胰肾联合移植术后并发十二指肠瘘的处理

目的 总结胰肾联合移植术后并发十二指肠瘘的处理经验.方法 回顾性分析1例糖尿病合并尿毒症的患者实施同种异体胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植术(胰液膀胱外引流)的临床资料.该患者胰腺移植于右髂窝,腹主动脉片与髂外动脉做端侧吻合,门静脉与髂外静脉做端侧吻合;肾移植于左侧髂窝,肾静脉、动脉分别与髂外静脉、动脉做端侧吻合,输尿管吻合于膀胱左侧壁.术后应用普乐可复+霉酚酸酯+泼尼松+抗淋巴细胞球蛋白四联免疫抑制方案.结果 患者术后胰肾功能恢复良好,无排斥反应发生,血糖及肌酐水平恢复正常.术后45d突然出现右下腹痛,造影确诊为十二指肠残端瘘,行瘘修补术,术中见瘘口难以修补遂放置一引流管,但术后仍持续漏液,腐蚀周围皮肤.术后7个月突然自腹部皮肤漏胰液处涌出鲜血,血压下降而死亡.结论 十二指肠瘘是胰肾联合移植术后严重的并发症,保障十二指肠有良好的血液供应和可靠的吻合技术是预防其发生的重要因素.     

胰肾联合移植一例报告

我院于１９９８年６月施行了１例临床胰肾联合移植,患者现已带胰肾有功能存活近半年,报告如下。患者,男,５３岁。１９９８年６月２３日接受胰肾联合移植术。供者用腹主动脉插管,ＵＷ液灌注,整块切取全胰、十二指肠、脾脏、双肾及输尿管,低温保存。修剪时将腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉开口修成一袖口状。受者行下腹弧形切口,胰腺移植于右髂窝,将供者腹主动脉袖口和门静脉分别与受者右侧髂外动、静脉端侧吻合,开放血流后有胰液流出,总缺血时间为１０小时。十二指肠与膀胱右前壁双层侧侧吻合。肾脏移植于左髂窝,供肾动静脉与左髂外动静…     

门静脉回流式肠道引流的同侧胰肾联合移植术四例

目的 改进门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术的动脉重建方法.方法 供者采用肝胰肾脾联合切取法,并切取供者髂血管备用.修整供者器官时,将肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合,以重建胰十二指肠动脉弓;将髂总静脉与门静脉端端吻合,以延长门静脉1～2 cm;将髂外动脉与肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干共同的腹主动脉袖片行端端吻合,备用.胰腺移植时,将供者延长后的门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉行端侧吻合,将供者髂总动脉及髂内动脉经末端同肠系膜打孔穿出后,供者髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合,供者髂内动脉用血管夹暂时夹闭,准备与供肾动脉吻合.供者十二指肠与受者空肠用吻合器行侧侧吻合.肾移植时,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端侧吻合,肾动脉与夹闭备用的供者髂内动脉行端端吻合,开放肾血流后,将移植肾经切口置于右下腹部侧腹膜外同定,并在腹膜外吻合输尿管与膀胱.结果 除1例术后第50天时因腹腔感染导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡外,其他3例术后均恢复顺利.术后对3例存活患者随访了24～27个月,患者移植物功能良好,完全停用胰岛素,血清肌酐为72.5～119.7μmol/L.结论 门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术较传统术式操作简单,而十二指肠动脉弓的重建改善了胰腺及十二指肠的血液供应.术中利用供者髂总动脉搭桥,将供肾动脉吻合到供者髂内动脉的术式可以减少在受者严重钙化的周围血管上的操作次数,同时为患者保留了左侧髂动脉.     

胰肾联合移植的实验研究和临床应用

目的　建立胰肾联合移植(SPKT)大动物模型，进而应用于临床Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰的病人。方法　选用杂种猪作SPKT的供受体，供体门静脉远端与左肾静脉吻合，近端及带腹腔、肠系膜上和左肾动脉的腹主动脉段分别与受体下腔静脉及肾以下腹主动脉端侧吻合，十二指肠吻合于膀胱，输尿管置管外引流，未作预防及抗排斥处理。此后取无心跳供体胰肾分别移植于Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰患者的两侧髂窝，血管均分别吻合于两侧髂外动、静脉，输尿管及十二指肠吻合于膀胱左右侧。结果　13头移植猪中2头死于内环境紊乱及吻合口出血，其余11头平均存活(9.1±2.4)d。接受移植的病人胰肾功能恢复良好，已存活7个多月。结论　建立猪SPK模型是可行的，SPK对Ⅰ型糖尿病肾衰患者有确切疗效。     

