无骨折脱位颈段脊髓损伤的MRI表现

目的：探讨无骨折脱闰颈段脊髓损伤的机制及ＭＲＩ表现。方法：收集１５例经Ｘ线,ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ检查未见骨折脱位的颈段脊髓损伤的病例。所有病例均行矢状位,轴位扫描,均行ＳＥ序列Ｔ１ＷＩ及ＦＳＥ序列Ｔ２ＷＩ。结果：７例有颈椎间盘突出,其中４０岁以上的有６例,前纵韧带撕裂５例,４例为４０岁以上,脊髓受压７例,为突出间盘及肥厚黄韧带压迫所致。所有病例在Ｔ２ＷＩ均呈现出明显的异常信号。脊髓挫伤,水肿１１例,出血１     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI诊断

目的：探讨无骨折脱位颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ特点及意义。方法：１０例无骨折脱位颈髓损伤的ＭＲＩ和临床资料，分析其受伤脊髓的位置、信号和外力特点及临床脊髓功能表现。结果：无骨折脱位颈髓损伤多发生在Ｃ３～４节段。ＭＲＩ的信号特点是急性期Ｔ１加权等信号，Ｔ２加权高信号；慢性期Ｔ１加权低信号、Ｔ２加权高信号，异常信号范围局限，多位于脊髓背侧。结论：ＭＲＩ能对无骨折脱位的颈髓损伤作出精细、正确的诊断，对其治疗和预后有指导意义     

急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI诊断价值探讨

目的:探讨MRI对急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的诊断价值.方法:回顾108例经X线和CT证实无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的MRI表现,分析其影像特征.结果:无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤可累及颈髓任一平面,而以C<,4>、C<,5>椎体对应平面最多见(63.3%),其中广泛水肿型51例,出血水肿型19例,局限型38例.此外,24例共计38个椎体骨挫伤;85例183个椎间盘髓核突出,相应平面硬膜囊及脊髓受压,以C<,4/5>、C<,5/6>椎间盘突出多见(85.2%);17例可见前纵韧带增厚及水肿信号;32例可见颈后部软组织水肿信号.结论:MRI不但能够早期发现急性无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤,并且能够对脊髓损伤进行分类,同时能够发现韧带及肌肉损伤,在诊断、治疗及预后判断中均具有重要价值.     

脊髓损伤的MRI诊断

本文收收集了１２４例脊髓损伤行ＭＲＩ检查者，据其ＭＲＩ所见将脊髓损伤分为五型，并对各型脊髓损伤与相应临床表现的关系，与原发脊柱损伤的关系，ＭＲＩ诊断要点以及脊柱术后改变等进行了分析，还探讨了脊髓外伤后软化、囊性变等问题。     

胸椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤

报告１２例胸椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤。男８例，女４例，２．５－１１岁７例，２３－２５岁５例。伤因：绞伤１例，辗压伤８例，坠落伤２例，砸伤１例。１０例伤后立即瘫痪，２例伤后２－３天延迟瘫痪。瘫痪特点：弛缓性，大小便失禁。Ｘ线及ＣＴ照片胸椎无骨折脱位；ＭＲＩ：损伤平面早期脊髓水肿，晚期伤段以下脊髓普遍变细，脊髓选择性血管造影脊髓前动脉不显影。术中检查见胸６－８以下脊髓普遍变细，脊髓占椎管１／３，脊髓苍白     

儿童脊柱,脊髓损伤

儿童脊柱、脊髓损伤比较少见，但随着交通事业的发展，其发生率有逐渐增高的趋势。一般认为儿童脊柱、脊髓损伤占全部脊柱、脊髓损伤病人总数的１％～１０％［１］。与成人患者相比，由于解剖与生物力学方面的差异，儿童患者在发生率、损伤类型、部位、脊髓损伤状况及预后...     

