输注供鼠骨髓间充质干细胞延长肾移植大鼠的存活时间

目的 探讨在同种大鼠肾移植中输注供者骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)对急性排斥反应的影响以及延长受鼠存活时间的作用.方法 取Wistar大鼠骨髓,分离和培养其MSC.以Wistar 大鼠为供者,Lewis大鼠为受者,建立同种大鼠肾移植模型.根据受鼠处理方式的不同,分为低剂量MSC组、高剂量MSC组、CsA组及对照组,低剂量MSC组和高剂量MSC组于移植前后分别多次输注1×106个和t×107个供者MSC,CsA组于术后2d开始腹腔内注入CsA 0.5 mg·kg-1 ·d-1,以腹腔内注射PBS作为对照.移植后,比较各组受鼠的存活时间,观察各组移植肾功能及移植肾组织病理学改变.结果 低剂量MSC组、高剂量MSC组、CsA组及对照组受鼠的存活时间分别为(21.7±7.2)d、(31.2±14.3)d、(34.9±15.7)d及(9.0±2.3)d;低剂量MSC组、高剂量MSC组和CsA组存活时间均明显长于对照组(P＜0.01),而低剂量MSC组存活时间明显短于高剂量MSC组和CsA组(P＜0.05).术后第4天,高剂量MSC组和CsA组移植肾组织形态和结构基本正常;对照组移植肾组织则表现出典型的急性排斥反应,出现广泛间质性浸润,肾小管炎症和片状坏死、出血,肾小球炎症浸润严重;而与对照组相比,低剂量MSC组急性排斥反应的病理表现则要明显减轻.结论 同种肾移植大鼠输注供者MSC后,可以达到有效的免疫调节作用,并且可明显延长大鼠的存活时间,呈MSC剂量依赖性.     

粉防己碱和环孢素A在大鼠心脏移植中的协同作用

目的 研究粉防己碱(Tetrandrine,Tet)和低剂量环孢素A(CsA)联合使用对同种异基因大鼠移植心脏存活时间的影响.方法 分别以近交系雄性Lewis(RT11)大鼠和BN(RT1n)大鼠为供、受者,将接受心脏移植后的BN大鼠随机分为5组,术后开始连续每天腹腔注射给药.A组:给予生理盐水1 ml/d;B组:给予CsA 3.2 mg·kg-1·d-1;C组:给予Tet 40 mg·kg-1·d-1;D组:给予Tet 40 mg·kg-1·d-1和CsA 3.2 mg·kg-1·d-1;E组:给予CsA 6 mg·kg-1·d-1.观察移植心存活时间并进行病理检查,测定受者外周血CD3+CD25+ T淋巴细胞数量、体外单向混合淋巴细胞反应以及受者血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)浓度等.结果 A、B、C、D、E组大鼠的移植心平均存活分别为(7.2±0.45)d、(10.8±1.48)d、(9±1.0)d、(15.6±3.05)d和(15.2±2.28)d,D、E组移植心存活时间比A组显著延长(P＜0.05),术后6 d D组外周血CD3+CD25+ T淋巴细胞数量、单向混合淋巴细胞反应刺激指数、血清 IL-2浓度较A组显著降低(P＜0.05),D组移植心排斥反应程度最轻.结论 Tet和低剂量CsA联合应用能显著延长同种异基因大鼠移植心的存活时间,其机理可能与抑制反应性T淋巴细胞活化以及抑制外周血清IL-2产生等有关.     

雷公藤多甙及环孢素A在大鼠心脏移植中的协同作用

目的探讨心脏移植术后单用雷公藤多甙(TWHF)及与环孢素A(GsA)合用对大鼠心脏移植物生存期的影响.方法供体为雄性PVG(RT1C)大鼠,受体为雄性Lewis(LEW;RT11)大鼠.采用改良的Ono和Lindsey方法实施腹部异位心脏移植.根据术后处理不同将实验动物分为4组第1组(5只)对照组(非治疗组);第2组(7只)TWHF 60 mg·kg-1·d-1;第3组(6只)CsA 15 mg·kg-1·d-1;第4组(5只)TWHF 40 mg·kg-1·d-1+CsA1 mg·kg-1·d-1.用吐温80及蒸馏水将TWHF配制成1%悬液;CsA使用前以注射用水配成5g/L.术后当天即给药,TWHF为灌服,CsA为肌肉注射.直至发生排斥反应或最多给药14 d.每天通过触摸监测移植心脏的功能.结果4组移植大鼠心脏平均存活8.8、12.0、17.0、34.6 d.结论心脏移植术后给予雷公藤多甙及CsA联合治疗,能明显延长移植心脏的功能存活时间.     

