肺保护性通气在治疗创伤性急性肺损伤中的应用

目的研究肺保护性机械通气治疗创伤性急性肺损伤（ALI）的疗效。方法对84例ALI病人采用小潮气量的肺保护性通气策略进行机械通气治疗,潮气量为6-8ml/kg,根据下拐点（Lip）调节最佳呼气末正压（BestPEEP）,观察机械通气前后血气、血流动力学指标以及胸片变化。结果机械通气前后动脉血气分析动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）及PH值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,胸片有明显变化,血流动力学指标变化差异无统计学意义。结论最佳PEEP和小潮气量的肺保护性通气在治疗创伤性肺损伤中能改善氧合,合理PEEP和允许性高碳酸血症（PHC）对血流动力学指标无明显影响,适合在创伤性急性肺损伤的治疗中应用。     

呼吸末正压通气治疗伤术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效分析

目的：探讨呼气末正压通气（PEEP）治疗伤术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的疗效。方法选取术后ARDS患者200例,将其按照随机数字表法分成观察组和对照组,各100例。观察组以P-V曲线呼气支拐点设置PEEP,对照组以P-V曲线低拐点+2 cmH 2O设置PEEP,观察2组治疗前后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）变化以及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间和病死率。结果2组治疗后1周较治疗前、治疗后即刻和治疗后3 d患者PaO 2有明显提高（P＜0.05）,患者PaCO 2有明显降低（P＜0.05）,且观察组改善水平明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组机械通气时间和ICU住院时间分别为（3.92±2.11）d（、6.52±1.37）d,较对照组的（7.54±2.37）d（、10.83±2.10）d比较明显缩短（P＜0.05）;观察组病死率为18.0%,显著低于对照组的34.0%（P＜0.05）。结论以P-V曲线曲线呼气支拐点设置PEEP能改善ARDS患者的呼吸系统顺应性,改善氧合状况,效果显著。     

老年病人腹腔镜全麻胃癌根治术中肺保护性通气的应用

目的探讨老年病人全身麻醉腹腔镜胃癌根治术中应用小潮气量（VT）、低气道平台压（Pplat）联合不同水平呼气末正压通气（PEEP）与单纯常规潮气量通气对呼吸功能的影响,为老年病人腹腔镜上腹部手术的全麻选择安全、有效的通气方式。方法36例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级全身麻醉行腹腔镜胃癌根治术老年病人,随机分为A、B、C3组,每组12例。A组机械通气模式为间歇正压通气（IPPV）加0．5kPa PEEP,VT=6mL／kg,呼吸频率（f）=16min;B组机械通气模式为IPPV加1．0kPaPEEP,VT=6mL／kg,f=16min^-1;C组机械通气模式为IPPV,VT=9mL／kg,f=12min^-1。观察并比较各组术前、麻醉插管后30min、拔管后15min的动脉氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、肺泡-动脉氧分压差（A—aDO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）及术中的气道峰压（Ppeak）。结果麻醉插管后30min,A组Ppeak较B、C组明显降低（F=17．61,q=5．43--8．84,P〈0．05）。拔管后15min,A组PaO2较B、C组则明显升高（F=11．18,q=2．42～7．43,P〈0．05）,A-aDO2较B、C组明显降低（F=66．46,q=3．95～16．25,P〈0．05）;B组PaCO2较A、C两组明显升高（F=5．95,q=3．44～3．81,P〈0．05）。其他时点A、B、C3组PaO2、PaCO2、A-aDO2、MAP、CVP比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论小潮气量、低气道平台压联合低水平PEEP通气能够有效改善老年腹腔镜胃癌根治术病人的动脉氧合,是老年病人腹腔镜全麻上腹部手术安全、有效的通气方式。     

保护性肺通气策略对于全肺切除术患者的影响

目的探讨单肺通气期间保护性肺通气策略对全肺切除术后肺损伤的影响。方法将110例行全肺切除术的病例分为2组。保护性肺通气组：小潮气量通气（5～8mL/kg）,逐渐增加呼气末正压（PEEP）。常规通气组：潮气量10～12mL/kg,根据血气情况随时调整呼吸机参数,尽可能以最低参数条件达到最满意效果。记录术中单肺机械通气情况及术后恢复情况。结果保护性肺通气组术中潮气量、气道峰压（PIP）、PEEP及吸入氧浓度（FiO2）与常规通气组比较,差异均有统计学意义（〈0.05）,两组术后24h氧合指数（OI）比较差异无统计学意义（〉0.05）。保护性肺通气组住院时间短于常规通气组,并发症发生率要小于常规通气组,比较差异均有统计学意义（〈0.05）。结论单肺通气期间,保护性肺通气策略可以减少术后肺损伤程度。     

肺保护性通气治疗心脏瓣膜置换术后 ALI/ARDS 临床疗效观察

目的：探讨肺保护性通气在体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术后 ALI ／ARDS 治疗中的作用。方法：选择52例体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术后出现急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征的患者,其中使用肺保护性通气的（VT5～6mL／Kg）的27例（PEEP10～15cmH2 O）,使用常规潮气量（VT 9～10mL ／Kg）的25例（（PEEP6～8 cmH2 O）,回顾性分析两组患者出现急性肺损伤的诊治过程。结果：常规机械通气组机械通气时间9．29±1．11d,肺保护性通气组机械通气时间7．01±1．05d,肺保护性通气组的机械通气时间较常规机械通气组缩短,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。肺保护性通气组在氧合指数、P（A－a）O2、乳酸、PO2等呼吸功能指标的改善方面优于常规通气组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：呼吸机肺保护性通气治疗体外循环术后肺损伤比常规潮气量＋PEEP 效果更优越,早期诊断和及时治疗是关键,积极预防各种并发症也很重要。     

