后程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌

目的 :探讨后程加速超分割放疗食管癌的疗效及放疗反应。方法 :1 997年 9月～ 1 999年 1 0月对 1 0 4例食管患者随机分为 2组 :常规分割放射治疗组 5 3例 ,60 Co放疗 ,1次 /d ,2 .0Gy/次 ,5次 /W ,总剂量 70Gy ,35次 ,49d～ 5 6d。后程加速超分割放射治疗组 5 1例 ,60 Co放疗 ,前 2 / 3疗程为常规分割放疗 ,照射 43Gy后缩野 ,改为加速超分割放疗 ,2次 /d ,1 .5Gy/次 ,间隔时间 ( 6± 0 .5 )h ,照射 2 7Gy ,总剂量 70Gy ,共 40次 ,45d～ 5 0d。结果 :两组病人均顺利完成放疗计划 ,近期有效率 1 0 0 %,全部病人无重度放射性食管炎、气管炎 ,无后期放射性损伤。急性期轻度放射性食管炎、气管炎 ,白细胞降低无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组治疗结束时控制率为 1 0 0 %。 1、2、3年局部控制率 ,后程加速超分割组明显高于常规组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,分别为 78%、5 7%、43%和 5 6%、36%、2 6%。生存率 1、2、3年分别为 75 %、5 1 %、41 %和 5 6%、36%、2 3%(P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组病人有显著差异。结论 :两组病人均能耐受全放射疗程 ,放疗反应较轻。后程加速超分割组的局部控制率和生存率明显高于常规组。     

脑转移瘤全脑放疗不同分割方式的比较

目的　探讨脑转移瘤全脑照射不同分割方式的疗效和成本。方法　 46例脑转移瘤患者随机分为常规组(2 3例 )和研究组 (2 3例 )。常规组全脑照射 40Gy/2 0次 ,病灶区局部加量 10～ 2 0Gy/5～ 10次 ,总疗程 3 3～ 42d ;研究组全脑照射 3 0Gy/10次 ,病灶区局部加量同常规组 ,总疗程 19～ 2 7d。两组患者平均疗程、治疗费用的比较采用t检验 ;有效率的比较采用 χ2 检验 ;生存率的计算采用Kaplan Meier法 ,比较采用Logrank检验。结果　常规组和研究组总有效率(CR十PR)分别为 74%和 78% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,1年生存率分别为 15 %和 17% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,中位生存时间分别 5 .5个月和 6.5个月 (P >0 .0 5 )。常规组和研究组平均疗程分别为 3 7.6d和 2 3 .3d(P <0 .0 1) ,平均费用分别为 480 0元和 3 5 0 0元 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　脑转移瘤全脑照射两种分割方式疗效相似。 3 0Gy/10次 /2周的分割方式显著缩短了治疗时间 ,降低了治疗费用     

食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移的野中野加速超分割放射治疗

目的　评价野中野加速超分割放射治疗在食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移的近期疗效、副反应。方法　 3 6例食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移病例被随机分组至野中野加速超分割组和对照组 ,两组大野照射方法相同 ,研究组小野照射肿瘤局部 ,每次 15 0～ 2 0 0cGy ,每周两次 ,与大野照射间隔≥ 6小时。总剂量DT65 0 0～ 70 0 0cGy/5周 ;对照组采用常规方法照射 ,总剂量DT65 0 0～ 70 0 0cGy/6.5～ 7周。结果　研究组淋巴结消退率 (CR +PR)达 10 0 % ,对照组为 67% ;研究组副反应发生率 76% ,对照组为 60 %。结论　野中野加速超分割放疗方法采用总剂量与常规放疗相同 ,缩短了总疗程 ,可能提高包括食管癌在内的某些肿瘤的控制率。该方法可能是食管癌锁骨上淋巴结转移的一种短疗程、安全、有较好疗效的放疗方法 ,虽然正常组织急性反应有所增加 ,并不影响疗程的顺利完成。具有替代常规放疗的可能性并可在临床工作中推广应用。远期疗效及副反应有待进一步观察。     

食管癌全程加速超分割放疗的临床研究

目的 :评价全程加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效。方法 :98例食管鳞癌病例随机分为 2个组 :①常规分割组 (CF) 5 0例 ,方法为每次 1 8～ 2 0Gy ,5次 /周 ,总剂量 60 0 0～ 70 0 0cGy ,6～ 7周完成 ;②全程加速超分割组 (WCAHF) 48例 ,方法为 1 5Gy/次 ,2次 /d ,间隔 6h以上 ,总剂量 5 4Gy ,3 5周完成。结果 :CF组和WCAHF组的 1、3、5年生存率分别为 46%、2 0 %、12 %和 70 8%、3 9 6%、2 9 2 % ,全程加速超分割组明显优于常规组 ,2个组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;而放射治疗副反应和并发症 2个组差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :全程加速超分割放射治疗能明显提高食管癌患者的长期生存率 ,不增加放射治疗副反应及并发症。     

