Hemi-orbicularis oculi switch flap for upper eyelid defects.

BACKGROUND: The technique chosen to reconstruct anterior lamellar defects of the upper eyelid requires careful consideration. We modified pre-existing techniques used to reconstruct anterior lamellar defects after tumour resection and have called this procedure a hemi-orbicularis oculi switch flap. METHODS: This musculocutaneous flap is elevated with underlying orbicularis and its base abuts the anterior lamellar defect. The flap, which is half the height of the defect, is elevated and inset to cover the defect. Then, taking into consideration the extensibility of upper eyelid skin, the remainder of the defect and the donor site are closed directly. RESULTS: Five patients with basal cell carcinoma, haemangioma, and xanthoma of the upper eyelid were treated by this method. All flaps survived and complications were minimal. Aesthetically and functionally good results were obtained by this method. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a surgical method for the reconstruction of anterior lamellar defects of the upper eyelid. The proposed method is technically simple and safe and provides consistent results for a potentially wide variety of upper eyelid tumours.     

"风筝"皮瓣在眼睑前层缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨“风筝”皮瓣(亦称皮下蒂推进皮瓣)在修复眼睑前层(包括皮肤和眼轮匝肌)缺损的应用。方法于缺损邻接部位沿皮纹方向设计“风筝”皮瓣，按设计线切开皮肤，在眼轮匝肌下剥离形成以眼轮匝肌为皮下蒂的“风筝”皮瓣，推进转移修复皮肤缺损，用70无损伤缝线缝合。自1994年以来已用于14例，年龄15～64岁，缺损最大直径为上睑长度的1／3。结果皮瓣全部成活，切口Ⅰ期愈合，随访时间3个月至1年，眼睑形态满意，切口瘢痕不明显。结论对于眼睑前层范围较大不宜直接缝合，但尚有条件用局部皮瓣修复的中等大的缺损，用“风筝”皮瓣进行修复简单易行，效果可靠。其优点是，皮瓣通过推进转移的方式覆盖创面，没有旋转和变形，转移后局部平整，无“猫耳”等畸形产生，皮瓣蒂部宽广，血运良好，愈合后肤色与四周一致。     

Fricke supraorbital flap for reconstruction of total lower eyelid defects

Summary Split or full thickness eyelid defects resulting from tumor destruction or surgical excision present a dilemma for plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Full thickness eyelid replacement requires composite grafting of the skin, together with tarsal support of its substitute and mucosa. The flap described by Fricke in 1829 was used for reconstruction of anterior lamella in six lower eyelid defects. In three of our cases chondromucosal grafts taken from nasal septum were utilized for posterior lamella repair. The results have been satisfactory from a functional and cosmetic standpoint.     

Superomedially based upper eyelid musculocutaneous flap for closure of medial canthal defects

The medial canthal region has a complex anatomy and is associated with significant neighboring structures. These features limit reconstructive options and make those procedures difficult. A superomedially based upper eyelid musculocutaneous flap has been designed. Using this flap, which is basically a Tripier flap with a single superomedial pedicle, six medial canthal defects were reconstructed following the resection of benign and malignant lesions. The pedicle was based supramedially and this allowed defects to be reconstructed that included the medial parts of the upper and lower eyelids and resulted in minimal morbidity.     

Total upper and lower eyelid reconstruction using an expanded forehead flap

Surgical modalities have been described with varying success for the correction of eyelid defects. The reconstructive surgeon must choose the procedure on a case-by-case basis taking into consideration the following criteria: mechanism of injury, comorbidities, and goals of surgery. In this study, we describe a unique case of total upper and lower eyelid reconstruction using an expanded forehead flap technique in an adult patient who underwent left eye enucleation and radiation to the orbit for rhabdomyosarcoma in infancy. After this patient reached adulthood, examination revealed a contracted, anophthalmic left orbit with paper-thin upper and lower eyelids adhering to the concave walls of the orbit. There was absence of significant periorbital soft tissue. The expanded forehead flap procedure achieved our aims of providing not only an aesthetic result, but also adequate soft tissue support for placement of an ocular prosthesis.     