大黄素对大鼠肝移植排斥反应的抑制作用

目的探讨大黄素预防大鼠肝移植后排斥反应的效果。方法以Wistar大鼠为供者, SD大鼠为受者,建立大鼠原位肝移植模型。(1)将肝移植大鼠模型随机分为5组,其中3组分别腹腔注射大黄素2.0、10.0和50.0mg·kg-1·d-1,另外2组分别给予CsA(10.0mg·kg-1·d-1)和生理盐水(0.5 ml/d)作为对照,观察各组大鼠的存活时间。(2)另取肝移植大鼠模型,按给予大黄素时间的不同随机分为4组,分别于术前8 d至手术当天、术前4 d至术后4 d、术后第1～8天及术后第8～16天腹腔注射大黄素50.0 mg·kg-1·d-1,观察各组大鼠的存活时间。(3)另取肝移植大鼠模型,随机分为4组,分别给予CsA、大黄素以及CsA 大黄素,CsA的用量为10.0mg·kg-1·d-1,大黄素的用量为50.0mg·kg-1·d-1,各组于手术当天至术后第8天连续给药,停药后1周处死大鼠,观察各组大鼠移植肝组织病理学变化,根据Banff分级方案确定排斥活动指数。结果接受大黄素10.0和50.0 mg·kg-1·d-1腹腔注射的大鼠,术后存活时间分别为(25.1±2.1)d、(27.1±7.3)d,明显长于生理盐水对照组(P<0.01),使用50.0mg·kg-1·d-1者的存活时间与CsA对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前8 d至手术当天、术前4 d至术后4 d用药者,术后受者存活时间分别为(15.3±1.6)d、(15.8±1.9)d,二者的存活时间明显短于术后第1～8天用药者的(25.3±3.7)d和术后第8～16天用药者的(23.1±3.8)d(P<0.01)。采用CsA与大黄素联合用药者,移植肝的排斥活动指数为2.11±0.78,明显低于单用CsA或大黄素者(P<0.05),单用CsA者(6.56±0.88)与单用大黄素者(6.33±1.00)比较,排斥活动指数的差异无统计学意义。结论大黄素对大鼠肝移植后的排斥反应有抑制作用。     

一氧化氮在大鼠小肠移植缺血再灌注损伤和急性排斥反应中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮(NO)在大鼠小肠移植缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)和急性排斥反应(AR)中作用.方法 建立同种大鼠原位小肠移植模型,采用随机数字表法将受鼠分为4组.移植对照组、左旋精氨酸(L-Arg)组、左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)Ⅰ组(Ⅰ组)和L-NAMEⅡ组(Ⅱ组)受鼠于手术当天开始分别每天给予生理盐水、L-Arg 150 mg·kg-1 ·d-1、L-NAME 4和8 mg·kg-1·d-1.术后观察各组受鼠的存活时间,行HE染色观察移植小肠的组织病理学改变,采用免疫组织化学法观察移植小肠一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的活性,以及检测血糖吸收功能和血清NO浓度.结果 移植对照组、L-Arg组、Ⅰ组及Ⅱ组受鼠的存活时间分别为(11.7±1.2)d、(10.2±1.0)d、(12.3±1.5)d和(17.3±1.9)d,Ⅱ组受鼠的存活时间明显延长(P＜0.01).与移植对照组相比,L-Arg组和Ⅰ组IRI的Park评分下降,IRI减轻;Ⅱ组Park评分显著升高(P＜0.01),IRI加重,但AR明显减轻.与移植对照组相比,IRI期间,Ⅰ组iNOS染色减弱,Ⅱ组iNOS和nNOS染色均减弱;AR期间,Ⅱ组iNOS染色明显减弱.各组血清NO浓度于再灌注后30min逐渐升高.与移植对照组相比,Ⅱ组血 NO浓度的升高延缓.与移植对照组相比,L-Arg组血糖吸收值于再灌注30 min至术后3d明显增高(P＜0.01);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组血糖吸收值术后处于较低水平.结论 NO在大鼠小肠移植IRI中起到了细胞毒和细胞保护的双重作用;在AR中加重了组织损伤.术后早期补充L-Arg可促进移植肠管对糖类的吸收.     

吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯抑制慢性移植物血管病进程的研究

目的 研究核转录因子-κB的抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)对慢性移植物血管病的抑制作用.方法 以Lewis大鼠为供者,F344大鼠为受者,建立心脏移植模型.随机将受者分为2组,每组18只.对照组:自术日起腹腔注射环孢素A(CsA)2 mg·kg-1·d-1×10 d;试验组:自术日起除腹腔注射CsA 2 mg·kg-1·d-1×10 d外,另皮下注射PDTC 100 mg·kg-1·d-1×10 d.两组于术后20、40、60 d时分别随机处死受者各6只,取移植心行病理学检查.观察两组冠状动脉内膜的增生程度以及单核细胞的浸润程度;对两组移植心的冠状动脉重塑和炎症反应情况进行评分.结果 在各检查时段,试验组移植心冠状动脉内膜的增生程度与对照组相比明显减轻,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在术后20 d时,试验组移植心单核细胞的浸润程度与对照组相比明显减轻,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 PDTC对大鼠移植物慢性移植物血管病的进程有明显抑制作用.     

1O-羟基喜树碱和环孢素A诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受的实验研究

目的以中药制剂10-羟基喜树碱(HCPT)和环孢素A(CsA)诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受,并探讨免疫耐受的特异性和形成机制.方法以纯系SD大鼠为供者,纯系Wis-tar大鼠为受者行异体颈部心脏移植.将移植后50只受者大鼠随机分成5组,分别接受不同剂量HCPT、CsA或二者联合应用.A组接受安慰剂.B组接受HCPT 1.0mg·kg-1·d-1,腹腔注射.C组接受HCPT 2.0 mg·kg-1·d-1,腹腔注射.E组接受CsA10.0 mg·kg·d-1,导管灌胃.F组联合应用HCPT和CsA,方法剂量同B组和E组.心脏移植物长期存活受者术后60 d停用免疫抑制剂,120 d同时行供者来源(SD)大鼠和无关供者(SHR)大鼠皮肤移植.结果3只C组大鼠和5只F组大鼠心脏移植术后停用免疫抑制剂长期存活超过730 d.8块SD大鼠皮肤移植物长期存活超过610 d,而8块SHR大鼠皮肤均被排斥,平均存活时间(4.50±1.25)d.结论大剂量HCPT或小剂量HCPT与CsA联合应用可诱导异基因大鼠心脏移植受者免疫耐受,且形成的免疫耐受具有明确的抗原特异性.     

AG490延长移植心存活时间的探讨

目的 研究AG490在大鼠心脏移植中免疫抑制及延长移植心存活时间的作用,探讨AG490的作用机制.方法 供者为SD大鼠,受者为Wistar大鼠,建立大鼠心脏移植模型.将受者分为4组.对照组(14只):术后1～7 d经尾静脉注射生理盐水0.2 ml·kg-1·d-1;AG490组(14只):术后1～7 d经尾静脉注射AG490 20 mg·kg-1·d-1;CsA组(10只):术后1～7 d经尾静脉注射CsA20 mg·kg-1·d-1;AG490+CsA组(10只):术后1～7 d经尾静脉注射AG490和CsA各20mg·kg-1·d-1.术后各组分别取10只受者,观察移植心存活时间,并在术后1、4和7 d时,检测受者外周血中白细胞介素(IL)-2和IL-6的水平.术后第7天,处死对照组和AG490组受者(各4只)后,分别取移植心组织进行病理学检测.结果 AG490组受者术后移植心存活时间为(26.6±3.81)d,CsA组为(28.4±4.25)d,AG490+CsA组为(31.8±4.39)d,均较对照组的(8.4±0.84)d显著延长(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,AG490组术后外周血IL-2水平显著降低(P＜0.05),IL-6水平虽有所降低,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而AG490+CsA组IL-2和IL-6水平下降更为显著,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).AG490组移植心组织中淋巴细胞浸润程度较对照组明显减轻.结论 AG490具有免疫抑制作用,能延长移植物的存活时间,与CsA联合应用时效果更加明显.AG490的主要作用机制包括降低IL-2表达的水平,抑制移植心组织中淋巴细胞的浸润.     