放射性脊髓损伤的MRI诊断

目的：提高对放射性脊髓损伤ＭＲＩ表现的认识与诊断水平。方法：４例分别患鼻咽癌、纵隔淋巴瘤、食管癌及肺癌的患者,因放射治疗后５￣３６个月出现双下肢运动及感觉障碍而进行颈胸段脊髓ＭＲＩ检查。结果：脊髓病变在照射野内,表现为稍长或长Ｔ１、长Ｔ２信号。注射Ｇｄ－ＤＴＰＡ后,病变不同程度强化。结论：放射性脊髓损伤的ＭＲＩ表现具有一定的特征。     

MRI对急性脊髓损伤的评价

目的 探讨MRI在评价急性脊髓损伤中的临床应用价值.方法 收集急性脊髓损伤患者50例,行同期X线片、CT和MRI检查,MRI检查应用1.5T超导型磁共振成像仪,采用自旋回波序列和快速自旋回波序列,常规矢状位及横轴位扫描,17例加扫冠状位.结果 脊髓水肿:MRI检出16例,CT检出4例;脊髓挫伤出血:MRI检出21例,CT检出11例;脊髓受压变形:MRI检出34例,CT检出15例;脊髓断裂:MRI检出10例,CT检出3例.X线片未检出上述脊髓损伤.结论 MRI对评估脊髓损伤明显优于X线片和CT扫描,是急性脊髓损伤的最佳检查与诊断方法.     

MRI对急性脊髓损伤的评价

目的：探讨急性脊髓损伤的ＭＲＩ表现及其与预后的关系。材料与方法：２３例脊髓损伤患者于伤后７天内行１．０Ｔ超导ＭＲ机检查，并采用ＡＳＩＡ损伤分级评价其神经功能。结果：２３例在ＭＲＩ上均显示脊髓异常信号，其中１９例有脊柱骨和（或）韧带损伤。脊髓损伤有两种信号类型，１０例见急性脊髓出血，在Ｔ２ＷＩ上表现为中心低信号、周围高信号；１３例为脊髓挫伤或水肿，Ｔ２ＷＩ表现为脊髓均匀或不均匀的高信号区。１１例能评价预后，两种信号类型脊髓损伤的神经功能恢复没有明显差异。１３例完全性脊髓损伤和１０例不完全性脊髓损伤，在Ｔ２ＷＩ上异常信号的平均面积分别为４．４４±１．８０ｃｍ２及１．７６±０．８０ｃｍ２。１１例治疗后，神经功能改善６例，没有明显改善５例，异常信号区的平均面积分别为２．４１±１．０５ｃｍ２及４．８２±１．８６ｃｍ２。脊髓异常信号区面积的大小与脊髓损伤严重性及其预后的改善有关。结论：ＭＲＩ能清楚地显示急性脊髓损伤的各种病理改变，Ｔ２ＷＩ上异常信号区的大小是评价急性脊髓损伤严重性及预后的重要指标。     

无放射影像脊柱骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的治疗分析

探讨无放射影像脊柱骨折脱位型颈髓损伤的治疗方法 ,根据不同影像学资料 ,行前路减压椎间植骨或后路扩大半椎板减压术 ,截瘫有不同程度好转     

脊髓表皮样囊肿的MR诊断

目的分析脊髓表皮样囊肿的ＭＲ表现，以提高对该病的神经放射学认识。材料与方法搜集１８例经手术病理证实的脊髓表皮样囊肿。重点分析了肿瘤的好发年龄、部位、ＭＲ信号特点和肿瘤的增强情况。结果在本组病例中，病人年龄最小４岁，最大４２岁，平均年龄２４．５岁。本组病例全部发生于圆锥附近，边缘清楚。大部分肿瘤长度小于２个椎体长度（１６／１８），２例肿瘤长度大于３个锥体长度，Ｔ１加权像肿瘤呈均匀的等（６／１８）、高（２／１８）和混杂信号（１０／１８）。Ｔ２加权像呈高信号，边缘可呈等Ｔ２信号。在７例行增强扫描的病人中，有４例肿瘤周围可见轻微强化，３例无强化。９例肿瘤内可见脂肪信号。本组中未见其他有关先天性畸形。结论脊髓内表皮样囊肿的ＭＲ表现较具特征性。该病多见于青年患者，好发于圆锥附近，多呈长Ｔ１、Ｔ２信号。增强扫描无或仅有周围轻微强化。     

