选择性杏仁核毁损术的临床应用研究

目的研究杏仁核毁损在功能性疾病中的应用价值及对神经电生理的影响.方法采用脑立体定向技术对顽固性癫痫43例难治精神病27例;冲动性人格障碍4例;精神发育迟滞伴发行为障碍3例,进行选择性杏仁核毁损,单侧毁损12例,双侧毁损65例.对部分患者进行了手术前后医学心理、神经电生理检查对照,同时对难治性精神病患者进行了手术前后BPRS及各因子分析对照.结果43例顽固性癫痫患者,痊愈10例;显进16例;进步12例;无效5例.难治性精神病通过BPRS及各因子分析,其中BPRS、ANDP、ACTV、HOST手术前后对照具有显著的差异性(P＜0.01),综合疗效评定痊愈2例;显进10例;进步13例;无效2例.对冲动性人格障碍及精神发育迟滞所致冲动、伤人、毁物等行为障碍改善明显.而患者的智能、记忆及脑电图无明显变化.结论杏仁核毁损对治疗功能性疾病有较大的临床应用价值.     

难治性精神病外科治疗效果评价

目的综合评价难治性精神病外科治疗的临床效果及手术对难治性精神病人的神经生理、记忆、智能的影响。方法采用脑立体定向技术对临床确诊的难治性精神病精神分裂症选杏仁核、扣带回、内囊前肢等脑内不同靶点进行单靶点或多靶点联合毁损,对部分患者进行了手术前后医学心理、神经电生理检查对照分析,同时对难治性精神分裂症患者进行了手术前后BPRS及各因子分析对照。结果难治性分裂症通过BPRS及各因子分析,其中BPRS、ANDP、ACTV、HOST手术前后对照具有显著的差异性（P〈0．01）,综合疗效评定：痊愈2例;显进64例;进步41例;无效20例。结论脑立体定向技术对临床确诊的难治性精神病靶症状疗效是肯定的,手术对患者记忆、智能及脑电图无明显影响。     

脑立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症

目的探讨脑立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的手术方法及效果评价.方法对27例难治性精神分裂症病人,采用立体定向选择杏仁核进行毁损.结果术后综合疗效评定优2例,显进10例,进步13例,无效2例.BPRS及各因子分析显示BPRS、ANDP、ACTV、HOST手术前后对照有显著的差异性(P＜0.01).结论脑立体定向手术是治疗难治性精神分裂症的有效手段.     

脑立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症及手术前后因子分析

目的　评价用简明精神评定量表 (briefpsychiatricratingscule,BPRS)及各因子分评定脑立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的效果。方法　对 37例难治性精神分裂症病人 ,采用立体定向扣带回、杏仁核、内囊前肢等脑内核团进行毁损 ,并在手术前后进行BPRS及各因子分评定。结果　术后综合疗效评定 :优 4例 ,显进 16例 ,进步 15例 ,无效 2例。手术前后BPRS及各因子分析显示BPRS总分、活动过多、敌意猜疑手术前后对照有显著的差异性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　BPRS及各因子分可作为脑立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症效果评定的量化指标和选择手术病人的客观依据。     

立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损术治疗难治性精神病

目的 探讨脑立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术在治疗难治性精神病中的作用。方法 对10例难治性精神病患者应用立体定向技术对颅内杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回等部位进行多靶点组合射频热凝治疗。应用简明精神病评定量表(brief psychiatric rating scale，BPRS)、社会功能量表(social disability screening schedule，SDSS)、韦氏智力量和临床记忆量表对治疗效果进行评定，并随访病人6个月～1年。结果 10例患者中治愈2例，显著进步3例，进步2例，无变化3例。手术前后BPRS、SDSS量表检查有显著差异，临床记忆量表测验、韦氏智力测验病人脑功能变化与术前无显著差异。结论 立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术是治疗难治性精神病的有效治疗方法，根据不同症状设计不同靶点组合做到手术计划个体化，对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

立体定向外科治疗癫痫的神经心理学初步观察

立体定向脑深部结构毁损治疗顽固性癫痫,虽已逐渐得到广泛应生,但杏仁核毁损对人类认识能力的影响仍存有不同意见。我院自1987年7月以来采用立体定向方法治疗顽固性癫痫30例,对其中(?)手术前后选择性进行神经心理学检查,以期观察手术对认识能力的影响。 (一)一般资料:男8例,女4例。年龄17～41岁,平均27岁。病程5～29年,平均14年。文化程度:小学3例,中学9例。本组复杂部分性发作7例,全身性发作5年。手术靶点以杏仁核为主,辅以Forel-H、扣带回及胼胝体,其中1例杏仁核毁损5例,双侧杏仁核毁损7例。 (二)神经心理学检查方法;采用修订的韦氏成人智力测验量表(WAIS)检查12例,     

