合肥市小学生心理复原力与社会支持的关系

目的:探讨小学生心理复原力与社会支持之间的关系。方法:运用加利福尼亚健康儿童问卷修订版中的学生复原力问卷和社会支持问卷,对合肥市2067名三、四、五年级小学生进行调查。结果:(1)合肥市小学生的心理复原力平均得分为49.0±8.8,女生复原力得分(50.1±8.6)高于男生(47.9±8.8,t=5.71,P<0.01)。五年级复原力得分(49.0±8.8)高于三、四年级(47.9±8.7,47.9±8.7,F=21.39,P<0.01)。小学生复原力在学校间差异有显著性(F=19.94,P<0.01)。(2)社会支持各因子中父母支持、学校支持、亲戚支持和同伴支持均与心理复原力呈显著正相关(r=0.49~0.76,P<0.01)。(3)非条件Logistic回归分析结果表明,与三年级学生心理复原力密切相关的因素依次为:同伴支持(OR=7.66,95%CI为2.34~25.05),学校支持(4.50,1.75~11.55),亲戚支持(4.25,1.91~9.47);与四年级学生心理复原力密切相关的因素依次为:同伴支持(10.75,2.58~44.79),父母支持(2.79,1.35~5.77),亲戚支持(2.77,1.46~5.26),学校支持(2.28,1.15~4.53);与五年级学生心理复原力密切相关的因素依次为:父母支持(7.29,3.09~17.21),同伴支持(2.54,1.31~4.93),学校支持(2.38,1.47~3.85),亲戚支持(1.99,1.20~3.30)。结论:生活环境中的社会支持越好,小学生的复原力也越强。     

贵州省469名布依族小学生主观生活质量现状及相关因素分析

研究贵州省布依族3~6年级小学生主观生活质量现状及影响因素,促进贵州省布依族小学生身心健康发展。在贵州省布依族聚居县采用《儿少主观生活质量问卷》以分层整群随机抽样的方法抽取3~6年级布依族小学生469名作为研究对象,以同样方法抽取汉族集聚地的汉族小学生513名作为对照。了解布依族小学生主观生活质量现状并对相关影响因素进行分析。结果显示:1布依族小学生主观生活质量满意度较低。总体满意度均分(42±13),为不太满意水平,显著低于全国常模的一般满意度水平(t=-13.297,P<0.01)。布依族小学生在认知满意度、情感满意度、总体满意度3个水平均不存在性别差异。年级分组分析布依族小学生在学校生活维度、认知满意度、总体满意度各年级差异有统计学意义(F=4.314,P<0.01;F=2.997、3.310;P<0.05),主要是三年级组小学生的满意度显著低于五、六年级组小学生。2布依族小学生的各维度满意度以抑郁体验分数最低,家庭生活分数最高,分数从低到高依次为抑郁体验、躯体体验、学校生活、同伴交往、自我认识、生活环境、焦虑体验、家庭生活。认知满意度(47±13)高于情感满意度(42±12),差异有统计学意义(F=15.418,P<0.01)。3布依族小学生认知满意度、情感满意度和总体满意度均低于汉族小学生,差异有统计学意义(t=50.731,43.217,74.110,P<0.01)。分段分析布依族小学生主观生活质量总体不满意段351名(74.8%)明显高于汉族小学生259名(50.5%),差异有统计学意义(t=61.748,P<0.01)。满意段99名(21.1%),明显低于汉族小学生223名(43.5%),差异有统计学意义(t=55.589,P<0.01)。比较满意段两民族差异无统计学意义。4回归分析发现学习成绩对布依族小学生主观生活质量有显著影响(t=2.064,P<0.01),学习成绩越好小学生主观生活质量满意度越高。提示,布依族小学生主观生活质量满意度较低。学习成绩对主观生活质量影响明显。     

