新生儿骨髓炎13例临床分析

目的 探讨新生儿骨髓炎的临床特点。方法 对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院2004—2012年诊断为新生儿骨髓炎的13例患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学特征及治疗方案进行回顾性分析。 结果 本组13例。10例继发于败血症,3例由邻近感染扩散而来;四肢长骨尤其是股骨、肱骨最易受累,6例并发关节感染,最常见受累关节为髋关节、膝关节;最常见临床表现为局部红肿及肢体活动受限（假瘫痪）;血或脓液、关节液培养出致病菌12例,其中金黄色葡萄球菌7例,革兰阴性（G-）杆菌4例;所有患儿均行抗生素治疗, 4例联合手术治疗,随访7例均无后遗症发生。结论 新生儿骨髓炎并不罕见,临床表现不典型,应尽早完善影像学和病原学检查,早期使用足量敏感抗生素和必要时联合手术治疗可减少后遗症的发生。     

新生儿血源性骨髓炎误诊原因分析和对策

新生儿急性血源性骨髓炎临床并不多见,因其具有较高的致残率[1],早期诊断对于减少后遗症的发生非常重要.但是,由于新生儿急性血源性骨髓炎临床表现不典型,误诊时有发生[2].我们对近年来4例有误诊病史的急性血源性骨髓炎患儿进行了原因分析,并提出了相应对策,现报告如下:     

新生儿血源性骨髓炎误诊原因分析和对策

新生儿急性血源性骨髓炎临床并不多见，因其具有较高的致残率，早期诊断对于减少后遗症的发生非常重要。但是，由于新生儿急性血源性骨髓炎临床表现不典型，误诊时有发生。我们对近年来4例有误诊病史的急性血源性骨髓炎患儿进行了原因分析，并提出了相应对策，现报告如下：     

新生儿脑梗死临床分析

目的 分析新生儿脑梗死的临床特征及预后,提高对新生儿脑梗死的认识.方法 选择2011年6月至2013年6月我院新生儿科收治的新生儿脑梗死患儿,总结新生儿脑梗死病例的临床特征,对围产期因素、临床表现、预后进行分析.结果 研究期间共确诊9例新生儿脑梗死患儿,其中男7例,女2例;足月儿8例,早产儿1例;4例出现惊厥,5例临床表现无特异性.9例均经头颅磁共振及弥散加权成像检查确诊,脑梗死最易累及大脑中动脉,且左侧较右侧多见,3例合并颅内出血.1例住院1天放弃治疗死亡,共随访8例,4例随访至1～2岁,无神经系统异常;2例现分别3个月及5个月,仍定期随访中,暂无明显预后不良表现;2例随访至1.5岁,有神经系统后遗症.结论 新生儿脑梗死临床症状不典型,对有惊厥和存在神经系统异常表现的患儿宜进一步进行颅脑核磁检查,积极治疗,指导康复.     

7例新生儿血源性骨髓炎临床分析

新生儿血源性骨髓炎较为罕见,目前国内外仅有少数个案报道[1]。由于新生儿血源性骨髓炎发病少,临床表现不典型,容易误诊,故为其早期诊断、治疗带来极大困难。现通过对我院收治的7例新生儿血源性骨髓炎病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,以探讨新生儿血源性骨髓炎的临床特点,总结其诊断与治疗经验。1资料与方法     

腹膜透析治疗新生儿急性肾功能衰竭8例临床分析

目的 分析腹膜透析在治疗新生儿急性肾功能衰竭中存在的问题、原因及处理方法,以提高抢救成功率.方法 选择2003-2009年我院新生儿重症监护病房收治、经腹膜透析治疗的新生儿急性肾功能衰竭患儿,对其临床特点、腹膜透析治疗方法、合并症及预后等进行回顾性分析.结果 研究期间共收治急性肾功能衰竭新生儿67例,其中8例进行腹膜透析治疗.8例患儿均出现不同程度的精神反应差、呕吐、水肿、无尿、电解质紊乱、糖代谢紊乱及代谢性酸中毒.肾功能恢复正常5例,好转1例,未恢复2例,其中因混合型休克死亡1例,因肾萎缩、肾功能进行性恶化放弃治疗死亡1例.透析过程中合并腹膜炎3例,其中2例原发病系感染性休克.8例患儿发生不同程度的低蛋白血症,贫血7例,造瘘口渗液5例,因渗液严重需再次置管3例.结论 腹膜透析是治疗新生儿急性肾功能衰竭安全有效的方法.     