二次多靶点定向手术治疗难治性精神病的体会

目的 探讨立体定向多靶点手术治疗难治性精神病失败的原因及二次手术的治疗效果.方法 对18例已行立体定向多靶点手术治疗的难治性精神病患者,手术效果欠佳,分析原因,结合第一次手术靶点及目前核心症状,再次在立体定向基础上,进行杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回、隔核等多靶点组合,进行核团射频热凝手术治疗.应用CGI、WISC、BPRS、PNSS精神病评定量表对治疗效果进行评定.结果 依据减分率标准,18例患者中,显著进步12例,进步5例,无变化1例.手术前后量表评分有显著差异(P＜0.05).无智商损害等严重并发症和后遗症发生.结论 多靶点定向毁损治疗难治性精神病失败后,再次手术仍效果显著.     

二次手术治疗难治性精神病的临床体会

目的探讨立体定向多靶点手术治疗难治性精神病失败的原因及二次手术的治疗效果。方法对23例已行立体定向手术治疗的效果欠佳的难治性精神病患者,分析原因,再次行立体定向多靶点组合毁损手术治疗。应用CGI、WISC、BPRS、PNSS精神病评定量表对治疗效果进行评定。结果 23例患者中,显著进步15例,进步5例,无变化3例。手术前后量表评分有显著差异(P<0.05)。无智商损害等严重并发症和后遗症发生。结论二次多靶点定向毁损治疗难治性精神病,仍效果显著。     

难治性癫痫杏仁核神经病理研究

关于癫痫的杏仁核神经病理研究逐渐增多。我院对2例难治性癫痫病人行左侧杏仁核毁损前,作局部活检,1例为正常组织,1例为轻度胶质增生。这样在作     

立体定向手术治疗87例顽固性癫痫的远期疗效观察

目的探讨立体定向手术治疗顽固性癫痫的远期疗效.方法男64例,女23例,年龄7～54岁(平均24.8岁),病程3～37年(平均12.7年).其中全身性发作65例,部分性发作22例.手术除6例儿童采用全麻外,均在局麻下进行,33例行一侧杏仁核加Forel-H毁损,24例行双侧杏仁核加一侧Forel-H毁损,15例行双侧杏仁核毁损,6例行双侧杏仁核加扣带回毁损,5例行一侧杏仁核毁损,3例一侧Forel-H毁损,1例行双侧扣带回加内囊前肢毁损.另外有6例患者进行了两次手术.结果通过3～13年(平均6.8年)的随访,发现18例病人(20.7%)癫痫发作完成消失;32例患者(36.8%)癫痫发作减少90%以上;12例患者(13.8%)术后癫痫发作减少50%以上;手术效果不理想者有25例(28.7%),其中1例患者(1.1%)术后因并发颅内感染而死亡.总有效率71.3%,优良率为57.5%.结论立体定向手术是治疗顽固性癫痫的一种有效方法,但手术前应准确定位致痫灶,并选择适当的手术靶点.     

顽固性癫癎的外科联合手术治疗

目的探讨联合手术治疗顽固性癫癎的方法和临床疗效。方法对45例顽固性癫癎患者行联合手术治疗。手术方式:多处软脑膜下横切术(multiplesubpialtransection,MST)+致癎病灶切除+胼胝体前部切开术3例;MST+胼胝体前部切开术11例;MST+致癎病灶切除19例;MST+立体定向杏仁核海马毁损术12例。术中进行皮层电极及深部电极监测。结果术中进行皮层电极检测定位更精确。患者术后随访3-28个月,发作完全控制17例(37.78%),显著改善24例(53.33%),良好2例(4.44%),效差2例(4.44%),术后神经功能均保存完好。结论联合手术治疗顽固性癫癎是一种安全有效的方法。     

A multicenter study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among new referrals for epilepsy in Japan

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence rate and risk factors of psychiatric disorders among new referrals for epilepsy, a multicenter study was conducted by using the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) criteria for epilepsy and the ICD-10 criteria for psychiatric disorders. METHODS: From April 2000 to March 2001, 398 patients with epilepsy, who were referred to nine neuropsychiatric outpatient clinics specialized for epilepsy in the Tokyo metropolitan area, were evaluated by using a newly developed five-axis classification scheme. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the subjects showed a psychiatric disorder. Twenty-four percent of the total showed psychiatric disorders, including neurotic disorders in 8%, psychotic disorders in 7%, and affective disorders in 1%. In addition, 23% of the total showed mental retardation, and 18% showed personality disorders. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the three risk factors for a psychiatric disorder were mental retardation, temporal lobe epilepsy (as opposed to other subtypes), and a high seizure frequency. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of mental retardation was the primary risk factor for developing a psychiatric disorder, especially a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The type of epilepsy alone is not a strong predictor of psychiatric illness, and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy with a high seizure frequency is accountable for the link between the epilepsy and the psychiatric illness.     

