内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的评价急诊内镜下组织粘合剂（α-氰丙烯酸烷基脂）注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法2008年1月至2009年1月间21例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者接受急诊内镜下胃底曲张静脉组织粘合剂注射联合食管曲张静脉套扎（EVL）治疗,对其治疗疗效进行回顾性分析。结果21例患者的急诊止血有效率达95％（20／21）,未出现严重并发症。结论急诊内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,止血疗效确切,并发症发生率低,值得推广。     

内镜下急诊套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床研究

[目的]探讨内镜下急诊套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效及安全性。[方法]选择2010年10月～2013年12月的69例食管静脉曲张出血患者,在急诊状态下行内镜套扎治疗,观察疗效、并发症、再出血率及套扎术对生命体征的影响。[结果]急诊止血成功率98.6%（68例）、并发症发生率1.4%（1例）、近期再出血率4.3%（3例）,套扎术过程对血压、心率、呼吸等生命体征无明显影响。[结论]急诊食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血是一种有效、安全、快捷的止血方法。     

急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的比较

目的比较食管静脉曲张破裂出血急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗的疗效和安全性。方法对210例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,急诊情况下行内镜下套扎或硬化治疗,并分析比较两组急诊止血成功率、近期再出血率、急诊治疗曲张静脉消失率、不良反应、并发症、病死率等情况。结果急诊止血成功率套扎组达95.4%,硬化组达96.0%;近期再出血率分别为4.8%和4.1%;套扎组急诊治疗曲张静脉消失率明显优于硬化组（P〈0.01）。两组不良反应、并发症及病死率无差别。临床疗效与肝功能呈正相关。结论急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗食管静脉曲张出血均为有效、安全的止血方法。临床上可结合患者实际情况综合考虑后选择。     

“U型”反转套扎技术在食管胃静脉曲张治疗中的应用

目的评价“U型”反转套扎技术治疗食管胃静脉曲张的疗效。方法将191例食管胃静脉曲张患者随机分为2组：内镜下常规套扎（EVL）组101例行内镜下常规套扎;内镜下反转套扎（EVLR）组90例先行反转镜环周套扎贲门下曲张静脉,而后常规套扎食管。观察术后18个月内曲张静脉治疗效果、平均治疗次数、急诊止血率、近期再出血率及静脉曲张复发率等。结果随访期内,治疗后显效率、无效率,平均治疗次数,2组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）,EVLR组明显优于EVL组,且EVLR组急诊止血率可达100％。但近期再出血率、静脉曲张复发率、并发症发生率、病死率与EVL组相比,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论经反转镜贲门下环周套扎法可以提高食管胃静脉曲张破裂急诊止血率,较常规套扎显效率高,治疗次数少,安全性高。     

急诊内镜下套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 总结急诊内镜下紧急套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的经验。方法 对84例食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人在急诊情况下紧急内镜下套扎，观察止血效果。结果 急诊止血成功率98.8％，术中无并发症发生，近期再出血率4.76％。结论 急诊EVI，治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血是一种安全、有效、快捷的止血方法。     

内镜下胃底组织胶注射联和套扎术对肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张程度的影响

目的 探讨内镜下胃底组织胶注射联和套扎术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张（EGV）的疗效及安全性.方法 研究对象为同期收治的76例肝硬化EGV破裂出血患者,均于内镜下选好胃底靶静脉以＂三明治＂法注射组织胶,并自胃食管黏膜连接处开始向近端螺旋式结扎曲张静脉.随访8周,观察不良反应及并发症发生情况,并复查胃镜判定EGV程度.结果 无异位栓塞等严重不良反应发生,2例出现再出血、再次注射组织胶后止血;食管静脉曲张和胃底静脉曲张程度降低者分别占88.2%和75.0%.结论 内镜下胃底组织胶注射联和套扎术可明显减轻肝硬化食管EGV程度,且操作简单、安全性高.     

ESVD治疗食管胃连通型静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效及术后再出血危险因素分析

目的 探讨内镜下食管胃底静脉曲张精准断流术（ESVD）治疗食管胃连通型静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效，并分析术后发生再出血的危险因素。方法 收集132例食管胃连通型静脉曲张破裂出血首次内镜下治疗患者，行ESVD治疗。观察术后即可止血效果和急诊止血成功率；术后3、6、12个月复查胃镜，观察12个月内再出血发生情况和内镜下静脉曲张根除情况；记录术后并发症的发生情况。对发生和未发生再出血患者的临床资料进行比较，采用二分类Logistic回归分析术后再出血的危险响因素。结果 患者首次出血治疗即刻止血率为100%,72 h内均未发生再出血，急诊止血成功率为100%。术后12个月内发生再出血9例，未发生再出血123例。随访12个月时内镜下静脉曲张完全根除59例，基本消失41例，未消失23例。术后7 d内胸痛57例，发热12例，均经保守治疗后好转；无食管狭窄、食管穿孔、异位栓塞发生。再出血患者肝功能Child C级所占比例、首次ESVD前曲张静脉直径均高于无再出血患者（P均<0.05）；首次ESVD前曲张静脉直径是影响患者远期再出血的独立危险因素（HR=3.644,95%CI为1.144～11.605...     