胰肾联合移植治疗肝移植后糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭二例

目的 总结肝移植后再行胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的临床处理经验.方法 2例肝移植受者术前合并有2型糖尿病,分别于肝移植后7年余和4年余发生肾功能衰竭,遂行胰肾联合移植,2例的移植肝功能均正常.采取腹部器官联合快速切取技术整块切取双肾、全胰及十二指肠节段,先行肾移植,再行胰腺移植,供肾移植于左侧髂窝,供胰移植于右侧髂窝,供者的十二指肠与受者的空肠侧侧吻合,供者的十二指肠内置管,通过受者的空肠引流出体外.例1采用抗白细胞介素受体单克隆抗体诱导的四联免疫抑制方案预防排斥反应;例2术中给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白和甲泼尼龙,术后继续使用2d,采用他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素预防排斥反应.结果 2例手术过程顺利,术后移植胰腺功能正常,血糖均于术后10d左右恢复正常,无需胰岛素治疗,移植肾功能1周时恢复正常,第2例1周后血清肌酐渐进性升高,经验性抗排斥反应治疗效果不明显,移植肾活组织检查未见明显排斥反应征象,遂将他克莫司替换为西罗莫司,之后受者的肾功能逐渐恢复正常.目前2例受者已分别随访36个月及9个月,移植肝、肾及胰腺功能均正常.结论 肝移植后合并糖尿病、肾功能衰竭时可考虑行胰肾联合移植,但术后免疫反应复杂,需严密监测移植物功能.     

膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后严重代谢性酸中毒的外科治疗

目的探讨膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植长期存活受者代谢性酸中毒的治疗方法。方法1例女性45岁糖尿病肾病、尿毒症患者膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后3年并发严重代谢性酸中毒，二次手术改为同肠引流。绕移植胰腺十二指肠膀胱吻合口切除已游离的带膀胱擘吻合口，于距同盲部40cm处回肠与移植胰腺十二指肠段行侧侧吻合，吻合口长约5cm，距吻合口15cm处冉行回肠襻侧侧吻合。结果患者术后恢复好。服用常规免疫抑制剂，住院30d。随访4年，患者血气分析正常。肾功能、血糖波动在正常范围。结论膀胱引流式胰肾联合移植术后严重代谢性酸中毒患者改用回肠引流是一种有效、安全的治疗方法。     

经门静脉及肠道引流式一期胰肾联合移植六例报告

目的介绍6例门静脉肠道引流胰肾联合移植术及其疗效。方法对6例胰岛素依赖性型糖尿病合并尿毒症患者施行了同期门静脉肠道引流胰肾联合移植术,即带腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉开口的Carrel袖片与髂外动脉行端侧吻合,门静脉与受体肠系膜上静脉行端侧吻合,移植物十二指肠与受体空肠行侧侧双层吻合。术后早期采用肾上腺皮质激素 霉酚酸酯 他克莫司 巴利昔单抗四联诱导治疗。结果6例胰肾联合移植手术均获成功,4例存活至今,2例在围手术期死亡。4例存活者术后3d空腹血糖恢复正常;停用胰岛素后,肾功能3~5d恢复正常;血淀粉酶和血清C肽水平2周后均在正常范围。随访4~34个月,移植胰和移植肾功能正常。2例死亡的原因是胰漏感染和FK506药物中毒。结论门静脉肠道引流方法更符合生理,无远期并发症,是很有前途的胰腺移植手术方式。     

改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、肾一期联合移植(附2例报道)

目的 报告2例改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的外科技术和治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒平的效果。方法 2000年6-9月,2例胰岛素依赖型糖尿病并发尿毒症的患者接受胰、十二指肠及肾一期联合移植,移植胰的外分泌采用空肠内引流,不作Roux-en-Y型吻合,结果 移植后,立即停用胰岛素,肾功能1-5d恢复正常,无外科并发症,未发生排斥反应,患者目前已分别存活5个月和2个月,移植胰和移植肾功能均正常,一般情况良好。结论 改良的胰液空肠引流式胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植技术简单、安全,是治疗I型糖尿病并发尿毒症的较好术式。     

肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术

目的 探讨肠道-下腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术的手术操作及临床效果.方法 对3例慢性肾衰竭合并2型糖尿病患者施行肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术,3例均为首次移植,年龄52、58、58岁.每日胰岛素用量20～55 U.供体切取均采用多器官联合切取.热缺血时间8～12 min,供体修整均采用肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端-端吻合以重建十二指肠动脉弓,利用供体髂总静脉延长供体门静脉,切除供体脾脏.以供体髂内动脉与供肾动脉端-端吻合备用.受者手术采用右下腹经腹直肌切口,游离腔静脉下段及右侧髂外动静脉,取动脉延长之供肾,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端-侧吻合,将供体髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端-侧吻合,供体髂外动脉(残端修整成斜面)以动脉夹暂时夹闭备用,十字切开侧腹膜,将供肾埋入,输尿管经腹膜外隧道牵至膀胱底行膀胱输尿管吻合术,胰腺移植采用供体门静脉与受者下腔静脉行端-侧吻合,腹腔干-肠系膜上动脉之腹主动脉袖片与供体髂外动脉残端吻合,开放血流后行供体十二指肠与受体小肠侧侧吻合并关闭十二指肠残端.术后保留胃肠减压,待患者胃肠道功能恢复后拔除.每4 h测血糖、每6 h测血清及胰周引流液淀粉酶1次,每日超声监测胰腺及肾脏血流,生长抑素0.1 mg皮下注射8 h 1次,2周后停用.免疫诱导采用抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白减激素方案.结果 3例患者手术过程顺利,手术时间分别为7.5、8.0及10.0 h,术中失血量300～500 ml,仅1例术中输注浓缩红细胞2 U.术后1～3 d内完全停用胰岛素.术后3～7 d内移植肾功能恢复正常.实验室检查SCr分别为86、98及112μmol/L.1例术后10 d出现消化道出血,考虑为肠道吻合口出血;停用抗凝药.给予止血药及输血6 U治疗后1 d出血停止.3例随访2～6个月,无排斥反应发生,空腹及餐后血糖正常.结论 利用供体髂动脉搭桥的方法进行的胰肾同侧联合移植术手术操作简单,创伤较小而且仪使用一侧髂血管,对于左侧髂动脉硬化严重的患者仍可施行该术式.因而扩大了受者的范围;为患者保留一侧髂血管,为今后再次肾移植创造了条件.同时腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术使供体门静脉与脾静脉的夹角更符合生理角度,可能减少脾静脉血栓形成的发生率.     

胰、肾同期联合移植治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症40例

目的 报告40例胰、肾同期移植(SPK)治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的结果 及经验.方法 共40例糖尿病合并尿毒症病人接受SPK,平均年龄为(45.8±8.2)岁.供肾先植入左侧髂窝.供胰植入右下腹腔,移植胰动脉与右侧髂外动脉端侧吻合,移植胰静脉与右侧髂外静脉端侧吻合.其中胰液膀胱引流术式2例,改进的胰液空肠引流术式38例.移植肾平均冷血时间为(7.13士2.02)h,移植胰平均冷缺血时间为(9.95±2.01)h.术后早期采用皮质激素+霉酚酸酯+他克莫司(36例)/环孢素A(2例)+抗淋巴细胞球蛋白(ALG)或抗CD25抗体四联诱导治疗,以后改为三联维持.结果 受者、移植肾和移植胰6个月存活率均为97.5%,1年存活率均为94.8%,受者、移植胰和移植肾3年存活率分别为94.8%、84.3%和84.3%.39例停用胰岛素,平均停用胰岛素时间为(6.87士6.80)d,空腹血糖平均恢复正常时间为(13.68士9.05)d.术后3周口服糖糖耐量试验、胰岛素和C肽释放试验显示移植胰功能完全正常.血淀粉酶恢复正常时间平均为(10.24±7.72)d.肾功能延迟恢复(IX;F)8例,血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(52.75±20.01)d,其余30例血肌酐恢复正常时间平均为(8.03±7.39)d.术后主要外科并发症为移植胰伤口感染、胰十二指肠一空肠出血和移植肾周出血,3例(7.9%)因并发症再次手术,未发生与胰液引流术式相关的并发症如胰漏、肠漏、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等.结论 (1)SPK是治疗糖尿病合并尿毒症的有效方法 ;(2)改进的胰液空肠引流术式更简化、安全,更符合生理.     