Free autogenous grafts in eyelid tarsoconjunctival reconstruction

Classical techniques of reconstruction of large eyelid defects require temporary occlusion of the eye. Use of a free autogenous tarsoconjunctival graft with a skin-muscle flap is described. Twelve patients were operated with ten good, two fair, and no poor results. This method can be used to repair medial, lateral, and central defects of the upper and lower eyelids.     

眼睑局部皮瓣在修复睑缘色素痣切除后创面中的应用

目的：介绍睑缘色素痣手术切除后创面修复的方法。方法：根据睑缘色素痣切除后眼睑缺损创面的层次、大小及形状,选用适当的眼睑局部皮瓣修复睑缘缺损,如：＂A-T＂皮瓣、＂风筝＂皮瓣、＂H＂形推进皮瓣。共施行手术38例,其中缺损创面位于上睑缘者23例,下睑缘者15例;睑缘全层缺损9例,睑缘前层皮肤缺损29例;睑缘缺损面积最小者约为0.5cm×0.6cm,最大者约为1.6cm×0.8cm。共利用＂A-T＂皮瓣16例、＂风筝＂皮瓣13例、＂H＂形推进皮瓣9例。结果：本组患者术后皮瓣全部成活,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,其中33例术后获得随访1周～16周,眼睑外观形态良好,眼睑切口无明显瘢痕,睑缘弧线正常自然,双眼睑形态对称,眼睑闭合功能正常。结论：睑缘色素痣因其位置的特殊性,灵活选用眼睑局部皮瓣修复睑缘缺损,能获得满意的眼睑功能和美容性重建效果。     

Lower eyelid reconstruction with tarsoconjunctival flap in a xeroderma pigmentosum patient

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of DNA repair in which the ability to repair damage caused by ultraviolet light is deficient. This disorder leads to multiple basal cell carcinomas and other skin malignancies at a young age. The eye is the second most commonly affected organ. We present a case of xeroderma pigmentosum with basal cell carcinoma totally infiltrating the lower eyelid. The reconstruction after excision has been planned with a tarsoconjunctival flap (modified Hughes procedure). This procedure had evolved over the years since it had been first described by Hughes. Some important modifications have led the flap to be used with much success. Our aim is to show that the tarsoconjunctival flap is a reliable option in the reconstruction of total lower eyelid defects, with good functional and esthetic outcomes.     

扩张皮瓣在修复眼睑软组织缺损中的临床应用

目的：总结应用扩张皮瓣修复眼睑软组织缺损的临床经验。方法：一期手术选用30～100ml容量的扩张器埋置于睑部临近的正常皮肤皮下层,注水扩张3～4月,二期应用不同大小的扩张皮瓣修复眼睑缺损创面,恢复睑缘正常位置。结果：对2005～2009年间的临床病例,应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复眼睑缺损共10例10只患眼,均利用扩张皮肤形成局部皮瓣一次完成修复。术后随访2周～1年,皮瓣全部成活,均获得满意效果,睑缘位置恢复正常,瘢痕不明显,无睑外翻出现。结论：皮肤软组织扩张术可产生过多的额外皮肤,应用扩张皮瓣修复不同程度的睑部软组织缺损是一种较为理想的治疗方法。     

颊部旋转皮瓣和软骨黏膜复合组织片修复全下睑全层缺损

目的 探索一种全下睑全层缺损Ⅰ期再造的手术方法.方法 对11例患者设计颊部旋转皮瓣再造下睑皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织片游离移植再造下睑的结膜和睑板,完成Ⅰ期再造全下睑全层缺损.结果 11例再造下睑全部成活,除2例发生再造下睑轻度退缩外,无其他并发症发生,外形及功能均令人满意.结论 采用颊部旋转皮瓣覆盖皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织移植片替代睑板和结膜行全下睑全层缺损再造,此术式操作简单,效果良好,是全下睑全层缺损再造的理想术式.     