食管静脉曲张出血行内镜套扎止血的围手术期护理

目的：探讨食管静脉曲张出血行内镜套扎止血的围手术期护理措施及效果。方法对48例进行内镜套扎术治疗的患者,护理人员在做好手术配合的同时并加强术前护理、术中护理及术后护理工作。结果48例患者均一次性套扎成功。18例行急诊套扎术的食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者术后均止血成功。曲张静脉根治率为58.3％,曲张静脉好转率为41.7％。结论内镜套扎术可有效预防和治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血,减少相关并发症的发生,做好围手术期护理对手术成功完成、减少并发症的发生、改善患者预后有着积极的作用。     

内镜下紧急连环结扎治疗食管静脉曲张出血49例报告

目的 探讨内镜下紧急连环结扎治疗食管静脉曲张的出血的疗效及安全性。方法 采用Pentax EG-290P胃镜和美国Wilson—Cook公司生产的六连发结扎器，对49例食管静脉曲张出血的病人在住院治疗4～12h内进行急救结扎止血。结果 紧急止血成功率93．9％。术中视野清晰，未出现严重的并发症。结论 内镜下紧急连环结扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血近期疗效可靠、安全性好，是食管静脉曲张出血较好的抢救措施。     

急诊内镜治疗食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血200例

目的:探讨急诊内镜治疗食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血的疗效. 方法:内镜下套扎、硬化和栓塞等治疗手段治疗200例食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血.结果: 200例食管贲门胃底静脉曲张活动出血患者, 经急诊内镜治疗仅4例术中死亡, 止血成功率98%. 术后2 wk内因为各种原因死亡32例, 病死率16%. 结论:食管静脉破裂出血, 贲门静脉曲张破裂出血, 套扎效果好. 胃底静脉曲张出血应首选注射人体组织胶栓塞.     

Prevention of variceal recurrence, bleeding, and death in cirrhosis patients with hypersplenism, especially those with severe thrombocytopenia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the impact of different treatments on the prognosis of cirrhosis patients with esophageal varices and thrombocytopenia. METHODOLOGY: This prospective study enrolled 52 cirrhosis patients with esophageal varices and hypersplenism (platelet count < 50,000/mm3). In 26 patients, endoscopic variceal ligation plus partial splenic embolization were performed, while endoscopic variceal ligation alone was done in 26 patients. Endoscopic variceal ligation was repeated until complete eradication of varices was achieved. Partial splenic embolization was performed using the Seldinger method and embolic material was injected until a 60% to 80% reduction of splenic blood flow was achieved. The primary endpoints during the follow-up period included recurrence of varices, variceal bleeding, and death. RESULTS: Comparison of endoscopic variceal ligation plus partial splenic embolization with endoscopic variceal ligation alone by multivariate analysis showed a relative risk ratio of 0.390 (95% CI [0.178-0.854]; p = 0.024) for new varices, 0.191 (95% CI [0.047-0.780]; p = 0.021) for variceal bleeding, and 0.193 (95% CI [0.053-0.699]; p = 0.012) for death. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that endoscopic variceal ligation plus partial splenic embolization can prevent variceal recurrence, bleeding, and death in cirrhosis patients with esophageal varices and thrombocytopenia.     

内镜静脉曲张结扎术与十四肽生长抑素治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效比较

目的 比较内镜静脉曲张结扎术与十四肽生长抑素在治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血中的效果.方法 将2003年1月至2006年4月广东省江门市中心医院消化科收治的80例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者分为内镜治疗组(40例)和十四肽生长抑素治疗组(40例).内镜治疗组在内镜下用多环连发皮圈结扎器行静脉曲张结扎术(EVL),然后静脉滴注垂体后叶素7 d;生长抑素治疗组先以十四肽生长抑素持续静脉滴注72 h,再以垂体后叶素静脉滴注持续4 d.结果 内镜治疗组中39例72 h内止血(97.5%).1个月内再出血4例(10%,其中1周内再出血3例),发生肝肾综合征1例,肝性脑病1例,死亡2例(5%).生长抑素治疗组72 h完全止血32例,1个月内再出血5例(12.5%),出现肝肾综合征5例(12.5%),P＞0.05;肝性脑病6例(15%),P＜0.05;死亡6例(15%),P＞0.05.结论 食管静脉曲张皮圈结扎治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂大出血优于生长抑素治疗,尽早EVL治疗能减少肝性脑病的发生.     

