肝移植后新发糖尿病的危险因素和诊治进展

随着移植外科技术进步以及新型免疫抑制剂的应用,肝移植后受者的存活时间明显延长,但移植后新发糖尿病(NODM)等慢性并发症严重影响了受者的生存质量和存活时间.有研究显示,肝移植后1年NODM的累积发生率为11.9 %[1].     

肝移植术后新发糖尿病危险因素研究进展

肝移植术后新发糖尿病(NODAT)是肝移植术后常见的并发症,因其发病率高、危害大,严重的影响移植物功能和受者生存质量,受到了广大学者的关注。NODAT的危险因素有许多,大致可分为不可调控性危险因素及可调控性危险因素。不可调控性危险因素主要包括年龄、性别、供肝脂肪变性、肝硬化、糖尿病家族史等;可调控性危险因素包括肥胖、钙调磷酸酶抑制剂、糖皮质激素、肝炎病毒感染、巨细胞病毒感染及移植前血糖等。笔者结合近年相关研究报道对NODAT的发生机制及危险因素进行综述。     

肝移植术后糖尿病危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后糖尿病（PTDM）的发生及发展的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析98例肝移植受者的临床资料。根据其肝移植术后是否发生糖尿病，分为糖尿病组（36例）和非糖尿病组（62例）。以术前和术后可能的9个危险因素作为分析指标，进行这些指标的单因素分析和χ^2检验。结果 在对两组患者的年龄、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染情况、有无肝硬化及肝硬化的程度、术前糖耐量情况、免疫抑制剂的选择及其血药浓度、激素的使用时间的比较分析中发现：术前肝硬化患者PTDM的发生率明显高于无肝硬化者；肝硬化失代偿期患者PTDM的发生率高于代偿期。术前糖耐量异常的患者PTDM的发生率明显高于糖耐量正常者。激素半年内撤离的患者PTDM的发生率明显低于半年内未撤离者。而两组患者的年龄、HBV的感染情况、免疫抑制剂的选择及其血药浓度相比较，差异均无统计学差异。结论 肝硬化、尤其是肝硬化失代偿期，糖耐量异常，长期使用激素是PTDM发生的危险因素。     

肝移植术后糖尿病及其危险因素

本文就肝移植术后糖尿病的诊断标准、危险因素、发病情况,以及预防、治疗等进行了阐述.     

肾移植术后新发糖尿病危险因素分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后新发糖尿病(new-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation,NODAT)的危险因素.方法 术前未患糖尿病接受同种尸体肾移植的患者706例,根据入选时有否NODAT分为NODAT组和非NODAT组.统计NODAT发生率,对两组患者可能存在...     

影响肝移植术后新发糖尿病逆转的相关因素

目的 探讨影响肝移植术后新发糖尿病(PTDM)逆转的相关因素.方法 回顾分析232例肝移植受者的临床资料,术后共有62例患者发生PTDM,发生率为26.7%.根据PTDM是否发生逆转,将62例患者分为暂时性PTDM组(34例)和持续性PTDM组(28例).对两组患者的性别、年龄、体重指数、糖尿病家族史、乙型肝炎病毒感染情况、术前空腹血糖水平、免疫抑制剂使用及其血药浓度、皮质激素的使用时间等相关因素进行分析.结果 两组间患者的性别、体重指数、糖尿病家族史、术前空腹血糖水平、免疫抑制方案中皮质激素的持续使用时间、术后血他克莫司浓度及使用环孢素A的患者比例等因素的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与持续性PTDM组相比,暂时性PTDM组患者移植时年龄较轻,分别为(54±8)岁和(42±6)岁(P＜0.05);发生PTDM的术后时间较晚,分别为术后(18±23)d和(35±42)d(P＜0.05);免疫抑制方案中联合运用吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)或西罗莫司(SRL)的患者比例较高,分别为0和8.9%(P＜0.05).经多因素Logistic回归分析显示,只有移植时年龄是PTDM逆转的独立预测因子(比值比为1.312,95%可信区间为1.005～1.743).结论 患者移植时年龄、发生PTDM时的术后时间及免疫抑制方案中使用MMF或SRL的患者比例等因素与肝移植术后PTDM逆转相关,但只有移植时年龄是PTDM逆转的独立预测因子.