不同社交地位小学生的自我意识与社交焦虑的特点及关系

目的:考察不同社交地位小学生自我意识水平和社交焦虑的特点及关系。方法:采用社会测量法、问卷法对272名3~5年级的小学生的社交地位、自我意识和社交焦虑进行评定。结果:(1)3~5年级小学生的自我意识水平有显著的性别、社交地位差异。女生的自我意识水平(58.0±10.7)显著高于男生(53.4±11.3)(t=-3.49,P<0.01),受欢迎组的自我意识水平(59.2±11.1)显著高于被拒绝组(51.2±12.3)和被忽视组(54.2±11.0)(P<0.05)。(2)受欢迎组儿童的社交焦虑水平(6.4±3.2)高于被拒绝组儿童的社交焦虑水平(4.8±3.5,P<0.05)。(3)综合模型中,社会喜好是通过社交自我知觉的中介作用与社交焦虑产生联系,不存在直接效应。结论:小学生的社交地位与其自我意识水平和社交焦虑水平存在一定关联性;社交自我知觉在社交地位和社交焦虑之间起到中介作用。     

基于气质评定的四年级小学生同伴冲突解决策略促进研究

同伴冲突解决策略是同伴冲突发生时,为避免冲突引起的伤害和威胁,个体通过行动上和心理上的努力所采取的一种行为方式。已有研究证明小学四至六年级是小学生同伴冲突解决策略发生重大转变的关键时期,本研究从气质与同伴冲突解决策略的关系入手,设计一套活动方案促进其同伴冲突解决策略。实验选取小学四年级的被试总共487名,运用《儿童气质教师评定问卷(修订版)》和《儿童人际冲突解决策略量表》探讨四年级小学生气质特点与同伴冲突解决策略的关系。随后基于四年级小学生的气质特点,选取大连市某小学四年级一个班进行为期一年的促进实验,另一班为控制组。研究显示:①四年级小学生气质与同伴冲突解决策略相关显著,气质的活动性和反应性对同伴冲突解决策略具有显著的预测作用;②通过一年的培养实验,结果表明:基于四年级小学生的气质特点进行的同伴冲突解决策略的团体活动促进实验能有效改善小学生的气质,提高小学生的同伴冲突解决策略。     

青少年家庭功能的发展特点及其与心理健康的关系

目的考察青少年家庭功能的发展特点及其与心理健康的关系。方法采用家庭功能量表和SCL-90对西安市的928名中学生进行问卷调查。结果在家庭功能的沟通、父母控制和父母关注维度上,女生得分低于男生(2.34±0.86/2.48±0.84,t=5.86,1.29±0.64/1.30±0.55,t=4.77,1.99±0.99/2.25±1.00,t=15.8,P<0.05、0.01);在沟通维度上不同年级学生得分差异有显著性(F=3.43,P<0.05),高一学生得分高于初一(2.51±0.85/2.32±0.86),在父母控制维度各年级得分差异有显著性(F=7.5,P<0.01),初一年级得分多于高一年级(2.35±1.04/2.04±0.98)。回归分析发现,家庭功能的冲突与和谐、沟通及父母控制维度可正向预测个体心理健康状况(标准回归系数=6.155、0.144、0.124)。结论女生的家庭功能状况好于男生,初一年级的家庭功能状况最好;家庭功能的冲突与和谐、沟通和父母控制维度均可显著预测个体心理健康水平。     

高等职业贫困生自我效能感 心理韧性与主观幸福感关系研究

为探讨高等职业贫困生的心理韧性、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系,并与高等职业非贫困生进行对比,为我国高等职业心理健康教育提供理论与实践的参考。采用《自我效能感量表》《青少年心理韧性量表》《主观幸福感量表》对110名高等职业贫困生和84名高等职业非贫困生实施问卷调查。结果显示:1高等职业贫困生生活满意度水平显著低于非贫困生(t=-2.915,P<0.05)。2男贫困生的心理韧性(t=-2.275,P<0.05)及目标关注(t=-4.585,P<0.01)、积极认知(t=-3.222,P<0.01)、人际协助(t=-2.485,P<0.05)因子得分低于女贫困生。3年级影响主观幸福感,二年级高等职业贫困生的主观幸福感水平最高,其次是三年级,一年级最低(F=5.651,P<0.01);二年级正性情感水平最高,一、三年级差异无统计学意义(F=5.103,P<0.01);二年级负性情感水平最低,一、三年级差异无统计学意义(F=6.367,P<0.01);三年级情绪控制水平最高,一、二年级差异无统计学意义(F=6.161,P<0.01)。4高等职业贫困生的自我效能感、主观幸福感、心理韧性及各因子间存在显著相关。对数据进行回归分析和中介效应验证,结果表明,高等职业生贫困生自我效能感在心理韧性与主观幸福感之间起中介作用。     