不同机械通气模式对急性肺损伤患者呼吸及血流动力学的影响

目的研究采用不同机械气模式对急性肺损伤（ALI）患者呼吸及血流动力学的影响。方法选择我院2010年1月~2011年12月收治的30例急性肺损伤患者,按照ALI评分分为两组,其中ALI评分值≥2.5的16例患者采用低潮气量＋呼气末正压（PEEP）通气,对14例ALI评分值〈2.5者最初采用辅助/控制通气（A/C）,逐渐改为同步间歇指令通气（SIMV）和压力支持通气（PSV）。观察机械通气过程中患者的呼吸及血流动力学的变化。结果 PEEP在5~15 cmH2O（1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa）范围内,动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、肺静态顺应性（Cst）随着PEEP的增高而逐渐增加（P〈0.05）。在PEEP增加到20 cm H2O时心输出量（CO）和Cst下降,外周循环阻力（SVR）、肺循环阻力（PVR）和气道峰值压（PIP）增加（P〈0.05）。SIMV,PSV与A/C相比可明显降低气道峰值压（PIP）并使Cst增加（P〈0.05）。SIMV和PSV方式均可降低SVR。结论对急性肺损伤患者,应根据不同时期选择不同的机械通气模式,才能更好的增加氧供,减少对患者的呼吸和血流动力学的影响。     

低潮气量机械通气复合呼气末正压对脓毒症患者术中肺氧合的影响

目的:观察低潮气量机械通气复合呼气末正压(PEEP)对脓毒症患者术中肺氧合及呼吸力学的影响.方法:32例有脓毒症体征的急诊手术患者 ,随机分为2组:低潮气量复合呼气末正压组[L组,潮气量(VT)6～7 ml/kg PEEP 5 cmH2O,n=16];传统潮气量组(T组,VT 10 ml/kg,n=16).全麻后行间歇正压通气(IPPV),分别于麻醉前、通气30 min、通气60 min、手术结束时、术后30 min各时间点记录血流动力学、气道压力及动脉血气分析值.结果:与L组比较,T组在机械通气后期,气道压力有明显增高(P＜0.05),肺氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)明显降低(P＜0.05),肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)明显增加(P＜0.05);术后30 min两组间A-aDO2和PaO2/FiO2差异更为显著(P＜0.01).结论:脓毒症患者术中给予低潮气量机械通气复合呼气末正压有助于改善肺氧合,可避免肺损伤加重.     

乌司他丁治疗急性肺损伤患儿42例疗效观察

目的 观察乌司他丁（UTI）对急性肺损伤炎症反应调控的作用.方法 将42例急性肺损伤患儿随机分为对照组和观察组各21例,对照组给予病因治疗、机械通气支持和液体管理等基础治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用UTI,对比分析两组患儿的氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）,呼气末正压水平（PEEP）以及治疗过程中机械通气时间和重症监护病房（PICU）住院天数等指标.结果 治疗后第5天（T5）观察组PaO2/FiO2高于对照组（P＜0.05）.治疗后第1、3、5天观察组PEEP均低于对照组（P＜0.05）.观察组机械通气时间明显少于对照组P＜0.01）.观察组PICU平均住院时间短于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论 UTI治疗急性肺损伤能改善低氧血症和肺顺应性,缩短机械通气时间和PICU住院时间;UTI能有效阻断急性肺损伤炎症反应,利于急性肺损伤治疗.     

肺复张通气法在急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗中的应用研究

目的探讨肺复张通气策略在急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）治疗中的临床效果及治疗体会。方法将24例ARDS患者随机分为机械通气治疗组和肺复张通气治疗组,各12例;肺复张通气治疗组在小潮气量治疗的基础上行肺复张通气策略治疗。比较两组治疗疗效。结果肺复张通气治疗组患者存活9例,死亡3例。机械通气治疗组患者存活7例,死亡5例,两组患者生存率差异无统计学意义。肺复张通气组患者的二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、APACHEⅡ评分明显低于机械通气组（〈0.05）,氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）明显高于机械通气组（〈0.05）,PEEP与机械通气组差异无统计学意义（〉0.05）。两组患者均未发生气胸等不良反应。结论采用小潮气量联合肺复张策略治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征是有效而安全的,有利于在临床上推广使用。     

依达拉奉对机械通气所致大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨自由基清除剂依达拉奉对机械通气所致急性肺损伤的保护作用。方法清洁级雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为3组（n=8）,常规潮气量组（C组）,大潮气量组（MV组）,大潮气量＋依达拉奉组（E组）。C组行常规潮气量（VT=8 mL/kg）机械通气4 h,其余两组均行大潮气量（VT=40 mL/kg）机械通气4 h。E组于机械通气前30 min经股静脉注射0.2%的依达拉奉15 mg/kg,C组和MV组于机械通气前30 min经股静脉注射等量的生理盐水。机械通气4 h后留取肺标本,分别测定肺组织湿/干重比值（W/D）和肺组织匀浆中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量,观察肺组织病理改变及肺组织核因子κB（NF-κB）表达情况。结果 MV组肺组织MPO、MDA含量、W/D及肺组织NF-κB表达均高于C组（P〈0.05）,肺组织SOD含量低于C组（P〈0.05）。E组肺组织MPO、MDA含量、W/D及肺组织NF-κB表达均低于MV组,仍高于C组（P〈0.05）;E组肺组织SOD含量高于MV组,仍低于C组（P〈0.05）。结论依达拉奉可以减轻机械通气所致的大鼠急性肺损伤,其机制可能与清除活性氧族（ROS）,降低了NF-κB信号转导通路的活化,进而减轻炎症级联放大效应有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.