HPLC法测定益视颗粒中五味子醇甲的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定益视颗粒中五味子醇甲的含量。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Aigleng C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（55：45）流速：1.0ml/min,检测波长：250nm;柱温：30℃。结果：五味子醇甲色谱峰分离良好,五味子醇甲进样量在0.0517～0.8272μg范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为A=2105252C＋3863,r=0.9999;平均回收率为99.63%,RSD=1.03%（n=6）。结论：该测定方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于该制剂中有效成分五味子醇甲的含量测定。     

HPLC-DAD法同时测定复方益肝灵胶囊中水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲的含量

目的：建立同时测定复方益肝灵胶囊中水飞蓟宾和五味子醇甲含量的方法。方法：色谱柱：Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长：水飞蓟宾为287 nm,五味子醇甲为250 nm。结果：水飞蓟宾在0.099 7~1.994 0μg（r=0.999 9）线性关系良好,平均加样回收率99.5%（RSD=0.5%,n=6）;五味子醇甲在0.100 1~2.002 0μg（r=1.000 0）线性关系良好,平均加样回收率97.4%（RSD=1.5%,n=6）。结论：本法简便、可靠、准确,可用于复方益肝灵胶囊的含量测定。     

HPLC同时测定护肝片中5种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定护肝片中腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的含量。方法: 采用Agilent Eclipse XDB色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-0.7%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.80 ml·min^-1,0～14 min检测波长为260 nm,14～58 min检测波长为250 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的线性范围分别为2.35～47.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、14.90～297.00 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0)、3.46～69.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、4.00～80.10 μg·mL^-1（r=1.000 0）、3.42～68.30 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）。5种成分的平均回收率均不低于98％。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于护肝片中腺苷、五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的含量测定。     

野生与栽培北五味子中五味子醇甲的含量测定

目的：比较伊春地区野生与栽培北五味子中五味子醇甲成分的含量差别。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为填充剂,流动相：甲醇-水（13：7）;检测波长：250nm;流速：1mL/min;柱温：室温。结果：各产地的北五味子中五味子醇甲含量均大于0. 4%。结论：该实验方法简便、准确、重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定北五味子藤茎超临界提取物中五味子甲素、五味子乙素和五味子醇甲的含量

目的 高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定北五味子藤茎超临界提取物中五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子醇甲的含量.方法 采用ODS-C18（5 μm,4.6 × 250 mm）,以甲醇-水（75：25）为流动相,流速：1.0 ml/min,检测波长为254 nm.结果 五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子醇甲的线性范围分别为0.1～2.0μg/（r=0.9994）、0.1～2.0μg（r=0.9997）、0.12～2.0μg（r=0.9992）,平均加样回收率分别为99.03%、103.60%、99.80%,RSD分别为1.72%、2.09%、1.33%（n=5）.结论 本方法简便准确、重现性好,能有效测定北五味子藤茎超临界提取物中五味子甲素、五味子乙素、五味子醇甲的含量.     

HPLC测定抗老年痴呆软胶囊中五味子醇甲的含量

目的研究抗老年痴呆软胶囊中五味子醇甲含量的测定方法。方法样品用甲醇回流提取进样,色谱柱：Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm ,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-水（45∶55）,检测波长：250 nm,流速：1 mL·min^-1。结果五味子醇甲在0.046～0.92 μg之间线性关系良好,r=0.999 9(n=7),平均回收率98.51%,RSD为1.84%（n=6）。结论本法简便,快速,准确,可用于本制剂及五味子药材的含量测定及质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法鉴别南北五味子

目的建立用高效液相色谱法鉴别南、北五味子的方法。 方法 采用Hypersil C18柱（4.6 mm×250 mm，10 μm）;流动相为甲醇-水（65∶35）;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：250 nm。结果北五味子中五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲、五味子甲素和五味子乙素的含量分别为0.655%，0.052%，0.049%和0.322%，南五味子不含五味子乙素，五味子醇甲、五味子酯甲和五味子甲素的含量为0.018%，0.325%，0.300%。 结论该法灵敏度好，操作简便，可快速鉴别南、北五味子。     

RP-HPLC法测定复方五味子胶囊中五味子甲素的含量

目的建立测定复方五味子胶囊中五味子甲素含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用Kro-masilC18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）的色谱柱;以甲醇-0.1%冰醋酸水溶液（82∶18）为流动相;流速：1ml/min;检测波长：254nm;柱温为30℃。结果五味子甲素在0.1137～0.4547mg/ml范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.9992,n=6）,平均加样回收率为99.01%（RSD=1.1%,n=6）。结论HPLC法测定复方五味子胶囊中五味子甲素含量方法简便、准确、可靠。     

HPLC测定生脉糖浆（党参方）中五味子醇甲的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定生脉糖浆中五味子醇甲的含量。方法采用Phenomenex Prodigy ODS3柱（5μm,4．6mm×250mm）．以甲醇-水（65：35）为流动相,流速为1．0mL·min-1。检测波长为250nmo结果五味子醇甲在7．9936-199．8400μg·mL-1。范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1．000）：平均回收率分别为97．46％（n=9）。结论此方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于生脉糖浆中五味子醇甲的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定调补肺肾胶囊中五味子醇甲的含量

目的建立调补肺肾胶囊中五味子醇甲的含量测定方法。方法样品采用甲醇超声（功率240 W,频率45 kHz）提取的方法制备。采用Kromasil C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,甲醇-水（13∶7）为流动相;检测波长：250 nm。结果五味子醇甲的回收率为98.03%,RSD=1.17%（n=5）。结论本法简便、快速、重现性好,可作为调补肺肾胶囊的定量分析方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.