幼儿社交地位及其与母子依恋和智力的关系

目的探讨幼儿的社交地位及其与依恋、智力等因素的关系。方法选取62位4-6岁的幼儿以及他们的母亲,采用同伴提名法和中国比内智力测验评价社交地位和智商,采用中国版依恋分类卡片测量母子依恋关系。结果幼儿的母子依恋关系对社交地位具有显著影响,母子安全依恋系数高的幼儿在同伴中更受欢迎(对于一般可接受性、积极提名和消极提名的回归系数分别为0.5,0.3和-0.4);智力对同伴的一般可接受性具有显著影响(回归系数为0.2),与母亲受教育程度有关(回归系数为0.5);4-5岁女童的智商显著高于男童(115.5±10.5/109.1±10.2,t=2.3,P<0.05),并且比男童更受同伴欢迎(0.3±1/-0.3±0.9,t=2.5,P<0.05)。结论幼儿的母子依恋关系、智商以及性别因素对其社交地位具有显著影响,而智商是性别、家庭环境因素影响幼儿社交地位的中介变量。     

团体心理训练对护理大专生自我和谐及主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨团体心理训练对护理大专生自我和谐及主观幸福感的影响。方法采用团体心理训练对护理大专生进行训练,运用自我和谐量表和主观幸福感量表对70名护理大专生分为实验组(n=24)和对照组(n=46)在训练前和训练后进行观察。结果①训练后自我和谐得分实验组与对照组有显著性差异(t=2.498,P0.05);实验组训练后与训练前比较,自我和谐水平提高(t=2.759,P0.01);②训练后主观幸福感得分实验组与对照组有显著性差异(t=2.865,P0.01),实验组训练后与训练前比较,主观幸福感得分提高(t=2.569,P0.01)。结论团体心理训练能提高护理大专生自我和谐水平和主观幸福感。     

两类社区学校小学生父母教养方式与自主学习能力

目的探讨不同社区学校小学生自主学习能力和父母教养方式的差异,及父母教养方式对小学生自主学习能力的影响。方法采用学习自主性量表和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),对629名来自两个社区学校的小学生进行调查。结果 1普通民众学校小学生自我评价、自我强化能力和自主学习能力总体得分高于政府公务员学校小学生(t=6.14,P<0.001;t=2.44,P<0.05;t=2.64,P<0.01);2政府公务员为主的小学父母情感温暖理解显著高于普通民众为主的小学,其他维度则相反(t=-5.00,-6.59,P<0.001);3自我检查与父亲和母亲的情感温暖与理解,过分干涉显著正相关(r=0.229,0.223,0.140,0.138;P<0.01);自我总结与父母的情感温暖与理解,过分干涉显著正相关(r=0.348,0.355;P<0.01),与父亲惩罚、严厉,以及父母的拒绝否认显著负相关(r=-0.110,-0.117,-0.121;P<0.01);自我评价与除母亲情感温暖与理解之外的所有维度均存在显著正相关(P<0.01);自我强化与父母的情感温暖与理解,过分干涉,过度保护显著正相关(r=0.253,0.247,0.158,0.111,0.224;P<0.01)。结论普通民众学校和政府公务员学校小学生自主学习能力和学生父母教养方式均明显不同,且父母教养方式对小学生自主学习能力有显著预测作用。     

发散思维训练对62名初一学生创造力的影响

目的:探讨发散思维训练对创造性个性和创造性思维的影响,探索培养创造力的有效途径。方法:以119名初中一年级学生为被试,对62名(实验班)学生进行发散思维训练,57名(对照班)学生不进行发散思维训练。采用托伦斯创造思维测验、中学生创造性个性测验、学生发散思维测验,对两班学生于实验前后施测。结果:训练前,实验班和对照班学生创造性个性和创造性思维测验、发散思维测验总评分差异无统计学意义(9.3±2.1/9.1±1.9,t=1.47,P=0.293;9.1±0.8/8.4±0.5,t=5.21,P=0.291)。训练后,实验班学生创造性个性和创造性思维测验评分较对照班提高(10.5±1.9/9.4±2.1,t=2.96,P<0.01);训练后发散思维测验评分实验班高于对照班(11.0±1.8/8.8±1.8,t=7.69,P<0.01)。结论:发散思维训练对提高学生的创造力是有效的。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.