新生儿急性阑尾炎20例临床分析

目的探讨新生儿急性阑尾炎的临床特点。方法对我院1980—2011年诊断的新生儿阑尾炎病例进行回顾性分析,腹部立位X线片提示消化道穿孔或B超提示阑尾穿孔者为穿孔组,其余为非穿孔组,总结两组患儿的临床特点。结果研究期间我科共收治新生儿急性阑尾炎患儿20例,其中非穿孔组12例,穿孔组8例。患儿表现为发热15例,拒乳、反应弱13例,腹胀10例,呕吐7例,血便3例;临床表现结合腹部超声诊断16例,入院后剖腹探查明确诊断4例,其中3例入院诊断消化道穿孔,1例诊断坏死性小肠结肠炎合并腹膜炎。穿孔组胃肠外营养时间和住院时间明显长于非穿孔组[(12.5±5.1)天比(6.0±3.3)天,(20.3±5.8)天比(14.0±5.0)天,P<0.05],两组胎龄、性别、体重、发病日龄、发病至诊断时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。20例患儿中经内科保守治疗11例,经手术治疗9例,17例治愈出院,1例好转出院,1例放弃治疗,1例死亡。结论新生儿阑尾炎缺乏特异性临床表现,需结合腹部X线、B超检查或剖腹探查明确诊断。穿孔患儿早期诊断困难,容易误诊。     

6月龄以下婴儿化脓性髋关节炎诊疗分析

目的探讨6月龄以内婴儿化脓性髋关节炎的诊断和治疗时机,以减少后遗症的发生。方法回顾性分析本院自2003年1月至2010年12月收治的年龄在6个月以内的化脓性髋关节炎患儿临床资料,共32例33髋,归纳分析其早期诊断、治疗方法与效果。结果 32例术后平均随访2.1年,其中21例于起病1周内就诊并获确诊,急诊给予髋关节切开置管冲洗引流术,并静脉二联应用抗生素至体温正常后1周,再口服抗生素2周,予Pavlik吊带将患髋外展位固定4周,痊愈率达100%,随访无后遗症。11例12髋起病超过1周后就诊,确诊后按上述方法治疗,6例痊愈元后遗症,5例6髋遗留股骨头骺破坏,关节僵硬,其中1例双侧股骨头骺破坏吸收,造成病理性髋关节脱位。结论早期发现、早期诊断、早期手术及抗炎治疗是减少或避免婴儿化脓性髋关节炎发生严重后遗症的关键因素。早期诊治的时间节点是起病1周内。     

小儿急性化脓性骨髓炎的诊治体会

目的探讨小儿急性化脓性骨髓炎的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析45例急性化脓性骨髓炎患儿的病程特点、诊断和治疗。结果45例急性化脓性骨髓炎中，35例发生在长骨的干骺端，合并化脓性关节炎32例。所有患儿14d后X线片均出现骨质异常表现。细菌培养33例，阳性17例(占51．5％)。本治疗组均予以外科手术治疗，45例均行开窗减压术，28例加行关节囊切开引流，均临床治愈。结论小儿急性化脓性骨髓炎确诊后，应尽早予以抗炎及手术治疗。     

新生儿腹股沟及阴囊急症

目的探讨新生儿腹股沟及阴囊急症的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1988年3月至2007年3月收治的65例新生儿腹股沟及阴囊急症的病例资料。结果并发肠管坏死16例,睾丸坏死11例。62例治愈,随访2个月,生长发育正常,饮食及大小便正常。3例放弃治疗。结论新生儿腹股沟及阴囊急症发病时间难以确定,早期诊断困难,并发症多,应选择合适的方法积极治疗。     