颊部旋转皮瓣和软骨黏膜复合组织片修复全下睑全层缺损

目的 探索一种全下睑全层缺损Ⅰ期再造的手术方法.方法 对11例患者设计颊部旋转皮瓣再造下睑皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织片游离移植再造下睑的结膜和睑板,完成Ⅰ期再造全下睑全层缺损.结果 11例再造下睑全部成活,除2例发生再造下睑轻度退缩外,无其他并发症发生,外形及功能均令人满意.结论 采用颊部旋转皮瓣覆盖皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织移植片替代睑板和结膜行全下睑全层缺损再造,此术式操作简单,效果良好,是全下睑全层缺损再造的理想术式.     

颊部旋转皮瓣和软骨黏膜复合组织片修复全下睑全层缺损

目的 探索一种全下睑全层缺损Ⅰ期再造的手术方法.方法 对11例患者设计颊部旋转皮瓣再造下睑皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织片游离移植再造下睑的结膜和睑板,完成Ⅰ期再造全下睑全层缺损.结果 11例再造下睑全部成活,除2例发生再造下睑轻度退缩外,无其他并发症发生,外形及功能均令人满意.结论 采用颊部旋转皮瓣覆盖皮肤,鼻中隔软骨黏膜复合组织移植片替代睑板和结膜行全下睑全层缺损再造,此术式操作简单,效果良好,是全下睑全层缺损再造的理想术式.     

上睑眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣在修复瘢痕性下睑外翻中的应用

目的：探讨应用上睑眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣修复轻中度下睑外翻的方法。方法：在完成上睑皮肤松弛矫正的同时，将上睑睑板表面剥离并形成上睑眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣，转移至下睑外翻患处，2周后断蒂，上睑形成重睑。结果：17例患者实施该手术后上睑形态流畅，下睑外翻基本矫正，外观满意，随访3～6个月，无下睑外翻复发。结论：应用上睑眼轮匝肌肌皮瓣修复轻重度下睑外翻是一种较为可行的手术方法。     

眼睑复合组织瓣修复眼睑全层缺损

目的 探讨中、重度眼睑全层缺损的修复方法。方法 根据眼睑的解剖结构设计眼睑缺损两侧以睑缘动脉弓为血供的带蒂眼睑复合组织瓣，切开游离后，向缺损区水平推进I期修复眼睑包括睑缘睫毛在内的全层组织缺损。结果 1998年以来临床治疗11例，眼睑缺损最大长度1．7cm，最小0．8cm，缺损长度均超过全睑长度的1／3，眼睑瓣全部成活，无并发症，修复后眼睑外形满意。结论 应用带蒂眼睑复合组织瓣推进I期修复眼睑全层缺损，手术操作简便，就地取材，血供可靠，能以正常的眼睑的解剖结构最大限度地恢复眼睑功能及外形，术后无明显继发畸形，是一种较理想的修复眼睑全层缺损的术式。     

瘢痕皮瓣修复上睑皮肤瘢痕性缺损

目的：探讨局部瘢痕皮瓣修复上睑皮肤瘢痕性缺损的效果。方法：烧伤、感染后的瘢痕疙瘩所致上睑皮肤瘢痕性缺损10例;采用保留瘢痕皮肤的瘢痕内剥除塑形手术方法,同时松解复位外翻的眼睑,术后曲安奈德瘢痕内注射2～5次。结果：除1例皮瓣坏死改善不明显外,其余病例瘢痕疙瘩和睑外翻完全矫正。随访3～12月,无复发,重睑形态良好。结论：瘢痕皮瓣是修复上睑皮肤瘢痕性缺损的良好办法。     