后程加速超分割放射治疗鼻咽癌长期疗效探讨

目的:比较后程(野中野)加速超分割(LCAHF)与常规分割(CF)放射治疗鼻咽癌的长期疗效及放疗反应.方法:对经病理证实为鼻咽癌患者102例,随机分为常规分割(CF)放疗组52例及后程加速超分割(LCAHF)放疗组50例.LCAHF 组,先用常规分割照射DT40 Gy /20次(其中面颈联合野DT36 Gy)后,再用LCAHF 技术,1.5 Gy/次,2次/d,两次照射间隔≥6 h,5 d/周,每天的第二次照射采用缩野技术(野中野),鼻咽部总量70～76 Gy;CF组常规分割放疗,鼻咽部总量68～76 Gy;颈部采用常规照射,颈部根治性放疗剂量66～76 Gy,颈部预防量46～60 Gy.结果:①LCAHF组及CF组5年鼻咽原发灶局控率分别为91.2%、76.0%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.043);②LCAHF组及CF组的5年生存率分别为68.0%、58.0%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.843);③LCAHF组急性口咽放射反应高于CF组(P＞0.05),但能耐受,远期并发症两组相似.结论:后程加速超分割放疗鼻咽癌的局控率高于常规放疗,急性放射反应能耐受,未增加远期并发症,但长期生存率无差别.     

不均等剂量分割放射治疗食管癌的研究

目的：评价不均等剂量分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效。方法：食管鳞癌120例随机分为两组，（1）常规分割组60例，方法为200cGy/次，5次／周，总剂量为6600cGY共33次，6－7周完成；（2）不均等剂量分割60例，方法为周一上午胸前垂直野（A）250cGY，间隔6h，胸背垂直野（A）250cGy。周二－五，胸痛二侧野（C、D）轮照，每天140cGy/次，周六周日休息2天重复上周治疗，肿瘤量5300cGy共30次，35天完成。改缩胸前侧野（E、F）照射，方法同前，照射剂量1060cGy共6次，总剂量为6360cGy，共36次，42天完成。结果：1、2、3年生存率：不均等组71．7％、50．0％及31．7％，常规组46．7％、35．0％及20．0％，两组比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；而放射治疗副反应和并发症两组差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：不均等分割放射治疗能明显提高食管癌患者的局部控制率和长期生存率，不明显增加放射治疗副反应及并发症。     

新辅助化疗加后程加速超分割放疗治疗鼻咽癌的临床研究

目的　评价新辅助化疗加后程加速超分割放疗治疗鼻咽癌的近期疗效及急性放射反应。方法　将同期收治的 4 3例经病理确诊且无远处转移的鼻咽癌患者随机分为研究组 (n=2 3)和对照组 (n=2 0 )。研究组先按 FP方案 (5 - Fu+DDP)行 1周期新辅助化疗 ,然后行放疗。放疗又分两个阶段 ,首先设面颈联合野加下颈切线野 ,行常规分割放疗 ,照射 36 .0～ 4 0 .0 Gy后缩野 ,而后改用面颈分野 ,研究组行加速超分割放疗 ,每次 1.4～ 1.6 Gy、每日 2次 ,间隔时间≥ 6小时 ,鼻咽部总剂量照射至 6 8.0～ 70 .0 Gy;对照组仅行常规分割放疗 ,鼻咽部总剂量照射至6 8.0～ 70 .0 Gy。放疗结束后 1月 ,两组再行 3～ 4周期辅助化疗 ,方案同前。结果　研究组口腔粘膜急性放射反应较对照组重 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而皮肤和血液学急性放射反应两组无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。放疗结束时 CT检查显示两组鼻咽部和颈部肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 78.2 6 %和 6 5 .0 0 % ,无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。但在放疗结束后 3个月和 6个月 ,两组鼻咽癌和颈部肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 95 .6 5 %比 70 .0 0 %及 95 .6 5 %比 75 % ,均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。放疗结束后 6个月 ,两组中、晚期 ( 期 + A+ B期 )病例肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 92 .31%和 5 0 .0 0 %     

