Associations of dietary protein intake with all-cause,cardiovascular disease,and cancer mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Background and aimsThe relationships between dietary protein intake and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality are still unclear. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies to summarize the evidence.Methods and resultsWe searched PubMed and Web of Science for relevant studies through February 2020. The associations of total, animal, and plant proteins with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality were evaluated. Study-specific relative risks (RR) were pooled using the fixed effect model when no significant heterogeneity was detected; otherwise the random effect model was employed. Twelve cohort studies were eligible for the study. Increased total protein showed no clear association with risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. In the stratified analysis by protein sources, higher plant protein intake was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (highest vs lowest intake: RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.96; each 3% increment of intake: RR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.99), and may be associated with a reduced risk of CVD mortality (highest vs lowest intake: RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.01; each 3% increment of intake: RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, 0.99). Moreover, higher intake of animal protein may be associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality (highest vs lowest intake: RR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22; each 3% increment of intake: RR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.98, 1.06).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that higher plant protein intake is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CVD-related mortality. Persons should be encouraged to increase their plant protein intake to potentially decrease their risk of death.     

季节变化与心血管病人死亡关系调查

目的:调查我科住院心血管病人死亡与季节的关系。方法:查阅1993年1月～2004年12月12年来在我科住院死亡的269例病人资料,调查主要的5个病种死亡的季节规律性。结果:(1)季节性:心血管病人冬季死亡率最高,占36.8%(99/269,P<0.01),其他依次为春、秋、夏季;(2)冬季死亡病种:冠心病(CHD)死亡率最高,为79例,占79.8%(P<0.01),其他依次为高血压,主动脉夹层;(3)冠心病:174例CHD死亡患者中,冬季死亡率最高,为79例,占45.4%(P<0.01),其他依次是秋、春、夏季;(4)高血压:在41例高血压死亡病例中,20例死于春季,占48.8%,死亡率最高(P<0.01),其他依次是冬、秋、夏季;(5)其他:风心病15例,心肌病13例死亡病例中均以夏季死亡率最高,分别占46.7%,53.8%(P<0.01),其他依次为秋、冬、春季。结论:心血管病人的死亡率与季节变化相关,要根据其规律性,做好防治工作,降低死亡率。     

The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular mortality: a 13-year follow-up study in elderly non-diabetic Finns.

AIMS: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors characterized by insulin resistance. We investigated the relationship of the MetS and its single components, defined by all six different criteria, with coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality in a prospective population-based study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The MetS was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR), the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the American College of Endocrinology (ACE), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the American Heart Association (updated NCEP) criteria. We investgated the relationship of the MetS defined by aforementioned six criteria with CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality with Cox regression analyses in a non-diabetic Finnish population of 1025 subjects, aged 65-74 years, during the 13-year follow-up. The MetS defined by all aforementioned criteria was associated with a statistically significant risk for CVD mortality when adjusted for all confounding variables (Hazards Ratios, HRs from 1.31 to 1.51). The MetS defined by the WHO, ACE, and IDF criteria was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality (HRs from 1.42 to 1.58). There was no association between the MetS by any criteria and all-cause mortality. Of the single components of the MetS, the following predicted CVD mortality in multivariable models: impaired fasting glucose by the WHO, NCEP, and ACE criteria (HR 1.34) and by the IDF and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); impaired glucose tolerance by the WHO and ACE criteria (HR 1.55); low HDL cholesterol by the EGIR criteria (HR 1.50) and by the NCEP, IDF, and updated NCEP criteria (HR 1.29); and microalbuminuria according to the WHO definition (HR 1.86). CONCLUSION: The MetS defined by all six current criteria predicts CVD mortality in elderly subjects. However, of the single components of the MetS, IFG, IGT, low HDL cholesterol, and microalbuminuria predicted CVD mortality with equal or higher HRs when compared with the different definitions of the MetS. Therefore, our study suggests that the MetS is a marker of CVD risk, but not above and beyond the risk associated with its individual components.     

