自身免疫性表皮下大疱病诊疗共识（2022）

【摘要】 自身免疫性表皮下大疱病主要包括大疱性类天疱疮、黏膜类天疱疮、瘢痕性类天疱疮、妊娠类天疱疮、扁平苔藓类天疱疮、线状IgA大疱性皮病、获得性大疱性表皮松解症、抗p200/层黏连蛋白γ1类天疱疮及疱疹样皮炎,不同的疾病靶抗原和致病性自身抗体存在差异,临床表现有相似之处也有明显不同,诊断与鉴别诊断有赖临床、病理、免疫病理检查及血清抗体检测等。为规范此类疾病的临床诊疗,中华医学会皮肤性病学分会和中国医师协会皮肤科医师分会组织本领域专家,依据近年国内外临床研究数据和指南共识,制订本共识 。     

抗p200类天疱疮7例临床及免疫血清学特征分析

【摘要】 目的 总结抗p200类天疱疮患者的临床和免疫血清学特征。方法 收集2015年1月至2021年10月在中国医学科学院皮肤病医院确诊为抗p200类天疱疮的患者资料，回顾性分析其临床和免疫血清学特征。结果 纳入7例抗p200类天疱疮患者，盐裂皮肤-间接免疫荧光实验显示，7例患者血清IgG抗体均结合于盐裂皮肤的真皮侧，以真皮提取物为底物的免疫印迹显示，在相对分子质量200 000蛋白处有条带。4例呈经典型大疱性类天疱疮样损害，2例初起呈湿疹样损害，1例类似线状IgA大疱性皮病。6例循环IgG抗体可识别层粘连蛋白γ1-C端重组蛋白。4例患者接受不同剂量系统糖皮质激素治疗，其中1例对高剂量系统糖皮质激素（相当于泼尼松1.4 mg·kg-1·d-1）治疗抵抗；2例对米诺环素、氨苯砜治疗反应好；1例失访。4例患者在随访平均22.5个月时达到完全缓解停药；2例在随访平均8个月时达到最小剂量治疗保持完全缓解。结论 抗p200类天疱疮临床表现多样，重组Lnγ1-C端可作为可靠的抗原底物用于检测抗p200类天疱疮患者自身抗体；部分患者最终可达到完全缓解并停药。     

抗p200类天疱疮

1996年,Zillikens等~([1])和Chen等~([2])先后报告了一种特殊的自身免疫性大疱病,其临床表现与大疱性类天疱疮(BP)颇为相似,但患者血清自身抗体所识别的抗原有别于已知的各种自身免疫性水疱病,是一种相对分子质量200 000的蛋白质,因此该病被命名为抗p200类天疱疮.随后,类似的病例报道陆续出现在文献中,迄今已超过50例~([3-4]).     

表现为环状红斑水疱的自身免疫性表皮下水疱病25例回顾性分析

目的总结表现为环状红斑水疱的自身免疫性表皮下水疱病的临床、组织病理、免疫血清学及治疗特点。方法回顾性分析2015—2022年就诊于中国医学科学院皮肤病医院表现为环状红斑水疱的自身免疫性表皮下水疱病患者的资料。结果共纳入患者25例, 男10例、女15例, 年龄(39.21 ± 24.65)岁, 包括线状IgA大疱性皮病9例, 大疱性类天疱疮7例, 抗P200类天疱疮5例, 获得性大疱性表皮松解症4例, 20例(80%)有不同程度瘙痒。15例(60%)出现真皮组织嗜酸性粒细胞浸润, 11例(44%)外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数增加, 7例(28%)同时有嗜酸性粒细胞组织浸润和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞升高。盐裂皮肤-间接免疫荧光及免疫印迹实验显示, 9例同时存在抗基底膜带IgG及IgA抗体, 包括4例大疱性类天疱疮、1例线状IgA大疱性皮病、2例抗P200类天疱疮、2例获得性大疱性表皮松解症;5例同时存在多种抗基底膜带靶抗原的抗体。7例大疱性类天疱疮均予系统糖皮质激素治疗, 其中5例联合免疫抑制剂, 2例联合米诺环素;线状IgA大疱性皮病、抗P200类天疱疮、获得性大疱性表皮松解症患者对抗炎药物及氨苯砜...     