猪胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的实验研究

目的 研究猪胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植早期自然排斥反应的监测指标和组织病理改变。方法 ３０头猪作为供受体,血管吻合采用移植物的腹主动脉段和门静脉与受体肾以下腹主动脉及下腔静脉分别吻合,十二指肠与受体膀胱侧侧吻合,输尿管置管外引流。监测受体的空腹血糖、尿淀粉酶和移植肾尿量,并观察移植物的病理变化。结果 １５头受体中,１３头获得移植成功。排斥反应发生时,尿淀粉酶的改变明显先于空腹血糖和移植尿肾尿量的变化     

En bloc simultaneous pancreas and kidney allotransplantation in the pig

The pig is a large animal suitable for experimental pancreas transplantation due to its anatomy and transplant immunology, both of which are similar to humans. We established a model of en bloc simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation that decreases preservation time, operation time, and clamp time. The donor aorta--with celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and left renal artery--is anastomosed en bloc to the recipient's aorta in a side-to-oblique fashion. The portal vein is anastomosed end-to-side to the distal vena cava, and the left renal vein end-to-side to the left common iliac vein. The donor duodenum is anastomosed to the bladder to allow monitoring of the urinary amylase for rejection. En bloc transplantation is preferable for separating pancreas and kidney anastomoses in pigs. This technique could be used in humans, especially in adult uremic diabetic patients who receive a combined pancreas/kidney transplant from a pediatric cadaver donor.     

胰肾联合移植治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病

目的 探讨胰肾联合移植治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的临床效果。方法 ８例Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的患者接受胰肾联合移植,平均年龄４３．４６岁,２例合并视网膜病变,双目失明,病史２～２２年。胰腺移植于右髂窝,胰腺外分泌经膀胱引流,肾脏移植于左髂窝。免疫抑制方案开始四联用药,以后三联用药继续治疗。结果 ８例虱其中７例术后即不需要应用胰岛素,空腹血糖可维持在正常范围,１例术后应用胰岛素４０ｄ后停用。１例     

Combined pancreatic and kidney transplantation: en bloc retrieval and transplantation - a new surgical technique

Abstract We designed and performed on two patients a new surgical procedure of en bloc kidney and pancreatic transplantation. The liver, pancreas and kidneys were removed en bloc in the donor. On the bench, the liver and the left kidney were separated from the bloc, leaving the pancreas and the right kidney for combined kidney and pancreatic transplantation, The portal vein was divided near to the emergence of the splenic vein. The coeliac axis was taken with an aortic patch. The left renal vein was cut at its entrance to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the left renal artery was taken with an aortic patch. Reconstruction of the pancreatic vessels was performed with a double anastomosis: the portal vein was anastomosed to the hole in the IVC resulting from the section of the left renal vein and the splenic artery was anastomosed to the hole in the aorta resulting from the section of the left renal artery. The proximal ends of the aorta and IVC were closed with running sutures. In the recipient, the iliac vessels on the right side were dissected. Anastomosis of the distal part of the aorta and the IVC was performed with the right iliac vessels. Duodenocystostomy and reimplantation of the ureter were done according to the usual techniques. This new surgical technique allowed an easy vascular reconstruction of the pancreatic vessels. In the recipient, only one side was used for renal and pancreatic transplantation. Moreover, the length of the transplant procedure was significantly reduced.     

Superior results with combined kidney-pancreas transplants.

From February of 1987 to February of 1991 the authors performed 23 pancreas transplants for Type I diabetes mellitus. Eight of the pancreas transplants were in patients who had a previous kidney transplant, 14 were simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplants, and 1 was in a pre-uremic diabetic. Two patients have been retransplanted after losing first grafts. All pancreata were retrieved from heart-beating cadaver donors. Pancreata were transplanted into the iliac fossa of the recipient using the iliac artery and vein as arterial inflow and venous outflow, respectively. Drainage of the pancreatic ductal system was accomplished by anastomosing either a patch or segment of duodenum surrounding the ampulla of Vater to the urinary bladder. All pancreata functioned initially with no patient requiring insulin 6 hours after surgery. Two grafts were lost early due to thrombosis of the venous drainage of the transplant; 4 grafts were lost to acute rejection; 3 were lost to chronic rejection; and 1 patient died with a functioning pancreas. One-year graft survival for all pancreatic grafts is 62 per cent. One-year patient survival is 96 per cent. One-year pancreatic graft and patient survival for the 14 combined kidney-pancreas transplants is 88 per cent and 100 per cent, respectively. Two kidneys transplanted with pancreata also were lost to acute rejection. Pancreas transplantation has proven to be a viable treatment alternative for selected patients with Type I diabetes mellitus. Long-term results are best when pancreas transplantation is done in combination with renal transplantation.     