大庆糖尿病前期人群糖耐量改善对心血管事件和死亡率的影响——一项20年随访研究

目的 探讨糖尿病前期人群中改善或减缓糖耐量恶化是否可能降低心血管事件和死亡率.方法 1986年大庆市577例糖耐量受损者被随机分到对照组和3个干预组(饮食、运动和饮食加运动组)进行6年(1986～1992)生活方式干预后又随访14年.本研究将全部受试者按1992年生活干预结束时糖负荷后2 h血糖(2hPG)分为4组(Quartiles,2hPG均值分别为6.17、9.00、12.07和16.96 mmol/L),分析血糖水平高低与随访期间心血管事件及死亡率有无相关.结果 20年随访中共有142例死亡,68例死于心血管疾病(CVD).有首次CVD事件211次(145次脑卒中、66次心梗).从血糖水平最高到血糖最低的4组中全因死亡(17.8、12.7、10.9和9.7/1 0130人年)、CVD死亡(9.1、5.9、6.1和4.9/1 000人年)、CVD事件(30.4、24.0、18.8和19.7/1000人年)和脑卒中(26.6、18.5、16.3和18.1/1 000人年)发生率明显依次递减.多因素分析调整基线年龄、性别、体重指数、血压、吸烟和干预分组的影响后,强化生活方式干预结束时(1992年)2hPG升高5 mmol/L可使全因死亡(HR 1.335,P=0.005)、CVD事件(HR 1.227,P=0.012)和脑卒中(HR1.213.P=0.026)发生率显著升高.结论 在糖尿病前期人群,如果生活干预的强度足以改善或减缓该人群糖耐量的恶化,就可能降低心血管事件和死亡率.     

Electrocardiogram abnormalities and risk of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality in old age: The Kahrizak Elderly Study (KES)

Resting electrocardioghic (ECG) abnormalities might be value for mortality prediction. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether ECG abnormalities are associated with increased mortality in older residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation (KCF). A total of 247 participants ≥60-years of KES were enrolled in this study. Adjudicated all cause mortality was collected over 3 years between 2006 and 2009. The subjects were classified as having major, minor or no ECG abnormalities according to the Minnesota Code. The addition of ECG to risk factors were examined to predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all-cause mortality by using Cox proportional hazards regression models. At baseline, 104(42.1%) had major ECG abnormalities and 73(29.6%) had minor abnormalities. During a median follow-up of 3.2 years, 73 participants died from all-cause mortality and 31deaths from CVD. Major ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality in all models. The associations between minor ECG abnormalities at baseline and CVD mortality were not statistically significant. After adjustment for age and sex, Body mass index (BMI), smoking, diabetes, hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia and history of CVD, the participants with the major ECG abnormalities had higher risks of CVD mortality (HR: 3.12(95% CI, 1.02-9.57) and all-cause mortality (HR: 2.45(95% CI, 1.23–4.85) compared with those with normal ECG.     

Dietary Patterns and Long-Term Survival: A Retrospective Study of Healthy Primary Care Patients

Background

Dietary patterns are related to mortality in selected populations with comorbidities. We studied whether dietary patterns are associated with long-term survival in a middle-aged, healthy population.

Impact of diabetes mellitus on pneumonia mortality in a senior population: results from the NHANES III follow-up study

Objective To examine whether diabetes mellitus increases the risk of pneumonia mortality among seniors in the U.S. general popula-tion. Methods&Results The NHANES III follow-up study data were used. Af...     

Dietary Fiber Intake and Cardiometabolic Risks among US Adults,NHANES 1999-2010

Background

Dietary fiber may decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors. We examined trends in dietary fiber intake among diverse US adults between 1999 and 2010, and investigated associations between dietary fiber intake and cardiometabolic risks including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular inflammation, and obesity.

Methods

Our cross-sectional analysis included 23,168 men and nonpregnant women aged 20+ years from the 1999-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression models to estimate predicted marginal risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the risks of having the metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and obesity associated with quintiles of dietary fiber intake.

Results

Consistently, dietary fiber intake remained below recommended adequate intake levels for total fiber defined by the Institute of Medicine. Mean dietary fiber intake averaged 15.7-17.0 g. Mexican Americans (18.8 g) consumed more fiber than non-Hispanic whites (16.3 g) and non-Hispanic blacks (13.1 g). Comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles of dietary fiber intake, adjusted predicted marginal risk ratios (95% confidence interval) for the metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and obesity were 0.78 (0.69-0.88), 0.66 (0.61-0.72), and 0.77 (0.71-0.84), respectively. Dietary fiber was associated with lower levels of inflammation within each racial and ethnic group, although statistically significant associations between dietary fiber and either obesity or metabolic syndrome were seen only among whites.

Conclusions

Low dietary fiber intake from 1999-2010 in the US, and associations between higher dietary fiber and a lower prevalence of cardiometabolic risks suggest the need to develop new strategies and policies to increase dietary fiber intake.     