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??Abstract??Objective To expore the clinical features of acute osteomyelitis of neonate. Methods A retrospective study was done about clinical symptoms??radiologic features and treatments in 13 neonates who were diagnosed with osteomyelitis in Children’s Hospital Affliated to Chongqing University of Medical Sciences from 2004 to 2012. Results There were eleven male and two female infants??10 babies were related to bacteraemia and 3 cases were due to infection nearby.Limb bones were most commonly compromised. Six babies had joint involvement. Local swelling and disorder of limb’s activity were the most common clinical symptoms. Twelve patients got positve culture results from blood??pus or joint fluid samples. The most common pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria. All of the babies accepted antibiotic treatment while 4 cases also underwent surgeries. All osteomyelitis patients had good outcomes. None had any sequelae among the 7 cases during the following 2 months to 2 years. Conclusion Neonatal osteomyelitis is not a rare disease with atypical clinical features. Radiologic and bacteriologic examination should be carried out once osteomyelitis is suspected. Appropriate antibiotics and necessary surgery are important to avoid further damage as well as long-term sequelae.     

99mTc-EHIDA肝胆显像在先天性胆道闭锁诊断中的价值

目的评价99mTc—EHIDA肝胆显像在先天性胆道闭锁(BA)诊断中的临床价值。方法对45例有持续性黄疸的患儿,进行99mTc—EHIDA肝胆显像检查.并经手术病理和临床随访结果证实。结果最终诊断为BA的加例患儿中.99mTc—EHIDA肝胆显像全部检出;非BA组25例中15例为真阴性,10例为假阳性,灵敏度、特异度和准确性分别为100%、60%和77.8%。结论99mTc—EHIDA肝胆显像是一种无创、安全、有效的检查方法,对于BA的诊断,有较高的临床价值。     

Somatosensory evoked potentials predict neurologic outcome in full-term neonates with asphyxia

Objectives: To investigate the ability of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) to predict neurologic outcome in term neonates with birth asphyxia.
Methodology Upper limb SSEP were performed on nine infants of 1-7 weeks of age who had perinatal asphyxia and an encephalopathy still present at 7 days of age. Comparison was made between the cranial ultrasound, electroencephalogram (EEG), SSEP and neurologic outcome at 9-36 months.
Results Normal SSEP were found in four infants, all of whom were normal on neurologic follow up at 9-12 months. Neonatal EEG performed on two out of four of these infants were also normal, while cerebral oedema was seen on cranial ultrasound in three of the four studies. No SSEP response was seen initially in three infants, all of whom had adverse outcomes (one death, two with spastic diplegia). In contrast, their neonatal EEG had shown normal background rhythms, while two of the three cranial ultrasounds revealed oedema. For two infants the initial SSEP was absent over one hemisphere and just present over the other. Both children were abnormal on follow up at 10-12 months but did not have a hemiparesis.
Conclusions Upper limb SSEP appear more sensitive than EEG or cranial ultrasounds in predicting the short term neurologic outcome of neonates with asphyxia.     

Transient myeloproliferation and acute myeloid leukemia in infants with Down's syndrome

Transient neonatal myeloproliferative disorders (TMD's) indistinguishable from acute leukaemia by clinical and morphological criteria have been described in neonates with Down's syndrome. To analyse its clinical significance, 10 infants under 1 year of age presenting with Down's syndrome and the morphological picture of acute myelogenous leukaemia were reviewed. 3 of these children had true AML leading to death after 2, 8 and 11 months. In the other 7 children the diagnosis TMD was suggested as spontaneous or in one case interferon-induced remission occurred within 4 to 25 weeks after diagnosis. The interferon-treated patient died of SIDS at the age of 11 months. Another one of the TMD children developed fatal erythroleukaemia at the age of 2 years. Regarding initial clinical and haematological parameters, TMD was indistinguishable from true congenital leukaemie. In all patients classification according to the FAB criteria was difficult, as mainly undifferentiated or poorly differentiated myeloid blasts were seen, sometimes with erythro- or megakaryocytic features. Because of the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of TMD and true AML it is recommended to delay specific cytostatic therapy in neonates with Down's syndrome, until definite progression of the leukaemic process is observed or cytogenetic analyses suggesting true AML are available.     

