阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停-低通气综合征患者双水平气道正压通气治疗的护理

对37例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停-低通气综合征住院肥胖患者采用双水平气道正压通气治疗,随访6个月患者主观症状均有改善,鼾声和嗜睡症状明显减轻;治疗后BMI、Epworth困倦度量表(ESS)评分显著降低(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).提出做好治疗前的心理护理和健康教育;治疗过程中及时调整治疗压力,严密观察、监测;治疗后给予长期随访或对带机居家治疗者进行指导,能有效提高患者治疗依从性和治疗效果.     

鼻腔扩容术治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效分析

目的:探讨鼻腔扩容术治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)的方法及效果.方法:选择120例鼻腔结构异常引起的鼻腔阻塞导致轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征,应用鼻内镜技术行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术,鼻窦对称性开放术,鼻腔外侧壁结构异常矫正,腺样体切除术等.结果:术后6月行多导睡眠仪(polysomnography,PSG)监测:有效25例占21.8％:显效75例占62.5％;治愈19例占15.6％,无效1例占0.8％,总有效率为99.2％.术后1年多导睡眠仪(polysomnography,PSG)监测114例:有效22例占19 3％;显效74例占64.9％;治愈18例占15.8％,无效1例占0 9％总有效率为99.1％.鼻阻塞均消失,主观症状75例病人无或轻度鼾声,无明显呼吸暂停,白天无嗜睡现象.10例病人有中度鼾声及白天轻度嗜睡.1例和术前相比无任何变化.结论:鼻腔扩容术治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效确切.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停-低通气综合征患者双水平气道正压通气治疗的护理

对37例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停-低通气综合征住院肥胖患者采用双水平气道正压通气治疗＋随访6个月患者主观症状均有改善,鼾声和嗜睡症状明显减轻;治疗后BMI、Epworth困倦度量表（ESS）评分显著降低（P〈0．05．P〈0．01）。提出做好治疗前的心理护理和健康教育;治疗过程中及时调整治疗压力,严密观察、监测;治疗后给予长期随访或对带机居家治疗者进行指导,能有效提高患者治疗依从性和治疗效果。     

全程护理对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者正压通气治疗依从性的影响

目的探讨全程护理模式对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者正压通气治疗依从性的影响。方法将88例愿意接受正压通气治疗的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各44例。对照组采用传统护理模式,治疗组实施院内、院外全程护理模式。比较两组患者6个月后呼吸机使用情况、嗜睡评分和多导睡眠图各项参数。结果护理干预6个月后,治疗组患者持续气道正压通气治疗依从性显著高于对照组,嗜睡评分显著低于对照组,呼吸暂停低通气指数、最低血氧饱和度、0.90的氧减时间比等参数较对照组有显著改善(P0.05,P0.01)。结论采用全程护理模式,可提高阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者正压通气治疗依从性,改善其相关症状。     

临床护理路径在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者健康教育中的应用研究

目的:探讨临床护理路径在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者健康教育中的应用.方法:将80例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者随机分观察组和对照组,观察组采用临床护理路径进行护理,对照组采用传统护理方法进行护理,比较两组患者对疾病相关知识掌握程度和对护理满意度情况.结果:两组患者在疾病相关知识掌握程度及对护理满意度方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者实施临床护理路径,可以提高患者对疾病知识掌握程度和对护理满意度,有利于患者康复.     

主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征关系的临床研究

目的:研究主动脉夹层与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的关系。方法:回顾分析41例合并高血压的主动脉夹层患者的临床资料,设为主动脉夹层组,并选取41例具有年龄、性别及体质量指数相近的高血压患者作为对照组,分析OSAHS与主动脉夹层之间的关系。结果:夹层组的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征发病率较对照组明显升高(P0.05),且夹层组合并OSAHS者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)较对照组升高,平均Sa O2降低(P0.05)。结论:主动脉夹层的发生与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征可能有关。     

50例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征同期多平面手术的疗效分析

目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征同期多平面手术的疗效。方法:选择2009年5月～2012年2月在我院耳鼻咽喉科诊断为重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征50例,均采取气管插管全身麻醉下行多平面手术治疗中的悬雍垂腭咽成形术。结果:所有患者手术过程顺利,治愈42例,有效8例。手术后AHI值有明显下降(P<0.05),悬雍垂与咽后壁间距、悬雍垂长度也有明显缩小(P<0.05),腭舌弓间距有明显增大(P<0.05)。手术前后的收缩压与舒张压差异也具有统计学意义(P<0.05),并发症相对少而轻。结论:阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征同期多平面手术可以提高患者的术后生存状况,不过要积极注重适应症,保护患者的正常生理功能。     

两种阻鼾器治疗轻中度阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的比较研究

目的比较单纯下颌前伸阻鼾器和下颌前伸并左偏阻鼾器对轻中度阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的疗效。方法41例轻中度OSAHS患者中,22例使用单纯下颌前伸阻鼾器（单纯前伸组）,19例使用下颌前伸并左偏阻鼾器（左偏前伸组）,1—3个月后复查Epworth嗜睡（ESS）评分和多导睡眠图,比较ESS评分和多导睡眠图各参数变化,并比较不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者使用阻鼾器后ESS评分和呼吸紊乱指数、最长呼吸暂停时间、平均呼吸暂停时间、氧减指数、最长氧减时间明显下降,最低血氧饱和度、平均血氧饱和度明显升高。在佩戴阻鼾器后,单纯前伸组与左偏前伸组比较,仅最长呼吸暂停时间[分别为（35．5±6．9）、（31．3±6．0）s]和最长氧减时间[分别为（41．0±18．9）、（29．9±9．3）s]两项指标改善差异有统计学意义。两组治疗后主要不良反应比较差异无统计学意义。结论下颌前伸阻鼾器治疗OSAHS疗效确切,加用下颌左偏可能对改善夜间呼吸暂停和缺氧时间有帮助,但需要进一步研究。     

手术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿大脑功能的影响

目的探究同期多平面手术对中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿大脑功能的影响。方法选取2016年9月至2017年9月在本院治疗的80例中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿,按照随机数字表法将其分为两组,对照组和研究组,每组40例。对照组患者采用改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗,而对研究组患者采用同期多平面手术治疗,观察并记录两组患者的具体情况。结果治疗后,研究组患者的PaO_2以及SaO_2血气指标要明显高于对照组患者(P0.05),而研究组患者的PaCO_2血气指标要明显低于对照组患者(P0.05),随着治疗后时间的不断增加,患者的呼吸功能明显得到改善(P0.05),治疗后研究组患者的SDS以及SAS得分要明显低于对照组患者(P0.05),研究组患者在治疗后出现软腭黏膜瓣坏死、脓肿以及疼痛等并发症的发生概率明显低于对照组患者(P0.05)。结论在临床上,对中重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者采用同期多平面手术能够减少不良反应的发生情况,治疗效果好,对患儿的大脑功能影响小,值得在临床治疗上进一步推广和应用。     

腺样体消融术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿炎症因子及血管内皮细胞的影响

目的探讨腺样体消融术对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿炎症因子及血管内皮细胞的影响。方法以本院2017年9月至2018年9月收治的70例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿为对象,按电脑数字表法随机分为两组,每组各35例,对照组予以腺样体切割术治疗,实验组予以腺样体消融术治疗,对比两组炎症因子及血管内皮细胞。结果术后,实验组肿瘤坏死因子α、C-反应蛋白、白介素-6水平较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);术后,实验组血清一氧化氮较对照组高,内皮素-1、血管性假血友病因子较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腺样体消融术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿可减轻炎症反应,并有效改善血管内皮细胞功能。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.