大疱性类天疱疮与瘢痕性类天疱疮

通过大疱性类天疱疮与瘢痕性类天疱疮之间的比较,发现大疱性类天疱疮与瘢痕性类天疱疮之间存在相关性,表现在好发人群均为老年人、存在相同致病抗体、两者可同时合并肿瘤、间接免疫荧光显示致病抗体沉积在表皮侧等方面。近年来生物制剂如抗CD20抗体利妥昔等应用于大疱性类天疱疮与瘢痕性类天疱疮的临床治疗,具有一定疗效。瘢痕性类天疱疮的黏膜受累机制与大疱性类天疱疮180及层粘连蛋白332等自身抗体有关,发病机制尚待进一步研究。     

生物制剂治疗天疱疮与大疱性类天疱疮

研究显示,生物制剂治疗难治性天疱疮、类天疱疮疗效显著,其中利妥昔是一种源自基因工程的人鼠嵌合型抗B淋巴细胞CD20的单克隆抗体,最早应用于天疱疮和类天疱疮的治疗。除利妥昔外,p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制剂KC706、PI-0824疫苗、肿瘤坏死因子拮抗剂或单克隆抗体如英夫利西等均取得满意疗效。但应用生物制剂治疗天疱疮和类天疱疮存在严重不良反应的可能性,且价格昂贵、缺乏一定量的可靠临床疗效的数据,影响了生物制剂在临床中的广泛应用。     

抗层黏连蛋白γ1类天疱疮一例研究

【摘要】 患者男,55岁。临床表现为四肢、躯干紧张性大疱,组织学表现为表皮下水疱,真皮浅层有淋巴细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等浸润,初步诊断为大疱性类天疱疮（BP）。在血清学分析中,发现该患者血清中自身抗体与盐裂皮肤真皮侧结合,且酶联免疫吸附法未检测到BP180、BP230、Ⅶ型胶原抗体,从而排除了大疱性类天疱疮、获得性大疱性表皮松解症的诊断。通过免疫印迹、免疫沉淀检测,发现该患者血清存在与真皮侧200 000蛋白结合的抗体,综合这些特点,诊断该患者为抗P200类天疱疮,即抗层黏连蛋白γ1类天疱疮。     

抗P_(200)血清对隐性遗传性营养不良性大疱性表皮松解症皮肤的免疫荧光研究

目的 确定P_(200)蛋白质抗原的性质。方法 收集了10例抗P_(200)类天疱疮血清,对6例隐性遗传性营养不良性大疱性表皮松解症(RDEB)皮肤切片进行了间接免疫荧光研究。结果 发现10例抗P_(200)类天疱疮血清均与5例RDEB皮肤基底膜带(BMZ)反应,而获得性大疱表皮松解症(EBA)血清对这些皮肤为阴性。另外,在1例RDEB,EBA血清既与BMZ反应又与Ⅶ型胶原沉积部位的胞浆反应,而抗P_(200)类天疱疮血清无此反应。结论 结果提示200 kDa抗原不是Ⅶ型胶原成份,而是一种特异的自身抗原。     

大疱性类天疱疮的诊疗进展

介绍大疱性类天疱疮诊断的实验室检测手段,在此基础上总结出可靠的临床诊断标准,评价与大疱性类天疱疮预后相关的特异性指标,同时介绍其临床治疗进展及疗效。其中详细描述了各种免疫学诊断技术、临床诊断标准和皮质类固醇联合免疫抑制剂的综合治疗方案。     

日本自身免疫性水疱病患者的HLA抗原

HLA抗原与疾病敏感性关系的研究,在70年代已有飞跃的发展.这是由于在技术上建立了微量细胞毒性试验,抗血清的标准化,在理论上提出,并发展了免疫应答基因位点的概念.本文报告了寻常性天疱疮43例,落叶状天疱疮25例,大疱性类天疱疮41例,疱疹样皮炎8例.病人都经临床和组织学检查而确诊,有些病例还进行了荧光抗体直接法和间接法检查.其中寻常性天疱疮22例,落叶状天疱疮14例,大疱性类天疱疮27例,疱疹样皮炎4例,进行了HLA抗原的分型.采用NIH法,应用24种112份血清,检查HLA-A和HLA-B抗原.结果     

