trials comparing these new devices with bare metallic stents (BMS), which themselves have already markedly improved the results obtained with balloon angioplasty in the early days of this method of myocardial revascularization. Nevertheless, some concerns have been raised regarding a delayed endothelialization of the coated prostheses leading to late stent thrombosis occurring mainly when antiplatelet therapy is discontinued in the follow-up. The most recent data show that, in comparison with BMS, there is a small excess of late (> 1 year) stent thrombosis but this is not associated with an increased risk of death or myocardial infarction or all cause mortality. These concerns do not outweigh the strong benefits of DES in preventing restenosis but require a number of measures concerning a longer dual antiplatelet treatment (than initially expected), to control patient treatment compliance and to provide a complete education of patients and physicians. Future devices dealing with the two issues (antiproliferative properties with rapid controlled endothelialization preventing thrombosis) would be the next major advance in this rapidly evolving field.     

Zotarolimus-eluting vs. sirolimus-eluting coronary stents in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes: a SORT OUT III substudy

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1047-1054 ABSTRACT: Objectives: To compare clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with zotarolimus-eluting and sirolimus-eluting stents in the SORT OUT III trial. Background: Currently, only limited data allow direct comparison of clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with a second-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) eluting zotarolimus vs. a first-generation DES eluting sirolimus. Methods: Patients with acute coronary syndrome (n?=?1052) were randomized to treatment with zotarolimus-eluting (n?=?506) or sirolimus-eluting (n?=?546) stents and followed for 18?months. The primary composite endpoint, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), was defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction or target vessel revascularization. Results: Zotarolimus-eluting stent treatment compared to sirolimus-eluting stent treatment was associated with increased rates of MACE (8·7% vs. 5·0%; hazard ratio (HR), 1·78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1·10-2·88; P?=?0·02) and TVR (6·8% vs. 3·9%; HR, 1·77; 95% CI, 1·03-3·04; P?=?0·04), while all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction and definite stent thrombosis did not differ significantly. In the same trial, stable angina pectoris patients (n?=?1206) were randomized to zotarolimus-eluting (n?=?614) and sirolimus-eluting (n?=?592) stents with similar results. Conclusions: With and without acute coronary syndromes, patients treated with the sirolimus-eluting stent had better clinical outcomes than those treated with the zotarolimus-eluting stent.     

Current status of the Xience V® everolimus-eluting coronary stent system

The introduction of drug-eluting stents has led to a marked reduction of restenosis, which is a major limitation of percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary artery disease. The next-generation Xience V^® (Abbott Vascular, CA, USA) everolimus-eluting stent was designed to address the limitations of first-generation drug-eluting stents. The cobalt–chromium stent platform with an open-cell design offers excellent deliverability. Moreover, the combination of a thin fluoropolymer eluting the antirestenotic drug everolimus provides both an effective suppression of neointimal tissue and rapid re-endothelialization above and between stent struts in preclinical studies. Large randomized clinical trials comparing the everolimus-eluting stent with the Taxus Express^® and Liberté^® (Boston Scientific, MA, USA) paclitaxel-eluting stents have shown reduced rates of repeat revascularization, myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis at 1-year follow-up with the everolimus-eluting stent. However, we will have to await long-term (5-year) data from these randomized clinical trials with the everolimus-eluting stent to determine whether the observed benefit is robust. Furthermore, data are currently limited the clinical performance of the everolimus-eluting stent relative to drug-eluting stents other than the Taxus Express and Liberté paclitaxel-eluting stents, although a large number of trials are now being conducted to address these questions. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of (pre)clinical studies with the everolimus-eluting stent.     

氮氧化钛涂层支架在冠状动脉血运重建中的初步应用

目的 探讨氮氧化钛涂层(TTTAN2)支架在经桡/尺动脉途径行冠状动脉血运重建的临床效果.方法入选31例冠心病患者,均采用经桡动脉或尺动脉途径行冠状动脉血运重建.计算TTTAN2支架病变的通过率、早期支架内血栓发生率及随访MACE发生率.结果31例冠状动脉造影发现46处>75%狭窄病变,植入支架45枚,1枚支架未能通过病变,通过率97.8%.植入支架后无残余狭窄、支架脱栽、内膜撕裂、支架内早期血栓形成及冠状动脉破裂.随访1～5个月,无MACE发生.结论TTTAN2支架在冠状动脉血运重建方面临床应用效果良好.     

不同药物洗脱支架治疗老年急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的探讨老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的安全性及有效性。方法 129例≥65岁ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者,随机分为雷帕霉素组68例和紫杉醇组61例,分别应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,分析2组患者冠状动脉靶血管特点、手术成功率及术后12个月主要不良心脏事件及术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄情况。结果手术成功率100%,2组术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术后12个月病死率及心肌梗死、靶血管重建、主要不良心脏事件、支架内血栓形成的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者使用雷帕霉素或紫杉醇支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗近期治疗效果和安全性均较可靠。