磁共振弥散加权成像在早产儿脑室周围白质软化早期的预测价值

目的 探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)早期评价和预测早产儿脑室周围白质软化(PVL)的作用及意义.方法 回顾分析2005年8月至2007年4月,在我院新生儿科住院,且经头部MRI确诊的12例PVL早产儿生后7 d内、2 w和4 w的DWI及常规MRI资料.结果 初次检查(平均生后4.5 d)全部病例DWI均显示双侧脑室周围脑白质对称性、弥漫性高信号,常规MRI基本正常;出生后2周DWI示脑白质内不规则高、低混杂信号,而常规MRI则显示相应部位小片状或点状T1WI高信号,T2WI稍低信号;出生后4W DWI示侧脑室后角、枕部三角区大小不等的囊性低信号,常规MRI显示相应病灶的T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号(即囊性PVL改变);出生后4个月常规MRI示囊腔逐渐变小、消失,脑白质减少、脑室扩大.结论 DWI显示的双侧脑室周围白质对称性弥漫性高信号是PVL的最早期表现;所提供的影像学异常变化与晚期常规MRl所证实PVL发生的高度相关性,表明了DWI可能是早期评价脑白质损伤及预测早产儿PVL发生的重要检测手段.     

Early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis: a current assessment.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a common cause of early-onset sepsis in neonates. The most recent reviews describing incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome evaluated data on patients from the early 1980s. To obtain current information about this disease, we retrospectively evaluated data on neonates with GBS early-onset sepsis from nine hospitals in the United States between Jan. 1, 1987, and Dec. 31, 1989. There were 245 infants with GBS bacteremia identified among 61,809 live births, resulting in an incidence of 0.32%. Ninety-six infants (39%) were preterm (less than 38 weeks of gestational age). Maternal risk factors for infected preterm and term infants were similar. Antibiotics were administered during parturition in 10% of infants with bacteremia. Mothers of preterm infants received antibiotics up to 48 hours before delivery; mothers of term infants received antibiotics less than 4 hours before delivery. All preterm infants with bacteremia had symptoms; 22% of term infants with bacteremia had no symptoms. Group B streptococcal meningitis was confirmed in 6.3% of infants. Although 86% survived, GBS sepsis increased the birth weight-specific mortality rate up to eightfold in preterm infants and more than 40-fold in term infants. Although the incidence of GBS early-onset sepsis is not changing, we speculate that the improved birth weight-specific survival rate and the changing clinical presentation are due to improved intrapartum and neonatal management.     