Pancreatic transplantation and subsequent graft surveillance by pancreatic portal-enteric anastomosis and temporary venting jejunostomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate portal-enteric (PE) pancreas and kidney transplantation with venting jejunostomy (VJ) for its efficacy, safety, and reproducibility. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation for patients with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that progresses to renal failure has revolutionized their treatment and quality of life. A current clinical focus is to refine the technical aspects of this procedure. Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation with PE anastomosis with VJ appears to offer several advantages over bladder drainage. VJ allows initial decompression of the enteric anastomosis, monitoring of pancreatic function by ostomy amylase, and simple access for endoscopic evaluation and biopsy of the allograft. METHODS: Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation with VJ was performed in 21 patients from December 1996 to October 2000 at Willis Knighton/LSU Regional Transplant Center. All patients had long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and subsequent renal failure. They were evaluated at the time of surgery by a multidisciplinary transplant team and monitored for numerous factors, including length of hospital stay, immunosuppressive regimen, and ischemia times. All patients had intermittent visual and biochemical evaluation of pancreatic secretions monitored by means of the VJ. RESULTS: Of the 21 patients, 10 were women and 11 were men. Four patients were black and 17 were white. The mean age at transplantation was 38 years; average human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match was one; and average cold ischemia time was 12 hours. The median hospital stay was 16 days. Four episodes of postoperative bleeding requiring exploration occurred in four patients. Postoperative wound infections developed in four patients. There were 12 episodes of rejection in nine patients. All patients with suspected acute pancreatic rejection underwent endoscopy by means of the VJ and duodenal biopsy for evaluation. Two patients lost pancreatic function subsequent to kidney failure, one secondary to noncompliance and the other as a result of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Patient, kidney, and pancreatic survival rates were 100%, 90%, and 90%, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 25 (range 2-48) months. CONCLUSION: The authors believe that PE pancreatic drainage with VJ is a more physiologic method to perform pancreatic transplantation than bladder drainage. PE drainage allows rapid diagnosis of acute rejection and anastomotic leak and provides a simple way to monitor ostomy amylase and transplant duodenal bleeding. This technique is safe and has minimal associated complications.     

Catheter-directed therapy for DVT after pancreas transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Iliac vein deep venous thrombosis (DVT) ipsilateral to the pancreas transplant can lead to severe leg edema and compromise graft function. Treatment modalities for iliac vein DVT in the pancreas transplant recipient are limited. METHODS: Medical records of patients receiving pancreas transplants at a single center from November 1989 to July 2003 were reviewed retrospectively, identifying patients with iliac vein DVT. There were 287 pancreas transplants performed during this time. Pancreas transplantation in all recipients was performed in the right iliac fossa with the arterial supply consisting of a donor iliac artery Y interposition graft. Systemic venous drainage was to the iliac vein. Exocrine drainage was enteric or to the bladder. RESULTS: Four (1.4%) cases of iliac DVT were identified. All patients manifested lower extremity edema ipsilateral to the pancreas transplant. DVT was detected by ultrasound on days 4, 5, 13, and 60 post-transplant. In all cases, the iliac vein caudad to the pancreatic venous anastomosis was noted to be stenotic. Management involved balloon dilatation and endovascular stent placement in one patient, thrombolysis with tissue plasma antigen (t-PA) followed by stent placement in one patient, and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in two patients. All patients had improvement in leg edema and two patients continue to have good pancreatic allograft function. CONCLUSIONS: Iliac DVT is a rare complication of pancreas transplantation that usually develops in an area of stenosis caudad to the pancreatic venous anastomosis. Catheter-based treatment modalities with use of endovascular stents for treatment of underlying stenoses can serve as an adjunct in treating these complications.     

Simultaneous en-bloc allotransplantation of pancreas and kidney in the animal model. Comparison of separate organ and en-bloc pancreas/kidney transplantation in swine]

The high technical complication rate of pancreas transplantation requires large animal models to improve clinical transplant survival rates. The pig is a very suitable animal due to its anatomy, physiology and immunology which are similar to humans. In this study a model of en-bloc simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation was established which--in contrast to separate transplantation of both organs--decreases preservation time, operation time, and clamp time. Furthermore, the rates of intra- and postoperative complications were reduced compared with separate transplantation. The donor aorta (encompassing celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and left renal artery) is anastomosed en-bloc to the recipients aorta in a an oblique-to-side fashion. The portal vein is anastomosed end-to-side to the left common iliac vein. The exocrine pancreatic secretions are drained via duodenocystostomy to allow for monitoring of urinary amylase for rejection. The en-bloc technique is an alternative for pediatric donor organs since the risk of vascular complications is lower compared with separate implantation of the donor vessels. Based on our results in a large animal model the en-bloc technique could be used in adult uremic diabetic patients who receive a combined pancreas-kidney transplant from a pediatric cadaver donor.