Refractory epilepsy in a Chinese population

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the proportion of Chinese patients with intractable seizures and the risk factors leading to refractory epilepsy. METHODS: Consecutive patients over 14 years of age attending a Neurology clinic were evaluated. Patients with epilepsy were classified into two groups according to their seizure control: refractory or seizure-free. Epilepsy was classified as idiopathic as defined by age-related onset and typical electroclinical characteristics, symptomatic if secondary to a structural abnormality and cryptogenic if the cause was unknown. Age, sex, epilepsy syndrome classification, aetiology, presence of mental retardation and the number of drugs used were compared between patients with refractory epilepsy and those in remission. RESULTS: Among 260 adolescent and adult patients with a mean age of 34 years (range 15-79), complete seizure control was achieved in 157 (60%) cases. Multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis showed that patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (OR=7.6, 95% CI 3.53-16.4, p<0.01) and the presence of mental retardation (OR=9.39, 95% CI 3.98-22.12, p<0.01) were more likely to develop pharmacoresistant epilepsy. CONCLUSION: In adults the underlying aetiology is an important factor as to whether patients develop intractable seizures. Poor control was also associated with the presence of mesial temporal sclerosis and mental retardation.     

Epilepsy surgery in children with developmental disabilities

Surgery for treatment of medically uncontrolled epilepsy in children is now widely accepted with reported outcomes similar to those in adults. Epilepsy is reported in 8.8% to 32% of children with mental retardation (MR) and in up to half of children with severe retardation. There has been concern that patients with low IQ will experience unsatisfactory outcomes from epilepsy surgery and not achieve good seizure control. It is appropriate to reassess the prior bias against resective epilepsy surgery in children with MR in view of the changing criteria for potential candidacy for epilepsy surgery in infants and young children. There are three prerequisites for epilepsy surgery: (1) the epilepsy must be medically intractable; (2) the surgery must be feasible, that is, the epileptogenic zone can identified and safely resected; and (3) there is high likelihood of a satisfactory outcome as regards both the epilepsy and the patient's functional status. Patients with MR may have diffuse cerebral dysfunction and diffuse or multifocal epileptogenic regions. Appropriate patient selection is made possible through use of current technology that allows identification of lesions or areas of cerebral dysgenesis, aiding in identification of localized areas of epileptogenesis. Results from various series of patients with MR who have undergone resective surgery for epilepsy have shown that with careful presurgical evaluations, outcomes are similar between patients with normal IQ scores and those with low scores. Surgical protocols specifically for patients with MR and intractable epilepsy are required, including careful definition of desired outcomes.     

Generalized cortical dysplasia manifested by diffusely thick cerebral cortex

Unilateral or bilateral rolandic macrogyria has been described as a cause of epilepsy and, in some cases, retardation. Tissue from the periphery of these lesions shows the changes of focal cortical dysplasia. Evidence reported herein suggests that cortical dysplasia may also be generalized. Two patients with intractable epilepsy and mental retardation had diffusely abnormal, thick cortex, shallow gyri, and poor demarcation of gray and white matter. One patient had an anterior callosotomy that led to considerable improvement of the epilepsy. Cortical layers 5 and 6 could not be differentiated on biopsy material. The white matter was poorly myelinated and contained clusters of heterotopic neurons. This syndrome, a congenital disorder of neuronal migration, with prolonged survival, represents a mild form of lissencephaly. It can be diagnosed during life by computed tomography or magnetic resonance scanning.     

Clinical Features of Intractable Epilepsy in Japanese Children

Abstract: The clinical features of refractory epilepsy were studied in comparison between 135 patients in a refractory group and 103 in a controlled group. All the children were Japanese. The clinical features of the refractory group were the onset of epilepsy during the first year of life, absence of family history, retarded development before the onset, phakomatoses, daily or week>y seizures, secondarily generalized epilepsy, and marked EEG abnormalities at the initial visit, a change of types in epilepsy, no improvement in EEG findings, mental deterioration or severe retardation during the follow-up. The number of drugs was increased and relatively new drugs such as carbamazepine, valproic acid or clonazepam were frequently administered. The side effects, including gum hypertrophy, drowsiness, hypertrichosis, ataxia or increased serum-GTP, were more frequent in the refractory group.     