重度高胆红素血症新生儿苍白球磁共振成像特征及其临床意义

目的探讨苍白球MRI信号改变与高胆红素血症的严重程度及其相关因素关系,为胆红素脑病诊断与预后判定提供客观依据。方法36例高胆红素血症新生儿（TSB〉342μmoL／L）在生后[10±6（2～34）]d接受头部MRI检查。场强1．5～3．0Tesla,扫描序列为T1WI,T2WI和DWI。2名不知被检者病史的放射科医师分析MRI结果。结果首次MRI有20例苍白球T1WI呈对称性高信号。有苍白球信号改变组的TSB、B／A及UCB均显著高于无改变组[（605．28±89．19）μmoL／L vs．（438．19±67．89）μmoL／L,（1．08±0．18）vs．（0．77±0．16）,（555．49±92．3）μmoL／L vs．（412．01±54．8）μmoL／L,P=0．000],所有MRI-DWI均未见信号改变;TSB在342．0～427．5μmoL／L者9例,未见苍白球信号改变,427．5～513．0μmoL／L者7例,有改变者3例,超过525．0μmoL／L 20例,有改变者17例,黄疸程度与苍白球信号改变有密切关系（χ^2=15．000,P=0．000）;15例ABE苍白球T1WI均呈对称性的高信号（χ^2=17．601,P=0．000）,同时3例T2WI苍白球也呈对称性稍高信号（TSB分别为,745．3μmoL／L,735．7μmoL／L,707．6μmol/L）。7日内入院的25例中,16例苍白球有改变,平均入院时间显著晚于9例无改变者[（121．5±39．9）h vs．（68．9±35）h,P〈0．03]。6例接受了第2次MRI,其中3例ABE有2例苍白球信号转为T2WI高信号,临床均表现脑瘫,另1例苍白球信号正常,但有听力异常;余3例非ABE患儿,2例苍白球信号转为正常,1例两次均无苍白球信号异常,目前发育正常。结论MRI T1WI苍白球对称性高信号,与高胆红素血症的严重程度及暴露时间密切关系,是新生儿ABE的重要表现特征。T1WI高信号转变为T2WI高信号可能提示预后不良。     

Bacterial endocarditis in neonatal intensive care

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the incidence of bacterial endocarditis in a level III neonatal nursery. To document the clinical features, assess survival, and evaluate the role of central venous catheters in neonates with bacterial endocarditis. METHODOLOGY: Index cases were identified by retrospective review of the echocardiographic records of infants admitted to the neonatal nursery from 1983 to 1995. Data obtained by review of the clinical records of these infants, and case-matched controls. RESULTS: From January 1983 to December 1995, 12,249 infants were admitted to the Special Care Nursery. Eight infants with endocarditis were identified, an incidence of 0.07%. Presenting symptoms and signs were often vague and nonspecific. Gestation less than 32 weeks, birthweight less than 1500 g, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia or neutrophilia were common features. Infants with endocarditis had a significantly higher Clinical Risk Index for Babies score than those without endocarditis. The tricuspid valve was involved in seven infants, six of whom had a percutaneous central venous catheter in situ before diagnosis. Mitral valve involvement occurred in two infants, neither of whom had central lines inserted. However, compared to infants without endocarditis, the placement of a central venous line was not of statistical significance. Seven of the eight infants survived following prolonged antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial endocarditis is a rare but serious condition which is usually not fatal. In the premature newborn infant, presenting signs and symptoms are often nonspecific. Endocarditis should therefore be considered in the unwell very low birthweight infant.     

脑电图背景在早产儿脑损伤中的应用及评价

目的探讨脑电图(EEG)背景活动在早产儿脑损伤中的应用价值。方法选择2008年11月至2010年10月我院新生儿重症监护病房诊断为脑损伤的早产儿为病例组,分为轻度脑损伤组(包括脑室内出血Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,脑室周围白质软化Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级)和重度脑损伤组(包括脑室内出血Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级,脑室周围白质软化Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级),同期选择无脑损伤的早产儿为对照组,各组早产儿均于生后3～28天进行EEG测试,比较各组脑电图结果以及脑损伤程度与EEG结果的相关性。结果重度脑损伤组(11例)和轻度脑损伤组(56例)最大背景抑制间期、非连续背景活动暴发间隔时间、交替性背景活动期最长暴发间隔时间和暴发段振幅均值、静态睡眠期持续慢波睡眠振幅、清醒期振幅等均高于对照组(93例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且重度脑损伤组高于轻度脑损伤组(P<0.05)。生后4周内EEG异常程度与脑损伤程度正相关(r=0.727,P<0.05)。病例组随访53例,轻度脑损伤组EEG恢复率明显高于重度脑损伤组(88.4%比50.0%,P<0.05)。结论脑损伤程度越重的早产儿EEG背景改变越明显,脑电图背景活动应用于早产儿脑损伤,能客观评价脑功能发育状态。