磁共振弥散张量成像在无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的临床应用研究

目的 探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(MR-DTI)技术在无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤临床应用的可行性及其诊断价值.方法 收集病例组21例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者和对照组27例健康志愿者行常规MR及MR-DTI检查,分别测定各向异性分数(fractional anisotropy,FA)值、表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值.结果 正常人颈髓MR-DTI的FA值=0.645±0.016,ADC值=(0.919±0.017)×10-3mm2/s.无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤MR-DTI的FA值=0.501±0.022,ADC值=(1.008±0.287)×10-3 mm2/s;与对照组对比:无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤中FA值明显降低,两者的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而ADC值略增高,两者的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 DTI可以更加敏感的探测到无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的发生,可为颈髓损伤程度的评估提供有价值的信息.     

Syphilitic myelitis with diffuse spinal cord abnormality on MR imaging

Syphilitic myelitis is a very rare manifestation of neurosyphilis. The MRI appearance of syphilitic myelitis is not well documented and only a few cases have been reported. We present a 52-year-old woman with acute onset of paraplegia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed diffuse high signal intensity in the whole spinal cord on T2-weighted images. Focal enhancement was observed in the dorsal aspect of the thoracic cord on T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced images. To our knowledge, diffuse spinal cord abnormality in syphilitic myelitis has not been reported in the international literature. Disappearance of the diffuse high-signal lesions with residual focal enhancement was noted after antibiotic therapy. The patient suffered significant neurological deficit despite improvement in the MR images. In this article we present the imaging findings and review the literature of this rare condition. Electronic Publication     

The early evolution of spinal cord lesions on MR imaging following traumatic spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: How early spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions evolve in patients after injury is unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the early evolution of spinal cord edema and hemorrhage on MR imaging after acute traumatic SCI.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 48 patients with clinically complete cervical spine injury. Inclusion criteria were the clear documentation of the time of injury and MR imaging before surgical intervention within 72 hours of injury. The length of intramedullary spinal cord edema and hemorrhage was assessed. The correlation between time to imaging and lesion size was determined by multiple regression analysis. Short-interval follow-up MR imaging was also available for a few patients (n = 5), which allowed the direct visualization of changes in spinal cord edema.RESULTS: MR imaging demonstrated cord edema in 100% of patients and cord hemorrhage in 67% of patients. The mean longitudinal length of cord edema was 10.3 ± 4.0 U, and the mean length of cord hemorrhage was 2.6 ± 2.0 U. Increased time to MR imaging correlated to increased spinal cord edema length (P = .002), even after accounting for the influence of other variables. A difference in time to MR imaging of 1.2 days corresponded to an average increase in cord edema by 1 full vertebral level. Hemorrhage length was not affected by time to imaging (P = .825). A temporal increase in the length of spinal cord edema was confirmed in patients with short-interval follow-up MR imaging (P = .003).CONCLUSION: Spinal cord edema increases significantly during the early time period after injury, whereas intramedullary hemorrhage is comparatively static.

Acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with an incidence of approximately 11,000 injuries in the United States each year.¹ MR imaging is critical to the assessment of acute cervical SCI because it clearly depicts lesion location, extent, and severity. Spinal cord intramedullary edema and hemorrhage are readily appreciated^2,3 and, to some extent, correlate with the clinical neurologic deficit.^4–10 Prior studies have also revealed that both the presence of hemorrhage and increased hematoma length at MR imaging are associated with decreased motor recovery.^7–10Following the immediate structural and neurovascular insult, acute SCI sets into motion a cascade of secondary injuries.^11,12 Work in animals has shown that intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage and edema are dynamic, whether assessed by histopathology or MR imaging.^13,14The extent to which cord lesions evolve in patients during the early phase of SCI (ie, the first hours and days postinjury) is unknown; therefore, given similar clinical deficits, it is unclear to what extent variability in lesion size reflects differences in time to imaging after trauma. Similarly, it is not clear whether lesion expansion when observed on a short-interval follow-up MR imaging study is an ominous sign or a usual feature in the natural evolution of SCI. This fundamental lack of knowledge is particularly limiting with regard to research aimed at preventing the secondary injury cascade. With an increasing number of therapies for SCI coming to trial, MR imaging can be expected to continue to be increasingly incorporated into research protocols for these agents. An understanding of the acute evolution of SCI lesions on MR imaging is essential if imaging is to be used effectively in these protocols. Additionally, the variability of SCI lesions with time, if demonstrated, would likely have a significant impact on efforts to correlate spinal cord lesion size and location to the neurologic level of injury, because prior studies have not systematically accounted for differences in time to imaging. Such variability currently limits the reliability of MR imaging to serve as an accurate predictor of the patient''s neurologic level and prognosis. This limitation is unfortunate in situations in which the MR imaging findings might be of particular utility, such as in the assessment of the obtunded patients or in patients not undergoing clinical evaluation at a specialized SCI center.To better understand the evolution of SCI lesions, we retrospectively studied how the time interval between trauma and MR imaging affects spinal cord lesion size in patients with similar neurologic deficits. We also directly measured cord edema changes in a small number of patients for whom short-term MR imaging follow-up was available.     