Continuous relationships between non-diabetic hyperglycaemia and both cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study

Aims/hypothesis  Hyperglycaemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in individuals without diabetes. We investigated: (1) whether the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality extended continuously throughout the range of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h plasma glucose (2hPG) and HbA_1c values; and (2) the ability of these measures to improve risk prediction for mortality. Methods  Data on 10,026 people aged ≥25 years without diagnosed diabetes were obtained from the population-based Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Between 1999 and 2000, FPG, 2hPG and HbA_1c were assessed and all-cause (332 deaths) and CVD (88 deaths) mortality were obtained after 7 years. Results  Both 2hPG and HbA_1c exhibited linear relationships with all-cause and CVD mortality, whereas FPG showed J-shaped relationships. The adjusted HR (95% CI) for all-cause mortality per SD increase was 1.2 (1.1–1.3) for 2hPG and 1.1 (1.0–1.2) for HbA_1c. The HR for FPG <5.1 mmol/l (per SD decrease) was 2.0 (1.3–3.0); for FPG ≥5.1 mmol/l (per SD increase) the HR was 1.1 (1.0–1.2). Corresponding HRs for CVD mortality were 1.2 (1.0–1.4), 1.2 (1.0–1.3), 4.0 (2.1–7.6) and 1.3 (1.1–1.4). The discriminative ability of each measure was similar; no measure substantially improved individual risk identification over traditional risk factors. Conclusions/interpretation  In individuals without diagnosed diabetes, 2hPG and FPG, but not HbA_1c were significant predictors of all-cause mortality, whereas all measures were significant predictors of CVD mortality. However, these glucose measures did not substantially improve individual risk identification.     

Association of body mass index with mortality in cardiovascular disease: New insights into the obesity paradox from multiple perspectives

Over the past 4 decades, prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly at both the national and global level and presents a major public health challenge. Obesity is associated with increased risk of morbidity from cardiovascular diseases. Data suggesting that the presence of obesity may be protective in individuals with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease have led to discussion of an “obesity paradox”, stirring controversy and leading to unclear messaging regarding the true health risks of excess weight. This review explores the relationship between obesity and fatal and non-fatal outcomes in patients with prevalent cardiovascular disease and offers novel insights into the obesity paradox.     

Alcohol intake and survival in the elderly: a 77 month follow-up in the Dubbo study

Background: A prospective study in non-institutionalised Australian elderly aged 60 years and over commenced in Dubbo, NSW in 1988. Aim: To examine the relationship between all-causes mortality and alcohol intake. Methods: The data were derived from a community-based sample comprising 1236 men and 1569 women followed for a median period of 77 months. Regular alcohol intake was reported by 78% of men and 52% of women. Eighty-seven per cent of men and 44% of women primarily drank beer. Results: Death occurred in 305 men and 236 women, 34% and 39% respectively from coronary heart disease (CHD). In a proportional hazards model, the hazard ratio (HR) for all-causes mortality in male drinkers, compared with abstainers, was 0.75 at one-seven drinks/week, 0.76 at eight-14 drinks/week, 0.69 at 15–28 drinks/week and 0.49 at >28 drinks/week (p<0.04), an inverse relationship. In female drinkers, HR was 0.78 at one-seven drinks/week, 0.49 at eight-14 drinks/week (p<0.04) and 0.62 at 15–28 drinks/week, potentially a U shaped relationship. The effect on all-causes mortality could not be attributed to a differential effect of beer versus wine/spirit intake. Although the mortality rate was lower in those taking any alcohol compared with abstainers, those taking any alcohol exhibited an increased proportion of deaths due to cancer at the expense of a reduced proportion of CHD and stroke deaths. Conclusions: Alcohol intake in the Dubbo elderly appears to be independently associated with a significant increase in life expectancy. Mechanisms underlying the effect may emerge at a longer interval of follow-up.     

Dietary inflammatory index or Mediterranean diet score as risk factors for total and cardiovascular mortality

Background and Aims

Dietary patterns are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to examine associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) with total, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; and compare the strengths of the associations.

