大鼠骨髓基质细胞移植治疗胶质瘤的实验研究

目的将Wistar大鼠骨髓基质细胞体外移植入C6胶质瘤大鼠模型,观察其生物学特性及大鼠存活状态。方法建立C6载瘤模型和骨髓基质细胞移植治疗模型;待术后生长至3w和4w时行MRI检测;不同时间段内大鼠脑标本行免疫组化染色。结果骨髓基质细胞移植组模型平均生存时间为4.03w;对照组平均生存时间为3.88w;且其平均肿瘤体积与对照组无明显差异。大鼠体内移植体外培养5月余的骨髓基质细胞未发现肿物生成。骨髓基质细胞包绕在胶质瘤周围,对胶质瘤细胞有定向靶向作用。结论骨髓基质细胞对胶质瘤有定向靶向作用,可以安全的作为生物载体转染目的基因治疗胶质瘤。     

大鼠胚胎神经干细胞移植治疗C6胶质母细胞瘤

目的 将Wistar大鼠神经干细胞移植入C6胶质瘤模型,观察其生物学特性,为神经干细胞转染目的基因移植治疗颅内肿瘤提供可靠的依据.方法 建立25只C6载瘤模型和35只神经干细胞移植治疗模型;待肿瘤生长至3周和4周时,两组分别随机抽取5只大鼠行MRI检测;分不同时间段大鼠灌注取材,分别做HE染色、GFAP及BrdU免疫组化染色.结果 神经干细胞移植组模型平均生存时间为4.28周;对照组平均生存时间为3.88周;且其平均肿瘤体积比对照组小.BrdU染色显示沿针道及与C6胶质瘤交界的部位有大量BrdU标记阳性的神经干细胞.结论 神经干细胞对胶质瘤有定向靶向作用,能够"追踪"渗透到周围正常组织的肿瘤细胞,可以作为生物载体转染目的基因治疗胶质瘤;神经干细胞对胶质瘤细胞的生长有抑制作用,能够延长大鼠模型的生存期.     

VEGF165反义RNA抑制C6胶质瘤大鼠体内生长的实验研究

目的针对VEGF及其受体的抗血管生成治疗，已成为恶性胶质瘤治疗研究的新方向，为临床应用VEGF165反义RNA治疗胶质瘤提供实验室证据。方法本研究在建立大鼠C6胶质瘤模型基础上，利用脂质体法将pcDNA3-AVEGF165质粒导入C6胶质瘤细胞，以G418筛选阳性克隆。将阳性克隆及对照C6细胞定向移植人大鼠右脑尾状核，比较大鼠生存时间、肿瘤生长速率的变化，评判VEGF165反义RNA对脑胶质瘤生长的抑制作用。结果①成功将pcDNA3-AVEGF165质粒导入C6胶质瘤细胞，并筛选出阳性克隆株；②对照组和实验组C6细胞周期特征无明显变化；③VEGF165反义RNA对荷瘤大鼠有延长生存时间，延缓肿瘤生长速度的作用。结论VEGF165反义RNA对大鼠C6胶质瘤生长有明显抑制作用。     

骨髓基质细胞立体定向移植治疗大鼠脑缺血损伤的实验研究

目的:观察骨髓基质细胞立体定向移植对大鼠脑缺血损伤后神经功能恢复的作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:制作SD大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型(MCAO);体外培养骨髓基质细胞,观察其生物学特性以及立体定向移植后对脑缺血损伤后神经功能改善情况。结果:骨髓基质细胞体外可以长期传代、扩增,分泌NGF、VEGF等多种神经保护性因子;立体定向移植后,骨髓基质细胞在脑内存活、迁徙,小部分分化成具有神经元表面标志的细胞,与对照组相比,骨髓基质细胞移植组神经功能改善情况好于对照组。结论:骨髓基质细胞具有多向分化潜能,表达并分泌多种神经保护性营养因子。立体定向移植MSCs,对改善脑缺血损伤后的神经功能状况具有积极作用。     