Abstract：

Objective To study the related factors associated with the reversal of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 62patients with PTDM in 232 patients receiving liver transplantation (26. 7 %) were retrospectively analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups: patients with transient PTDM (34 cases) and those with persistent PTDM (28 cases). Pre-operative and post-operative variables, including sex,age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose, the immunosuppressant regime, FK506 concentration and duration of steroid usage, were analyzed retrospectively. Results The variables, including sex, age, body mass index,family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose,FK506 concentration at month 1, 3 and 6 after operation, rate of cyclosporine usage and duration of steroid usage had no significant difference between the two groups (P＞0. 05). Compared with the persistent PTDM patients, the transient PTDM patients were characterized by younger age at the time of transplantation (54 ± 8 vs. 42 ± 6 years, P＜0. 05), longer time before the development of PTDM (18 ± 23 vs. 35 ± 42 days, P＜0. 05), and higher rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage (0vs. 8. 9 %, P＜0. 05). Based on a multivariate analysis, age at the time of transplantation was determined as the single independent predictive factor associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation (odds ratio: 1. 312, 95 % confidence interval: 1. 005 - 1. 743). Conclusion Age at the time of transplantation, duration before the development of PTDM and rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage are associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation. Among these factors, age at the time of transplantation is only the single independent predictive factor.     

影响肝移植术后新发糖尿病逆转的相关因素

Objective To study the related factors associated with the reversal of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 62patients with PTDM in 232 patients receiving liver transplantation (26. 7 %) were retrospectively analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups: patients with transient PTDM (34 cases) and those with persistent PTDM (28 cases). Pre-operative and post-operative variables, including sex,age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose, the immunosuppressant regime, FK506 concentration and duration of steroid usage, were analyzed retrospectively. Results The variables, including sex, age, body mass index,family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose,FK506 concentration at month 1, 3 and 6 after operation, rate of cyclosporine usage and duration of steroid usage had no significant difference between the two groups (P＞0. 05). Compared with the persistent PTDM patients, the transient PTDM patients were characterized by younger age at the time of transplantation (54 ± 8 vs. 42 ± 6 years, P＜0. 05), longer time before the development of PTDM (18 ± 23 vs. 35 ± 42 days, P＜0. 05), and higher rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage (0vs. 8. 9 %, P＜0. 05). Based on a multivariate analysis, age at the time of transplantation was determined as the single independent predictive factor associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation (odds ratio: 1. 312, 95 % confidence interval: 1. 005 - 1. 743). Conclusion Age at the time of transplantation, duration before the development of PTDM and rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage are associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation. Among these factors, age at the time of transplantation is only the single independent predictive factor.     

影响肝移植术后新发糖尿病逆转的相关因素

Objective To study the related factors associated with the reversal of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 62patients with PTDM in 232 patients receiving liver transplantation (26. 7 %) were retrospectively analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups: patients with transient PTDM (34 cases) and those with persistent PTDM (28 cases). Pre-operative and post-operative variables, including sex,age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose, the immunosuppressant regime, FK506 concentration and duration of steroid usage, were analyzed retrospectively. Results The variables, including sex, age, body mass index,family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose,FK506 concentration at month 1, 3 and 6 after operation, rate of cyclosporine usage and duration of steroid usage had no significant difference between the two groups (P＞0. 05). Compared with the persistent PTDM patients, the transient PTDM patients were characterized by younger age at the time of transplantation (54 ± 8 vs. 42 ± 6 years, P＜0. 05), longer time before the development of PTDM (18 ± 23 vs. 35 ± 42 days, P＜0. 05), and higher rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage (0vs. 8. 9 %, P＜0. 05). Based on a multivariate analysis, age at the time of transplantation was determined as the single independent predictive factor associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation (odds ratio: 1. 312, 95 % confidence interval: 1. 005 - 1. 743). Conclusion Age at the time of transplantation, duration before the development of PTDM and rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage are associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation. Among these factors, age at the time of transplantation is only the single independent predictive factor.     