Experience in upper eyelid reconstruction with the Cutler-Beard technique

Reconstruction of full-thickness upper eyelid defects has to supply a movable lid with perfect corneal protection, good aesthetic quality, and acceptable sequelae at the donor site. The Cutler-Beard procedure, a full-thickness cutaneoconjunctival inferior eyelid advancement flap, is a reliable method for reconstruction of total or partial upper eyelid defects. Especially in older individuals, the skin of the donor site is loose and provides sufficient tissue to stretch. Color and texture of the donor matches the recipient site perfectly. Destabilization or ectropion of the donor site, the lower lid, and retraction or entropion of the recipient site, the upper lid, are the main complications. Therefore, a modification of the classic technique should be considered by implantation of an enforcing inlay in the reconstructed lid (eye bank sclera, fascia lata, ear cartilage), especially in reconstruction of extended defects of the upper lid.     

眶脂肪保留和眼轮匝肌瓣悬吊法整复睑袋畸形

目的 预防睑袋整复术后出现下睑凹陷和巩膜过多显露等并发症。方法 术中沿眶下缘松解眶隔,释放出眶脂肪,将其充填眶下缘凹陷,并设计下睑眼轮匝肌瓣,用以缩紧悬吊松驰下垂的下睑肌肉与皮肤。结果 从1996年9月至1997年5月,共以此法整复睑袋畸形30例。26例得到3－8个月随访,除1例因一侧眼轮匝肌瓣固定不牢致下睑轻度外翻外,其余均获满意效果。结论 此法既可有效地矫正睑袋畸形,又可避免术后出现下睑凹陷和巩膜过多显露状况,同时具有颊提升效果,可使全中面部变得年轻化。     

Complications of eyelid reconstruction using a semicircular flap

Complications of the semicircular flap technique of eyelid reconstruction include lateral canthal webbing, ectropion, lid notching, symblepharon, and tissue fullness of the lateral lid. These difficulties occur infrequently and rarely cause significant problems. Attention to surgical details, however, can minimize unfavorable results. It should be emphasized that the semicircular flap remains a superb technique for reconstruction of defects involving up to 80% of the lower eyelid.     

Periorbital reconstruction using variations of the upper eyelid flap.

Tissues that have characteristics identical or similar to periorbital soft tissue are preferred for reconstruction in the eye region. The upper eyelid is part of the periorbital area that provides an ideal reserve of tissue for this purpose, without producing a donor-site deformity. We used the upper eyelid flap with different pedicle designs in various parts of the periorbital region in 21 patients, and achieved favourable results. The flap was medially-based in five, superomedially-based in seven, laterally-based in eight, and superolaterally-based in one. The tissue defects were the result of the excision of tumours in 18 patients, and of injury in three. The defects were located in the upper eyelid in two, the lower eyelid in five, the medial canthus in eight, the lateral canthus in four, and in the neighbouring orbitonasal zones in two. Different sized flaps were used according to the dimensions of the defects, which ranged from about 1 to 8 cm2. The upper eyelid flap is versatile, and provides tissue of ideal colour and texture. The procedure can be done quickly in one stage with minimal morbidity.     

Full-thickness eyelid reconstruction with a single upper eyelid orbicularis oculi musculocutaneous flap

Eyelid tumors affecting the eye in general prove to be highly challenging to plastic surgeons. Reconstruction must be precisely detailed when dealing with lesions that primarily affect the skin but progressively the eyelid margin. Conjunctiva invasion damage is estimated to one-third or less in size when compared with the damage caused on the anterior wall of the eyelid. Although serial techniques for extent and location of full-thickness eyelid reconstruction have been detailed, the orbicularis oculi muscle can be easily raised as an island musculocutaneous flap. The eyelid's bilaminar wall is recreated by folding the flap on itself and full-thickness eyelid reconstruction is achieved sacrificing minimal accessory tissue. The small cutaneous section in contact with the globe becomes tolerable. As no single method for full-thickness eyelid reconstruction applies to extent and location to a wide range of defects, the proposed flap is safe, reliable, and beneficial to oculoplastic surgery.