Diffusion tensor MR imaging in chronic spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion tensor MR imaging is emerging as an important tool for displaying anatomic changes in the brain after injury or disease but has been less widely applied to disorders of the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to characterize the diffusion properties of the entire human spinal cord in vivo during the chronic stages of spinal cord injury (SCI). These data provide insight into the structural changes that occur as a result of long-term recovery from spinal trauma.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen neurologically intact subjects and 10 subjects with chronic SCI (>4 years postinjury) were enrolled in this study. A single-shot twice-refocused spin-echo diffusion-weighted echo-planar imaging pulse sequence was used to obtain axial images throughout the entire spinal cord (C1-L1) in <60 minutes.RESULTS: Despite heterogeneity in SCI lesion severity and location, diffusion characteristics of the chronic lesion were significantly elevated compared with those of uninjured controls. Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower at the chronic lesion and appeared dependent on the completeness of the injury. Conversely, mean diffusivity measurements in the upper cervical spinal cord in subjects with SCI were significantly lower than those in controls. These trends suggest that the entire neuraxis may be affected by long-term recovery from spinal trauma.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that diffusion tensor imaging may be useful in the assessment of SCI recovery.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been successfully used to characterize structural changes in neural tissue after spinal artery stroke,¹ multiple sclerosis,^2,3 cervical spondylotic myelopathy,⁴ spinal cord compression,⁵ and acute spinal cord injury (SCI)^6,7; however, DTI has not been used to explore the long-term changes in spinal cord structure known to accompany chronic SCI.^8–11 The purpose of this study was to characterize the diffusion values of the entire spinal cord in humans with chronic SCI (>4 years postinjury) by using a clinically available pulse sequence and comparing these data with normative DTI characteristics reported previously.¹² On the basis of previous work,¹³ we hypothesized that diffusion characteristics would be significantly altered throughout the entire length of the spinal cord.DTI research in SCI largely involves the use of experimental animal models to examine changes in diffusivity that accompany the early stages of injury. These studies have suggested overall diffusivity increases and diffusion anisotropy decreases near the injury site^14–18 due to axonal damage and/or vasogenic edema.¹⁵ Although a few studies have been conducted with human spinal cord pathologies,^4–7,19 they have also demonstrated an increase in diffusivity and a decrease in diffusion anisotropy.DTI may be useful for identifying the characteristics of chronic SCI, because structural changes in the spinal cord during the chronic stages may differ from the normal spinal cord and the spinal cord in acute stages of injury. For example, extensive longitudinal spreading of lesions in the late stages of injury creates widespread changes in the spinal cord morphology, including cyst formation and necrosis.²⁰ Changes in diffusivity associated with these structural alterations may make it possible to identify the rostral and caudal extent of a spinal lesion by using DTI. Many therapeutic interventions for rehabilitation after SCI, including functional electric stimulation²¹ and gait training,²² rely on intact spinal motoneurons below the level of the lesion. Incomplete injury in segments below the injury may be particularly difficult to identify by using physical or electrophysiologic measurements because sensory and motor function is often reduced or absent below the level of injury. Thus, DTI provides an opportunity to assess the integrity of the spinal cord.DTI might also be sensitive to changes in the structure of the spinal cord tissue in regions distant from the spinal lesion in chronic injury. Although the chronic stages of SCI are typically considered stable,^23,24 progressive demyelination in chronic SCI has been documented,^8–10 and remyelination, when it occurs, can result in significantly decreased myelin sheath thickness^8,25–27 and preferential loss of large-diameter axons.²⁶ Also, considerable atrophy of the spinal cord occurs in the late stages of SCI, causing the remaining axons to be compressed and tightly packed.¹¹ These changes could increase the attenuation of diffusion barriers, which would be consistent with the decrease in mean diffusivity recently reported in the upper cervical spinal cord rostral to the injury in a small number of subjects with chronic SCI.¹³Thus, the primary aim of this study was to characterize the diffusion properties across the entire spinal cord (C1–L1 vertebral levels) in humans with chronic SCI by using a clinically available DTI pulse sequence. We then compared these data with diffusion characteristics from a previously published young neurologically intact sample.¹²     

急性实验性脊髓损伤的TSE序列优化

目的：探讨ＭＲＩ不同序列对急性脊髓损伤模型中的病变显示价值。方法：对１２只中国家兔建立脊髓液压损伤模型，伤后７２ｈ内行ＭＲＩ扫描，分析比较自旋回波、小角度翻转激发、快速自旋回波序列于创区脊髓的影像学表现。结果：脊髓损伤后于创区脊髓ＭＲ表现呈高低信号混杂、结构紊乱。其中快速自旋回波的Ｔ２ＷＩ对于创区脊髓显示的准确率（９０％）及创区脊髓信号强度差值（３７２±２２．６８）均高于其他几种序列（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：快速自旋回波的Ｔ２ＷＩ序列矢状面可显示创区脊髓不同信号表现，横断面可显示创区中心结构混杂。     

脊柱侧凸与脊髓异常的影像学评价

目的 :探讨儿童脊柱侧凸伴随脊髓异常的发病情况及相应的影像学评价。方法 :2 6例脊柱侧凸患者 ,10例行CT检查 ,应用表面遮盖成像 (SSD)三维重建及部分病例采用在二维重建图像基础进行曲面多层面成像 (CMPR ) ,11例行MRI检查 ,5例行CT和MRI两种检查。结果 :2 6例脊柱侧弯 ,婴幼儿型 4例 ,儿童型 13例 ,青年型 9例 ,其中 8例合并脊髓异常 (前两者占 6例 ) ,且全部见于 17例脊柱左凸患者。结论 :年龄较小者及脊柱左侧凸的患者拟行手术治疗时 ,术前应常规进行MRI检查 ,在伴有复杂椎体及附件畸形时 ,结合多层螺旋CT二维及三维重建技术 ,可为临床提供丰富而实用的信息。