Psychiatric morbidity, quality of life, and disability in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients before and after anterior temporal lobectomy

Considerable interest has been focused on the psychiatric complications of medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) before and after epilepsy surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychiatric status, quality of life, and level of disability in medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) patients, a homogenous subgroup of patients with TLE, before and after anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL). The study population consisted of 22 patients with medically refractory MTLE who were candidates for ATL. Patients were examined before surgery as well as in the third and sixth months of the postoperative period. Psychiatric diagnosis was determined by using SCID-I. To rate the severity of psychiatric disorders, BPRS, HDRS, and HARS were employed on each visit. WHO-DAS-II and WHOQOL-BREF were used to determine the level of disability and quality of life. Preoperatively, six patients had a psychiatric diagnosis. Three months after surgery, six of the patients had psychiatric diagnoses. Five of these six patients had not been previously diagnosed. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative follow-up evaluations in terms of HDRS, HARS, and BPRS ratings. With respect to the total scores and domains of WHO-DAS-II, the change in pre- and postoperative evaluations was statistically significant only for the social life attendance domain. There was no significant difference in the mean scores on the WHOQOL-BREF domains or on the first question about general evaluation of quality of life. For the second question on the level of satisfaction with health, the difference between the three ratings was statistically significant. Preoperative and postoperative rates of psychiatric disorders in our sample were low. While social phobia was frequently seen preoperatively, the postoperative period was spearheaded by major depressive disorder. The decrease in disability in attendance to social life and improvement in the quality of health were in concordance with the literature, indicating the positive results of surgical treatment of epilepsy on quality of life. This study suggests that surgical intervention might be one of the causes of postoperative psychiatric disorders in patients with MTLE.     

Intractable epilepsy and disturbed visuomotor performance

The factors relevant to intractability, types of epilepsy and impairment of dexterity in patients with intractable epilepsy were studied independently in different groups of patients. The factors relevant to intractable epilepsy that were disclosed in 202 patients, who required hospitalization more than twice, were as follows: strong seizure propensity, neuropsychiatric disorders including mental deterioration of various degrees, ataxia, personality changes and psychotic episodes, intolerance to antiepileptic drugs due to acute or chronic side effects, idiosyncrasy and internal disorders, self-induced seizure, misdiagnosis and mistreatment, and breakdown of family care of patients. The types of epilepsy in 224 patients with intractable epilepsy whose seizures were not adequately controlled and recurred on a monthly basis in spite of hospitalization were classified as follows: 101 patients with localization-related epilepsies or syndromes, 106 with generalized epilepsies or syndromes, 16 with undetermined epilepsies or syndromes and one with specific syndrome. In regard to partial epilepsies, frontal lobe epilepsy and partial epilepsy with multiple foci were at least partially intractable as temporal lobe epilepsy. With respect to intractable generalized epilepsies, miscellaneous symptomatic generalized epilepsies like intractable grand mal epilepsy with progressive mental retardation in childhood were as important as Lennox-Gastaut or West syndrome though it defies classification into any established syndromes. The proposed International Classification of Epileptic Syndromes and Epilepsies was found adequate for analysis of intractable epilepsy. The disturbance of fine motor performance found in 84 patients who participated in occupational therapy was investigated by test programs comprising nine subbatteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder by psychosurgery

We report a longitudinal study of 26 patients with medically intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who were treated with psychosurgery and had a comprehensive follow-up for a mean 10 years. Seventeen patients had combined orbitomedial and cingulate lesions, 6 cingulate lesions only and 3 orbitomedial lesions only. Eighteen patients were interviewed personally and lesions verified on magnetic resonance imaging scans in fourteen. On a 6-point global rating scale, 10 (38%) patients had obvious improvement, another 6 (23%) showed mild improvement of doubtful clinical value, and the remaining 10 showed either no change (n= 6; 23%) or were judged to be worse (n= 4; 15%). Both obsessive and compulsive symptoms improved, and this change was independent of the changes in anxiety and depression scores. No significant predictors of improvement were identified. Patients with cingulate lesions only fared worse. Eight patients who had a second operation did not show much improvement. A comparison of a subgroup of patients with 10 matched nonsurgical OCD controls supported the contention that the improvement in OCD was attributable to the psychosurgery. Important adverse effects in the stereotactic surgery group (n= 20) were epilepsy (1 patient) and personality change (2 patients). The psychosurgery group performed relatively poorly on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test but did not show any deterioration in Wechsler Intelligence and Memory scores.