Penicillin-induced anti-p200 pemphigoid: an unusual morphology

We report here a case of a 52-year-old woman with erythema gyratum repens-like lesions appearing during anti-p200 pemphigoid, probably induced by oral penicillin. The diagnosis of anti-p200 pemphigoid was made by the presence of in vivo bound and circulating IgG anti-basement membrane zone auto-antibody reactive with the dermal side of salt-split skin and with 200 kDa protein in dermal extract on Western immunoblot. Laser scanning confocal microscopic study disclosed the localization of IgG at the lamina lucida-lamina densa border. Skin lesions responded poorly to high dose of prednisone and the combination of prednisone and dapsone. When methotrexate was added, skin lesions healed within 3 weeks. To our knowledge, erythema gyratum repens-like lesions have not been described previously in this disorder. Thus, we have expanded the clinical morphological spectrum of patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid and first described a patient whose disorder was probably drug-induced.     

Two cases of subepidermal blistering disease with anti-p200 or 180-kD bullous pemphigoid antigen associated with psoriasis

We describe two patients with psoriasis vulgaris who subsequently developed a subepidermal blistering disease which disclosed IgG and C3 at the basement membrane zone in direct immunofluorescence. The first case was a 75-year-old Japanese man with herpetiform lesions. Histopathology showed neutrophil infiltration. IgG antibodies bound to the dermal side of the salt-split skin. Immunoblot analysis identified a 200-kD antigen in dermal extracts. The second case was a 70-year-old Japanese man. Histopathology showed eosinophil infiltration. IgG antibodies bound to the epidermal side of salt-split skin. Immunoblot analysis identified a 180-kD bullous pemphigoid (BP) antigen in epidermal extracts. We review the clinical and pathological features of psoriatic patients who presented a subepidermal blistering disease in which antigens were detected by immunoblot analysis; i.e., anti-p200 pemphigoid (14 cases) or BP (12 cases). There were few distinct clinical differences between two diseases. However, neutrophils were predominant in anti-p200 pemphigoid, while eosinophils were predominant in BP. After blister formation, ciclosporin was used effectively in addition to systemic steroids in the treatment of anti-p200 pemphigoid. On the other hand, ciclosporin was not used in the treatment of BP with psoriasis.     

Autoantigene subepidermal Blasen bildender Autoimmundermatosen

The dermal-epidermal junction contains a network of structural proteins that link epidermis and dermis. A central component of this complex is the cell membrane-associated hemidesmosomal plaque. Formation of autoantibodies against different components of this hemidesmosomal anchoring complex can lead to subepidermal blisters. Such autoantibodies have been frequently used to characterize the target antigens at the molecular level. Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases include bullous pemphigoid, pemphigoid gestationis, lichen planus pemphigoides, linear IgA disease, cicatricial pemphigoid, anti-p450-, anti-p200- and anti-p105-pemphigoid, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, bullous systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring. Differences in the clinical picture of these diseases can be attributed, at least in part, to the different specificity of the autoantibodies involved. The autoimmune response is further modulated by inflammatory cells and other inflammatory mediators. Native and recombinant forms of the autoantigens are increasingly used for the diagnosis of these diseases.     

Anti-p200 pemphigoid: diagnosis and treatment of a case presenting as an inflammatory subepidermal blistering disease

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a recently defined subepidermal immunobullous disease. It is characterized by the binding of circulating IgG autoantibodies to the dermal side of 1 M NaCl split skin and by reactivity of these autoantibodies to a unique 200-kd antigen on immunoblot of dermal extract. On immunoelectron microscopic examination, these autoantibodies deposit at the lamina lucida-lamina densa interface. We describe the clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic features in a patient with anti-p200 pemphigoid, as well as his favorable response to treatment with systemic glucocorticosteroids and dapsone.     