12年住院心血管病人死亡趋势调查

目的:分析我院住院心血管病人死亡率趋势。方法:查阅1993年1月至2004年12月12年来在我科住院死亡病人的资料,并进行统计分析。结果:(1)12年来住院病人总数呈上升趋势,死亡率呈下降趋势;(2)在269例死亡病例中,男性死亡率高于女性(P<0.001);(3)在269例死亡病例中,以≥80岁年龄段死亡率最高(P<0.001);(4)住院死亡率,以冠心病及夹层动脉瘤最高,分别达到5.78%,5.5%,两者无显著差异(P>0.05),但冠心病的死亡率较之高血压、风心病、心脏病的显著增加(P<0.001)。结论:12年来昆明地区心血管病人住院总数量上升,反映发病率增加,但死亡率呈下降趋势,说明医疗技术的进步和成绩的显著。     

Circulating leptin levels are not associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women with diabetes: a prospective cohort study

Aims/hypothesis Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, plays an important role in regulating neuroendocrine and immune function as well as insulin resistance and metabolism. Our objective was to examine the relationship between leptin levels and cardiovascular morbidity and overall mortality in women with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods This prospective cohort study included 1,194 women with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, who provided a blood sample at baseline in 1989–1990. Participants were followed for 12 years for the development of health outcomes including cardiovascular disease (CVD) events as well as total mortality. Results There were 218 new CVD events and 228 deaths from all causes. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to estimate the relative risks (RRs) for each quintile level of leptin compared with the lowest quintile. Leptin levels were positively associated with several CVD risk factors including BMI and inflammatory markers, but were not independently associated with the incidence of CVD or total mortality in women with diabetes. The multivariate RRs (95% CIs) for CVD across the quintiles of leptin were 0.96 (0.61–1.53), 0.99 (0.61–1.61), 1.04 (0.63–1.71), 1.02 (0.59–1.75) (p for trend = 0.83). Conclusions/interpretation Although circulating leptin levels are associated with obesity and inflammatory markers, they are not significantly related to the risk of CVD or mortality in women with diabetes.     

Changes in all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in three different Finnish population cohorts with and without diabetes

Background

We aimed to assess changes in cardiovascular (CVD) and all-cause mortality among diabetic and non-diabetic individuals between three large study cohorts with baseline assessments of 10 years apart and followed up for 10 years.

Methods

Six population surveys were carried out in 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997 in Finland. For the analyses we combined the 1972 and 1977 cohorts (cohort 1), the 1982 and 1987 cohorts (cohort 2) and similarly also the 1992 and 1997 cohorts (cohort 3).

Results

Age-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality and CVD in men without diabetes showed that both had a statistically significant decreased risk of all-cause mortality compared to the first cohort. No statistically significant changes in all-cause mortality were observed in men and women with diabetes between the latter two cohorts compared with the first after controlling for several covariates. In both men and women without diabetes, cohort 2 (men, HR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.51–0.82; women, HR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.32–0.89) and cohort 3 (men, HR = 0.32; 95% CI 0.22–0.47; women, HR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.14–0.68) showed a statistically significant decreased risk of CVD mortality compared to cohort 1. Age-adjusted HRs in regard to CVD mortality in men (HR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.07–0.69) and women (HR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.05–0.99) with diabetes of cohort 3 were statistically significantly lower than in cohort 1.

Conclusions

There seems to be a decrease in CVD mortality in people with diabetes indicating that treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes patients may have improved during the last decade.     

Sodium Intake and Mortality Follow-Up in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Background  Sodium restriction is commonly recommended as a measure to lower blood pressure and thus reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. However, some studies have observed higher mortality associated with lower sodium intake. Objective  To test the hypothesis that lower sodium is associated with subsequent higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all cause mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Design  Observational cohort study of mortality subsequent to a baseline survey. Participants  Representative sample (n = 8,699) of non-institutionalized US adults age ≥30, without history of CVD events, recruited between 1988–1994. Measurements and main results  Dietary sodium and calorie intakes estimated from a single baseline 24-h dietary recall. Vital status and cause of death were obtained from the National Death Index through the year 2000. Hazard ratio (HR) for CVD mortality of lowest to highest quartile of sodium, adjusted for calories and other CVD risk factors, in a Cox model, was 1.80 (95% CI 1.05, 3.08, p = 0.03). Non-significant trends of an inverse association of continuous sodium (per 1,000 mg) intake with CVD and all-cause mortality were observed with a 99% CI of 0.73, 1.06 (p = 0.07) and 0.86, 1.04 (p = 0.11), respectively, while trends for a direct association were not observed. Conclusion  Observed associations of lower sodium with higher mortality were modest and mostly not statistically significant. However, these findings also suggest that for the general US adult population, higher sodium is unlikely to be independently associated with higher CVD or all-cause mortality.     

Total polyphenol intake,polyphenol subtypes and incidence of cardiovascular disease: The SUN cohort study

Background and aims

Polyphenol-rich diets have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few prospective epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between classes of ingested polyphenols and risk of CVD. Our aim was to evaluate the association between polyphenol intake and risk of major cardiovascular events in a prospective Spanish cohort.