影响肝移植术后新发糖尿病逆转的相关因素

Objective To study the related factors associated with the reversal of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) following liver transplantation. Methods The clinical data of 62patients with PTDM in 232 patients receiving liver transplantation (26. 7 %) were retrospectively analyzed and the patients were divided into two groups: patients with transient PTDM (34 cases) and those with persistent PTDM (28 cases). Pre-operative and post-operative variables, including sex,age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose, the immunosuppressant regime, FK506 concentration and duration of steroid usage, were analyzed retrospectively. Results The variables, including sex, age, body mass index,family history of diabetes, hepatitis B virus infection, pretransplantation fasting plasma glucose,FK506 concentration at month 1, 3 and 6 after operation, rate of cyclosporine usage and duration of steroid usage had no significant difference between the two groups (P＞0. 05). Compared with the persistent PTDM patients, the transient PTDM patients were characterized by younger age at the time of transplantation (54 ± 8 vs. 42 ± 6 years, P＜0. 05), longer time before the development of PTDM (18 ± 23 vs. 35 ± 42 days, P＜0. 05), and higher rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage (0vs. 8. 9 %, P＜0. 05). Based on a multivariate analysis, age at the time of transplantation was determined as the single independent predictive factor associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation (odds ratio: 1. 312, 95 % confidence interval: 1. 005 - 1. 743). Conclusion Age at the time of transplantation, duration before the development of PTDM and rate of mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus usage are associated with reversal of PTDM following liver transplantation. Among these factors, age at the time of transplantation is only the single independent predictive factor.     

肝移植后肝动脉血栓形成的危险因素及防治措施

目的探讨肝移植后肝动脉血栓形成的好发因素及其防治措施。方法收集国内、外近年来关于肝移植后肝动脉血栓形成的好发因素及防治方面的文献并作一综述。结果肝移植后肝动脉血栓形成的好发因素有第五因子莱顿、受体的代谢性肝脏疾病和受体的性别、肝移植中Roux-en-Y法胆管重建术的应用、病毒感染等方面;防治措施主要有早期诊断、检测激活蛋白C抵抗性与预防性应用抗凝剂、改进肝动脉重建的方法、高压氧疗法、经导管持续溶栓治疗、再次肝移植等方面。结论肝移植后肝动脉血栓形成的好发因素及其防治措施的研究对改善肝移植患者的预后有指导作用。     

肾移植术后新发糖尿病危险因素研究现状

综述肾移植术后新发糖尿病的定义及诊断标准、肾移植术后新发糖尿病发病率和危险因素,为临床医护工作者更好地了解该疾病及预防肾移植术后糖尿病的发生提供参考。     

原位异体肝移植术后新发慢性肾脏病的危险因素和预后分析

目的:探索术前估测肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR）正常的成年人肝移植术后新发慢性肾脏病（new-onset chronic kidney disease, NOCKD）的围手术期危险因素,为NOCKD高危人群的筛查提供早期预测模型。方法:采用回顾性病例...     

肝移植术后新发糖尿病的诊治进展

肝移植术后新发糖尿病（NODM）是肝移植术后的常见并发症，往往导致感染率和患者死亡率明显上升，糖尿病亦是急性心肌梗死、心律失常、心肌病、心力衰竭和脑血管意外等心血管疾病的危险因素，而心血管疾病是影响肝移植患者长期存活的主要原因之一。因此，了解肝移植术后NODM的危险因素、监测和处理方法极其重要，这有助于降低NODM的发病率，提高患者的存活率。     

心脏移植术后患者新发糖尿病危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统评价心脏移植术后患者新发糖尿病的危险因素,为临床防治心脏移植术后新发糖尿病提供依据.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、Web of Science、CINAHL、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库和维普数据库,检索时间均为建库至2020年9月,收集心脏移植术后新发糖尿病危险因素的观察性研究.由2名研究者提取资料并进行偏倚风险评价,用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入14项研究9808例研究对象,心脏移植术后新发糖尿病总发病率为20.22％(1983/9808).Meta分析结果显示,不可干预的危险因素有年龄、糖尿病家族史(OR=1.21、2.15,均P<0.01);可干预的危险因素有体重指数、术前空腹血糖、使用他克莫司、使用类固醇、冷缺血时间(OR=1.08～5.13,P≤0.01).结论 心脏移植术后新发糖尿病受较多因素影响,医护人员应识别其危险因素,采取针对性干预措施,提高治疗效果与移植成功率.     

肝移植后新发恶性肿瘤的研究进展

随着新型免疫抑制剂的应用和外科技术的不断进步,肝移植受者的长期存活率不断提高,而肝移植后新发恶性肿瘤成为受者远期死亡的重要原因之一,因而受到移植领域的关注[1-2].本文就肝移植后新发恶性肿瘤的危险因素、肿瘤类型及筛查与预防措施等方面做如下综述.     