不均等分割放射治疗食管癌的研究

目的 :探讨不均等分割与常规分割放射治疗食管癌 12 0例疗效。方法 :( 1)不均等放疗组 60例 ,周一上午胸前垂直野( A) 2 5 0 c Gy间隔 6h,胸背垂直野 ( B) 2 5 0 c Gy。周二～五 ,胸背二侧野 ( C、D)轮照 ,每天各 140 c Gy/次 ,周六周日休息两天后重复上周治疗。肿瘤量 5 3 0 0 c Gy/3 0次· 3 5天。改缩胸前侧野 ( E、F野 )照射方法同前 ,照射剂量 10 60 c Gy/6次。总肿瘤量为 63 60 c Gy/3 6次· 42天。 ( 2 )常规分割放疗组 60例 ,每周 5次 ,每日轮照一野 ,每野 2 0 0 c Gy,休息两天后依次轮照 ,肿瘤总量 660 0 c Gy/3 3次· 45天。结果 :1、2年生存率 :不均等组 71.7%及 5 0 .0 %,常规组 46.7%及 3 5 .0 %,两组比较差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。近期疗效好转率 :不均等组95 .0 %,常规组 73 .3 %,两组比较差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,临床症状改善率 :不均等组 88.4%,常规组 71.7%,两组比较差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 1)。结论 :不均等分割放射治疗能显著提高食管癌 1、2年的生存率 ,病人能顺利完成疗程。     

34例新辅助化疗后行加速超分割放疗治疗鼻咽癌的临床应用研究

目的 :研究新辅助化疗加后程加速超分割放疗治疗鼻咽癌的临床疗效。方法 :6 8例经病理确诊的鼻咽癌患者随机分为研究组 (n =34)和对照组 (n =34)。研究组先按FP方案 (5 -Fu +DDP)行 1周期新辅助化疗 ,然后行加速超分割放疗 ,每次 1.4～ 1.6Gy、每日 2次 ,间隔时间≥ 6小时 ,鼻咽部总剂量照射至 6 8.0～ 70 .0Gy ;对照组仅行常规分割放疗 ,鼻咽部总剂量照射至 6 8.0～70 .0Gy。放疗结束后 1月 ,两组再行 3～ 4周期辅助化疗。结果 :研究组口腔粘膜急性放射反应较对照组重 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而皮肤和血液学急性放射反应两组无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。放疗结束时CT检查显示两组鼻咽部和颈部肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 72 .3%和 6 5 .2 % ,经统计学处理无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。但在放疗结束后 3个月和 6个月 ,两组肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 95 .3%和72 .2 %和 96 .3%和 76 .2 % ,研究组肿瘤的完全消退率均高于对照组 ,两组间都有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。放疗结束后 6个月 ,两组中、晚期 (Ⅲ和Ⅳa期 )病例肿瘤的完全消退率分别为 92 .3%和4 1.7% ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :新辅助化疗加后程加速超分割放疗能提高鼻咽癌的局部控制率 ,尤其适合局部晚期鼻咽癌的治疗。     

后程加速超分割放射治疗Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌

目的:探讨后程加速超分割放疗在Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)治疗中的作用和毒副反应。方法:将 74例不能手术的Ⅲ期NSCLC患者随机分成2组:①常规分割(CF)组 36 例:每次 2.0 Gy,每周 5 次,大野照射至 40Gy左右时,缩野针对临床肿瘤区加量照射,总剂量为 64.0~68.0 Gy/44 ~52 d;②后程加速超分割(LCAHF)组38例:先常规分割照射40 Gy左右,后程缩野行加速超分割放疗,每次1.4 Gy,每日2次,2次间隔≥6 h,每周 5 d,加量照射至总剂量为 65. 2 ~ 68. 0 Gy/39 ~ 47 d。结果:两组各有 2 例患者因急性毒副反应未完成该项研究。LCAHF组和CF组的有效率分别为75.0%(27/36)和61.8%(21/34),差异有显著性(P<0.05); LCAHF组的1,2,3年局部控制率和生存率分别为52.8%, 33.3%, 13.9%和 61.1%, 38.9%, 19.4%,较 CF组相应的 44.1%,23.5%, 8.8%和52.9%, 29.4%, 8.8%,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);但两组的5年生存率分别为5.5%和5.9%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。而放疗毒性反应发生率除放射性食管炎外两组无明显差异。结论:后程加速超分割放疗能提高Ⅲ期NSCLC的近期疗效、局控率和生存率, 但远期生存率无明显改善。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.