内镜下套扎术预防晚期血吸虫病食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 目的 探讨内镜下套扎术预防晚期血吸虫病 （晚血） 食管静脉曲张再发和破裂出血的作用。方法 方法 治疗组为42 例套扎术后晚血患者, 对照组为同期住院不愿接受套扎治疗的30例晚血患者, 治疗期间3～6个月复查胃镜1次, 了解食管 静脉曲张情况, 并记录有关医疗事件。 结果 结果 套扎治疗后随访2～3年, 平均29个月。治疗组静脉曲张复发8例, 复发率 19.0%, 平均复发时间30个月; 发生食管静脉曲张破裂出血5例, 发生率11.9%, 平均发生时间25个月, 死亡2例。对照组静 脉曲张复发13例, 复发率43.3%, 平均复发时间18个月, 发生出血11例, 发生率36.7%, 平均发生时间18个月, 死亡7例。 治疗组在预防食管静脉曲张破裂出血, 降低病死率方面优于对照组。结论 结论 套扎术可作为预防晚血食管静脉曲张破裂出 血的方法。     

Argon plasma coagulation prevents variceal recurrence after band ligation of esophageal varices: preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic variceal ligation is an established procedure for eradication of esophageal varices. However, varices frequently recur after endoscopic variceal ligation. Argon plasma coagulation has been used as supplemental treatment for eradication of varices and for prevention of variceal recurrence in small uncontrolled series. The aim of this study was to determine whether argon plasma coagulation is effective in reducing variceal recurrence after endoscopic variceal ligation. METHODS: Thirty patients with cirrhosis, a history of acute esophageal variceal bleeding, and eradication of varices by endoscopic variceal ligation were randomized to argon plasma coagulation (16 patients) or observation (14 patients). The 2 groups were similar with respect to all background variables including age, Child-Pugh score, presence of gastric varices, and degree of portal hypertensive gastropathy. In the argon plasma coagulation group, the entire esophageal mucosa 4 to 5 cm proximal to the esophagogastric junction was thermocoagulated circumferentially with argon plasma coagulation in 1 to 3 sessions performed at weekly intervals. Endoscopy was performed every 3 months to check for recurrence of varices in both groups. RESULTS: During the course of the study, no serious complication was noted. After argon plasma coagulation, transient fever occurred in 13 patients and 8 complained of dysphagia or retrosternal pain/discomfort. Mean follow-up for all patients was 16 months (range 9-28 months). No recurrence of varices or variceal hemorrhage was observed in the argon plasma coagulation group, whereas varices recurred in 42.8% (6/14) of the patients in the control group (p < 0.04) and bleeding recurred in 7.2% (1/14). CONCLUSIONS: Argon plasma coagulation of the distal esophageal mucosa after eradication of esophageal varices by endoscopic variceal ligation is safe and effective for reducing the rate of variceal recurrence.     

Risk factors for esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the risk factors for esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODOLOGY: 103 patients with esophageal varices and hepatocellular carcinoma without previous history of varices bleeding or treatment of varices were followed up and the risk factors for variceal bleeding were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: During an average of 650 days' follow-up, 17 patients (17%) suffered from variceal bleeding, showing an annual incidence rate of 9.3%. Another 8 patients (8%) underwent endoscopic variceal ligation for the aggravation of esophageal varices. Multivariate analysis showed that the red color sign of varices and the size of tumor (> or = 33 mm) were independently associated with an increased risk of variceal bleeding (Risk Ratio = 20.33, P < 0.0001 and Risk Ratio = 2.64, P = 0.0231, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The large size of tumor, as well as the red color sign of varices, was a significant risk factor for variceal bleeding in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.     

Esophageal variceal ligation for acute variceal bleeding: results of three years' follow-up.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endoscopic variceal ligation is widely accepted as the optimum endoscopic treatment for esophageal variceal hemorrhage. However, the rebleeding course and long-term outcome of patients with esophageal variceal hemorrhage after ligation have been poorly defined. Therefore, we conducted a long-term follow-up study to delineate the outcome of ligation. METHODS: Twenty-one liver cirrhotic patients with endoscopically proven esophageal variceal hemorrhage were treated by endoscopic variceal ligation. These patients received regular follow-up and detailed clinical assessment of at least 24 months. RESULTS: Twenty-one eligible patients were followed up for a mean of 44.45 months (range 33.5-64 months). The mean number of sessions required to obtain eradication was 3.57+/-1.99 (range 1-8). Esophageal varices could be obliterated within 11.57+/-6.8 weeks (range 3-30). The percentage of variceal recurrence during follow-up was 57.14% (12/21) after endoscopic variceal ligation. Recurrence were observed in a mean of 34 months (median 29 months). Rebleeding from esophageal varices appeared in four patients (19.04%). The appearance rates of portal hypertensive gastropathy and fundal gastric varices after varice obliteration were found to be 45.45% (5/11) and 25% (3/12), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of long-term follow-up of endoscopic variceal ligation, although the percentage of variceal recurrence was high, endoscopic ligation achieved variceal obliteration faster and in fewer treatment sessions. Furthermore, endoscopic variceal ligation had a lower rate of rebleeding and of development of fundal gastric varices, but high portal hypertensive gastropathy.     