5-ALA介导的光动力治疗鼠C6胶质瘤的实验研究

目的研究以5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）作为光敏剂的光动力治疗（PDT）对大鼠C6胶质瘤移植瘤的效果。方法通过皮下接种C6胶质瘤细胞建立大鼠移植胶质瘤模型。将24只荷瘤大鼠平均随机分成3组：A组按剂量20mg／kg在瘤内注射5-ALA，2h后在肿瘤局部行激光照射；B组行单纯激光照射，不予任何光敏剂；C组为荷瘤空白对照组，不给任何治疗。PDT后不同时间，测量肿瘤体积并观察其组织学变化。结果治疗后第4、8和14天A组肿瘤体积与B、C组相比明显缩小（P〈0．05），组织学上可见大量肿瘤细胞坏死。结论5-ALA作为光敏剂介导的PDT能使大鼠C6胶质瘤移植瘤组织坏死，生长速度明显减慢，有望成为胶质瘤治疗的新途径。     

大鼠骨髓基质干细胞治疗C6胶质瘤实验研究

目的观察骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)在体内环境下对C6胶质瘤的治疗效果。方法流式细胞术检测培养的BMSCs表面标记;SD大鼠生存周期绘成Kaplan-Meier图,行Log-rank Test,HE染色和BrdU免疫组化染色观察BMSCs对胶质瘤的趋向性和治疗情况。结果流式实验显示所培养细胞为BMSCs;HE染色结果示呈瘤率为100%,实验组较对照组生存时间明显延长;BrdU免疫组化染色示BMSCs存在于肿瘤组织及其周边。结论侧脑室移植BMSCs后,BMSCs可向肿瘤组织迁移,并可改善荷瘤大鼠的生存质量,明显延长其晚期生存周期。     

新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后骨髓基质细胞移植时间的选择☆

目的：众多研究已证实骨髓基质细胞移植治疗缺氧缺血性脑损伤是有效的，但移植时间点的选择尚无定论。在新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后不同时间点进行骨髓基质细胞移植，通过对其远期行为学及组织学检测，探讨最佳的移植时间窗。 方法：实验于2005-06/2006-06在中南大学湘雅医院中心实验室完成。①动物：选取清洁级7 d龄SD大鼠50只，随机数字表法分为5组：正常对照组、模型对照组、24 h，72 h，7 d细胞移植组，10只/组。另取4周龄SD大鼠10只用于骨髓基质细胞的培养。实验过程中对动物的处置符合动物伦理学标准。②实验方法：除正常对照组外，其余组大鼠均建立缺氧缺血性脑损伤模型。在脑立体定位仪下，24 h，72 h，7 d细胞移植组分别于造模后对应时间点，将体外培养3~5代且经Hochest33324标记24 h的鼠骨髓基质细胞2 μL脑内移植于左侧海马，约105个细胞。③实验评估：各组大鼠40 d日龄时进行迷宫觅水测试，记录觅水时间、错误次数、重复次数。行为学测试后取脑组织片行尼氏染色，计数左侧海马CA1区神经元数。在荧光显微镜下观察骨髓基质细胞的存活、增殖，用免疫组化法检测骨髓基质细胞神经元特异性烯醇化酶的阳性率。 结果：50只大鼠均进入结果分析。①放射臂迷宫实验检测：模型对照组觅水时间、错误次数、重复次数均高于正常对照组和各细胞移植组（P < 0.01），24 h细胞移植组上述3项指标均低于72 h，7 d细胞移植组（P < 0.05）。②左侧海马CA1区神经元尼氏染色结果：模型对照组神经元数较正常对照组明显减少（P < 0.01），且排列紊乱，丢失明显；24 h，72 h，7 d细胞移植组神经元数均较模型对照组显著增加（P < 0.01），排列整齐；24 h细胞移植组神经元数较72 h，7 d细胞移植组明显增多（P < 0.05）。③骨髓基质细胞体内增殖和神经分化情况：骨髓基质细胞移植后30~40 d仍可在移植部位及左侧皮质区存活、增殖。24 h细胞移植组左脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性表达率显著高于72 h，7 d细胞移植组（P < 0.01）。 结论：新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后24 h接受骨髓基质细胞移植可最大程度改善脑损伤所导致的远期行为学障碍，其机制可能与早期移植可有效减轻神经元的坏死、凋亡，且有利于骨髓基质细胞的迁移、分化有关。     