冬虫夏草提取物抑制大鼠移植物血管病的实验研究

目的 探讨冬虫夏草提取物抑制大鼠移植动脉硬化的效果及其机制.方法 制备大鼠腹主动脉移植模型,分为4组进行实验:同系对照组供、受者均为Lewis大鼠,生理盐水灌胃60d;同种对照组,以Brown-Norway大鼠(BN大鼠)为供者,Lewis大鼠为受者,生理盐水灌胃60d;低剂量实验组,以BN大鼠为供者,Lewis大鼠为受者,以冬虫夏草提取物(1.5 g·kg-1·d-1)灌胃60 d;高剂量实验组,以BN大鼠为供者,Lewis大鼠为受者,以冬虫夏草提取物(3.0g·kg-1·d-1)灌胃60d.于移植后60 d取移植动脉,HE染色,进行病理学观察;免疫组织化学和蛋白质印迹法检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和血小板衍生生长因子BB(PDGF-BB)在移植动脉中的表达.酶联免疫吸附试验检测受鼠血清中VEGF和PDGF- BB含量.结果 同系对照组移植动脉形态正常;同种对照组移植动脉呈移植物血管病表现,血管内膜显著增厚;2个实验组移植动脉呈内膜炎症改变,内膜厚度与同种对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同种对照组移植动脉中VEGF和PDGF-BB的表达高于同系对照组(P＜0.05);2个实验组移植动脉中VEGF和PDGF-BB的表达低于同种对照组(P＜0.05).同系对照组受鼠血清中几乎无VEGF和PDGF-BB;同种对照组血清中VEGF和PDGF-BB浓度高于同系对照组(P＜0.05);和同种对照组相比较,2个实验组血清VEGF和PDGF-BB浓度较低(P＜0.05).结论 冬虫夏草提取物能明显抑制动脉内膜的增生,可缓解慢性排斥反应所致的移植动脉硬化,这种保护作用可能与下调VEGF和PDGF-BB表达有关.     

激活型Akt1转染大鼠胰岛联合免疫抑制剂在异种胰岛移植中的应用

目的 探讨腺病毒载体介导激活性Akt1基因(Adv-CA-Akt1)转染大鼠胰岛对异种移植胰岛功能和存活的影响.方法 以BALB/C糖尿病小鼠为受体,分离纯化雄性Wistar大鼠胰岛,体外培养,Adv-CA-Akt1转染后异种胰岛移植.受体小鼠分3组,实验组:Adv-CA-Akt1转染的大鼠胰岛体外培养24 h,小鼠肾被膜下移植,并口服环孢素A(CsA)30 mg·kg-1·d-1;CsA组:未转染胰岛移植,同剂量环孢素口服;对照组:单纯胰岛移植.每只接受300胰岛当量(IEQs)移植.检测术后血糖,移植物存活时间及组织病理学.结果 实验组和CsA组术后2 d血糖即降至正常,胰岛功能存活时间分别为(21.0±3.65)d和(9.0±2.54)d,而对照组血糖短暂下降后再次升高,胰岛功能存活时间(4.2±2.6)d.实验组小鼠生存时间为(31.0±5.67)d比CsA组(17.0±3.35)d和对照组(10.0±1.52)d明显延长,三组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胰岛素免疫组化染色实验组.肾被膜下见较多有功能胰岛细胞团,而CsA组和对照组胰岛素染色阳性细胞数减少.结论 Adv-CA-Akt1转染大鼠胰岛联合应用免疫抑制剂,可提高胰岛功能,延长异种胰岛移植物存活时间.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.