Comparison of endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy with sequential endoscopic band ligation plus low-dose sclerotherapy for secondary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and band ligation both have certain limitations such as, respectively, esophageal complications and early recurrence of varices. METHODS: From February 1994 to March 1996, all consecutive patients with portal hypertension due to either cirrhosis or noncirrhotic portal fibrosis and a history of variceal bleeding were included in a prospective study and randomly assigned to receive either endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy alone or endoscopic variceal band ligation plus low-dose endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy. RESULTS: Of 69 patients, 34 were randomly assigned to receive endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy alone; 35 received endoscopic variceal band ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy. Complete variceal eradication rates (85% vs. 80%) and the number of endoscopic sessions required for eradication (6.61 +/- 2.94 vs. 7.85 +/- 3.31) were similar in the endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal band ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy groups, respectively. The mean volume of sclerosant required in the combined group (54.94 +/- 33.74 mL) was significantly less than that in the endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy group (81.91 +/- 34.80 mL). The complication and recurrent bleeding rates were significantly higher in the endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy group than those in the combined group (20% and 16% vs. 3% and 3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy and endoscopic variceal band ligation plus endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy were comparable in eradicating varices but the combined technique was associated with significantly lower complication and recurrent bleeding rates.     

Catheter US probe EUS evaluation of gastric cardia and perigastric vascular structures to predict esophageal variceal recurrence

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the risk of recurrence of esophageal varices by evaluating the severity of cardia vascular structures in patients with portal hypertension by EUS with a catheter US probe before endoscopic variceal ligation. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients with esophageal varices at high risk for bleeding were studied. Simultaneous conventional endoscopy and EUS with a 20 MHz catheter US probe were performed before endoscopic variceal ligation. By catheter US probe EUS findings, vascular structures in the gastric cardia were classified into 2 grades, mild and severe, and the relationship between the catheter US probe EUS findings and the recurrence rate of esophageal varices was analyzed. RESULTS: Catheter US probe EUS before endoscopic variceal ligation demonstrated cardial submucosal varices in all patients, whereas conventional endoscopy revealed cardial varices in only 21 patients (70.0%, NS). Patients with recurrent esophageal varices after endoscopic variceal ligation were more likely to have severe-grade perforating veins before treatment than those without recurrence (71.4% vs. 12.5%, p < 0.01). Patients with severe as opposed to mild-grade perforating veins before treatment had a significantly higher recurrence rate (90.9% vs. 21.0%, p < 0.01%). CONCLUSIONS: Catheter US probe EUS findings for cardial vascular structures before treatment are useful for predicting the likelihood of recurrence of esophageal varices.     

Endoscopic variceal ligation of patients with liver cirrhosis and cirrhosis accompanied by hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Rupture of esophageal varices with severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage is one of the most serious complications of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicating LC. The present study looks at the success of hemostasis in LC and LC accompanied by HCC, the success of breaking the varices cluster and the rate of rebleeding in patients of LC subject to emergency ligation and prophylactic ligation. Methods: Seventy‐five patients were divided into three groups. Group 1: 30 patients with LC accompanied by HCC with digestive bleeding; group 2: 30 patients with LC with digestive bleeding; and group 3: 15 patients with LC with high risk of digestive bleeding from esophageal varices (with no medical history of digestive bleeding). Success of hemostasis 72 h after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) was that patients did not vomit blood nor produce black feces. The effectiveness of EVL for iradication of the variceal cluster was classified into three levels: good, fairly good and poor. Results: The hemostasis success in group 1 (LC accompanied by HCC) and group 2 (LC with digestive bleeding due to esophageal varices) was 73.3% and 93.4%, respectively. The success of breaking the varix cluster in group 2 (LC) and group 3 (LC with high risk of digestive bleeding and treated by prophylactic ligation) was 73.3% and 80%, respectively. The rate of rebleeding in group 2 and group 3 after 1 year was 20% and 13.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Endoscopic variceal ligation is a good technique for variceal hemostasis and eradication of the esophageal varices cluster.