移植胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰骨髓基质干细胞对脑出血大鼠的神经保护作用

背景：研究显示,细胞移植对脑出血脑损伤有保护作用,有学者在脑梗死后移植骨髓基质干细胞能促进大鼠神经功能恢复。 目的：观察移植胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞是否比单纯骨髓基质干细胞移植对脑出血有更好的保护作用。 方法：采用自体血制作大鼠脑出血模型,36只SD成年大鼠随机抽签法分为3组,每组按不同时间点分为２个亚组,每个时间点6只。胶质细胞源性神经营养因子/骨髓基质干细胞组、骨髓基质干细胞组分别在脑出血壳核注射胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞、骨髓基质干细胞20 μL/只;对照组注射生理盐水20 μL。分别在1,2周处死大鼠,免疫组织化学染色观察突触素和神经生长相关蛋白在脑出血周边区的表达。 结果与结论：各时间点胶质细胞源性神经营养因子/骨髓基质干细胞组的突触素和神经生长相关蛋白43免疫阳性产物比骨髓基质干细胞组和对照组显著增加(P < 0.05)。提示胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的骨髓基质干细胞比单一骨髓基质干细胞对大鼠脑出血有更好的保护作用。     

骨髓基质干细胞向大鼠脑胶质瘤的趋向迁移作用

目的 研究骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)向大鼠脑胶质瘤的趋向性.方法 在体外分离培养Fisher344大鼠BMSCs.流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫表型;Transwell法分别将BMSCs、NIH3T3细胞与9L细胞进行共培养.24 h后计算细胞迁移率:立体定向法建立Fisher344大鼠/9L细胞脑胶质瘤模型,2周后经神经行为学、MRI、HE染色证实模型成功后.将5-溴脱氧核苷尿嘧啶(BrdU)标记的BMSCs、N1H3T3细胞由颈内动脉进行移植,2周后,Fisher344大鼠灌注固定取脑,免疫组织化学检测BMSCs的趋向迁移规律.结果 体外分离培养的3～6代BMSCs表面标志CD34、CD45阴性而CD29、CD44阳性;BMSCs在体外能够向9L细胞迁移;立体定向法建立Fisher344大鼠/9L细胞脑胶质瘤模型符合胶质瘤的特征:颈内动脉移植的BMSCs也能够向9L细胞胶质瘤趋向迁移,主要分布在肿瘤组织与正常组织的边界.结论 BMSCs在体内、外均能够向脑胶质瘤迁移,颈内动脉移植是一种简单、有效的方法.     

C6细胞热休克蛋白抗原肽复合物提纯及抑瘤作用研究

目的提纯大鼠脑胶质瘤C6细胞热休克蛋白抗原肽复合物(HAC),免疫SD大鼠,观察HAC的抑瘤作用。方法采用免疫亲和层析方法提纯大鼠脑胶质瘤C6细胞HAC,免疫20只大鼠为实验组,以另20只大鼠作为对照组,于免疫后1 w,采用立体定向脑内接种方法,以C6细胞攻击两组大鼠,于肿瘤细胞攻击后第二周,取两组动物外周静脉血,测定外周静脉血淋巴细胞计数,并应用流式细胞仪技术测定外周血中CD3 /CD4 和CD3 /CD8 T淋巴细胞的比例。观察饲养过程中实验动物出现的症状、体征和第四周实验动物存活率。于第四周处死存活动物,取脑组织进行HE染色病理组织学检查,并用免疫组化方法分析脑胶质瘤浸润区T淋巴细胞分布情况。结果实验组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞计数显著高于对照组(P<0.01),CD3 /CD4 和CD3 /CD8 T淋巴细胞的比例实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。实验组动物症状出现时间显著晚于对照组动物(P<0.01),实验组动物四周末存活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。实验组胶质瘤局部浸润的CD3 和CD4 细胞数均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),实验组胶质瘤局部浸润的CD8 细胞数与对照组比较无显著差异(P>0.05),实验组胶质瘤局部浸润T淋巴细胞CD4 /CD8 显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论C6细胞中HAC可以诱导大鼠产生对C6细胞的细胞免疫,提高大鼠存活率。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.