Annular bullous diseases

Annular bullous dermatoses represent an etiologically diverse group of cutaneous phenomena that present with a figurate morphology in association with vesicles and bullae. This group of diverse conditions consists of bullous pemphigoid; pemphigoid gestationis; epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Dowling-Meara type; linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis; chronic bullous disease of childhood; anti-p200 pemphigoid; subcorneal pustular dermatosis; and immunoglobulin A pemphigus. Astute examination of clinical, histopathologic, and serologic features is crucial in distinguishing these bullous dermatoses. We review the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, histopathology, and treatments for each bullous annular disease to aid physicians in their recognition, diagnosis, and management.     

Histopathology of anti-p200 pemphigoid

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease characterized by circulating and tissue-bound antibodies against a 200-kd glycoprotein (p200) of the human dermis. We reviewed 10 lesional biopsies from seven patients with anti-p200 pemphigoid in an attempt to define typical histopathologic features of this disease. All biopsy specimens showed subepidermal blistering and a moderate to dense inflammatory infiltrate in the upper dermis. Immunohistochemical analysis localized type IV collagen to the dermal side of the blister, suggesting that split formation occurred within the lamina lucida of the cutaneous basement membrane. The inflammatory infiltrate was composed almost exclusively of neutrophils in six biopsies and contained a mixture of neutrophils and eosinophils in the remaining four. In three specimens, microabscess formation in the papillary dermis adjacent to the blister cavity was noted. Neutrophilic and eosinophilic spongiosis was found in five and three biopsies, respectively. We conclude that histopathology of anti-p200 pemphigoid is characterized by subepidermal blistering and a superficial inflammatory infiltrate, which is usually dominated by neutrophils but occasionally contains significant numbers of eosinophils. While this microscopic picture mimics that of linear IgA disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, or bullous pemphigoid, it should also alert a histopathologist to the possibility of anti-p200 pemphigoid and prompt immunofluorescence and immunoblotting studies for definite diagnosis or exclusion of this autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease.     

Immunofluorescence studies using skin sections of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa patients indicated that the antigen of anti-p200 pemphigoid is not a fragment of type VII collagen

BACKGROUND: There are a large number of autoimmune bullous diseases, which have distinct autoantibodies. Several reports on cases with IgG autoantibodies against a novel 200 kDa dermal protein have been published, for which we suggested the term, anti-p200 pemphigoid. However, the nature of this 200 kDa antigen has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we examined the relationship between the 200 kDa protein and type VII collagen. METHODS: We collected sera from 12 cases of anti-p200 pemphigoid and skin sections from six cases of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). The reactivity of these sera was examined by indirect immunofluorescence using sections of the disease skin. RESULTS: we have shown that all the 12 anti-p200 pemphigoid sera could react with basement membrane zone of five cases of RDEB, while epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) sera were negative in these skins. In addition, in a case of RDEB, EBA sera reacted with intracytoplasmic deposition of type VII collagen, while no anti-p200 pemphigoid sera showed this reactivity. CONCLUSION: These results strongly suggested that the 200 kDa antigen is not a fragment of type VII collagen, but a specific autoantigen.     

Anti-p200 pemphigoid responding to dapsone

Anti-p200 pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. Clinical presentation is similar to standard bullous pemphigoid (BP) but mucous membranes and cephalic lesions are more frequent. Histology and direct immunofluorescence (IF) are identical to BP but indirect IF discloses linear deposits of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on the dermal side of artificial salt-split skin. Specific diagnosis is based on western immunoblotting that shows circulating IgG recognizing a 200-kDa protein localized on the dermal extract. The 200-kDa antigen was recently identified as laminin γ1. Anti-p200 pemphigoid should be considered before all atypical or topical steroid-resistant bullous disease, as well as mucous membranes pemphigoid or epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Dapsone appears to be the most effective treatment and should be used as the first option in combination with topical steroids. In this report, we describe the case of a patient with a typical clinical and immunopathological anti-p200 pemphigoid, responding to a combination of topical steroids and dapsone.