肝移植术后胆道狭窄的危险因素和治疗

胆道狭窄是肝移植术后的常见并发症,根据狭窄发生部位不同可分为吻合日胆道狭窄和非吻合口胆道狭窄。这两种类型的胆道狭窄危险因素、治疗方法和预后并不相同。现结合国内外文献,分别就肝移植术后两种类型胆道狭窄的危险因素和治疗进行综述。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症危险因素和诊治分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的相关因素及综合诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析2000年10月至2012年3月366例连续术后肝移植患者的临床资料.男性292例,女性72例,年龄18 ～69岁,平均年龄44.5岁.记录患者术后胆道并发症情况.采用单因素分析及Logistic多因素回归分析术后胆道并发症的危险因素.并发胆漏患者予置管充分引流.吻合口狭窄者经皮经肝胆道造影或经内镜逆行胰胆管造影行球囊成形术,必要时放置胆道支架;非吻合口狭窄者行经皮经肝胆道造影联合胆道镜治疗.结果 术后随访10 ～ 129个月,平均58.5个月,366例原位肝移植患者术后发生胆道并发症42例(11.5％).单因素分析及Logistic多因素回归分析结果示,第2次热缺血时间(门静脉血流复通到肝动脉血流复通的时间)、术中出血量和胆道吻合口直径与肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生相关(Wald=9.474～ 17.208,P＜0.05).12例胆漏患者通过腹腔引流、鼻胆管引流治愈;22例吻合口狭窄患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影或经皮经肝胆道造影球囊成形术治愈,其中6例放置了胆道支架;8例非吻合口狭窄患者中,6例经皮经肝胆道造影联合胆道镜治疗后痊愈,1例接受二次肝移植后痊愈,1例恢复不良.结论 第2次热缺血时间、术中出血量和吻合口大小是肝移植术后胆道并发症的危险因素.肝移植术后胆管非弥漫性狭窄及胆漏的微创治疗安全、有效.     

肝移植术后腹腔积液的危险因素分析

目的对肝移植术后腹腔积液并发症进行原因分析，了解其危险因素，从而指导肝移植术后腹腔积液的预防和治疗。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年12月中山市人民医院47例肝移植患者临床资料，根据术后腹腔积液发生情况，分为腹腔积液组（24例）和无腹腔积液组（23例），采用单因素分析、Logistic多元回归分析以及ROC曲线分析肝移植术后发生腹腔积液的危险因素以及敏感度、特异度。 结果Logistic回归分析显示，术后第1天白蛋白（ALB）水平、供体胆碱酯酶（ChE）、脑死亡时间是肝移植术后腹腔积液的危险因素（P=0.017、0.044、0.035）。术后第1天ALB水平每增加评分一级、供体ChE每增加1 U、脑死亡时间增加1 h，患者术后腹腔积液风险分别增加6.531、1.000、1.052倍。ROC曲线分析发现，供体ChE的最佳截断值为5 142 U/L，判断术后腹腔积液发生风险敏感度为79.2%，特异度为56.5%，曲线下面积为0.676（P=0.039，95% CI：0.520~0.832）；供体脑死亡时间截断值为21.5 h，判断术后腹腔积液发生风险敏感度为62.5%，特异度为73.9%，曲线下面积为0.674（P=0.041，95% CI：0.520~0.828）。 结论提高术后第1天ALB水平，选择相对低ChE水平供体及减少供体脑死亡后等待时间可降低肝移植术后腹腔积液发生风险。     

肝移植术后急性肺损伤的危险因素

目的研究肝移植术后发生急性肺损伤（Acute lung injury，ALI）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析100例终末期肝病患者肝移植术后的临床资料。进行单因素及多因素回归分析肝移植术后发生ALI的危险因素。结果13例患者（13％，13／100例）被诊断为肝移植术后ALI。logistic回归分析显示术中大量输血（输血量超过5000ml）和严重的再灌注损伤（血清丙氨酸转氨酶超过600U／L）是肝移植术后急性肺损伤的独立危险因素。术中大量输血的患者发生ALI的危险增加12．7倍；严重的再灌注损伤发生ALI的危险增加7．0倍。结论大量输血和再灌注损伤是肝移植术后发生ALI的两个重要危险因素。ALI是肝移植术后严重的多因素并发症，有很高的死亡率。