北京市顺义区人群中心型肥胖与心血管疾病危险因素分析

目的研究北京市顺义区人群中心型肥胖与心血管疾病危险因素和其聚集性的关系,为探讨干预对策提供依据。方法采用与人口规模成比例的概率抽样方法,抽取18~79岁顺义区常住居民3840人进行面对面问卷调查及体检,获取血压、血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)等指标数值,所得资料采用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果顺义区人群中心型肥胖率为64.8%,男性高于女性(P0.05);不同腰围组之间的收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、TC、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.01);经过多因素Logistic分析,随着腰围的增加,高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患病率和危险因素聚集率均呈上升趋势(P0.01);轻、重度中心型肥胖组发生高血压的风险是正常组的1.942倍(OR=1.942,95%CI:1.581~2.387)和4.265倍(OR=4.265,95%CI:3.462~5.254),发生糖尿病的风险是正常组的2.128倍(OR=2.128,95%CI:1.557~2.908)和4.095倍(OR=4.095,95%CI:3.023~5.547),发生血脂异常的风险是正常组的2.806倍(OR=2.806,95%CI:2.316~3.399)和4.391倍(OR=4.391,95%CI:3.593~5.367);发生危险因素聚集的风险是正常组的3.282倍(OR=3.282,95%CI:2.495~4.316)和7.531倍(OR=7.531,95%CI:5.745~9.873)。结论北京市顺义区人群中心型肥胖率较高,且随着中心型肥胖程度增加,发生心血管疾病危险因素及其聚集性风险增大。     

新疆维汉民族高尿酸血症与代谢综合征相关指标分析

目的探讨新疆维汉民族高尿酸血症患者尿酸水平与代谢综合征的关系。方法选取维吾尔族和汉族高尿酸血症患者1 032例,测量人体基本参数,检测血尿酸(SUA)和血脂等相关生化指标。结果 SUA、体重指数(BMI)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)在维、汉民族间差异有统计学意义(P0.01),SUA与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)呈负相关,与其他生化指标均呈正相关(P0.01)。维汉两民族代谢综合征的检出率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而超重或肥胖、高血糖的检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。SUA四分位数Ⅲ水平人群比Ⅰ水平人群患代谢综合征的风险高(OR=1.48,95%CI:1.01~2.18)。结论 SUA水平与代谢综合征各组分相关,SUA水平是代谢综合征的危险因素。     

中山市成人高血压及其相关危险因素分析

目的了解中山市18~79岁人群高血压患病情况及其相关因素,为政府制定相应政策提供科学依据。方法于2016年8-12月采用多阶段的抽样方法对中山市24个镇区的6 150人进行问卷调查(调查对象的一般情况、主要慢性疾病的患病情况、家族史、吸烟、饮酒、饮食习惯和身体活动状况等)和体格检查(身高、体重、腰围和血压的测量)及血生化检测(血糖、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和总胆固醇的检测)。用SPSS 20.0进行χ2检验和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果中山市18~79岁常住居民高血压患病率为19.7%,男性患病率为24.2%,女性患病率为15.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。高血压患病率随年龄增加而增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),65~79岁居民患病率达57.6%。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,男性(OR=1.728,95%CI=1.469~2.034)、糖尿病(OR=1.625,95%CI=1.338~1.972)、血脂异常(OR=1.484,95%CI=1.280~1.721)、中心性肥胖(OR=1.577,95%CI=1.313~1.892)、饮酒(OR=1.135,95%CI=1.017~1.268)是高血压的危险因素,文化程度高(OR=0.006,95%CI=2.451~3.079)是高血压的保护因素。结论中山市18~79岁居民高血压患病率已经达到较高水平,建议控制危险因素,加强高血压的综合防治力度。     

儿童青少年血脂水平与血压相关性

目的分析宁夏银川、吴忠市儿童青少年血脂水平与血压的关系。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2013年9月在宁夏银川和吴忠市抽取学生2 331人,对其进行问卷调查、血压测定及血脂水平测定。结果研究对象高血压检出率为18.6%;不同年龄组儿童青少年高血压检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=116.186,P=0.000),10岁年龄组高血压检出率最高,为32.7%。不同年龄组血脂异常检出率及其水平有差异(均P0.05),血脂异常组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)水平均高于血脂正常组(P0.001),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)高血压检出率异常组高于正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);不同体质指数(BMI)水平下SBP、DBP水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),高血压检出率肥胖组超重组正常组。进一步二元logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄(OR=0.754,90%CI=0.717~0.793)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)(OR=0.594,90%CI=0.424~0.832)、LDL-C(OR=1.550,90%CI=1.272~1.840)、甘油三酯(TG)(OR=1.733,90%CI=1.546~1.944)、TC(OR=1.502,90%CI=1.357~1.663)、BM I(OR=1.173,90%CI=1.134~1.213)、高血压家族史(OR=1.282,90%CI=1.050~1.660)均与高血压相关。结论儿童青少年高血压检出率处于较高水平,血脂可能是血压的影响因素,HDL-C是高血压的保护性因素,LDL-C、TG、TC、BMI、高血压家族史均是高血压的危险性因素。     

基线血尿酸水平与发生代谢综合征的相关性

目的研究天津市体检人群基线尿酸(UA)水平与2年后发生代谢综合征(MS)及其组分异常的相关性,为探讨MS组分的构成提供科学依据。方法采取历史回顾性队列研究方法,收集2011年和2013年均在天津市第一中心医院健康体检中心接受体检的3 825人的体检结果,包括体格检查(体重和血压)、生化指标测定结果(UA、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平等)及用药史等。分析基线(2011年)UA水平与2013年发生MS及其组分异常的相关性,并运用工作特征曲线(ROC)确定基线UA预测MS发生的切点值。结果基线无MS的1 566人中2年内有141人新发生MS,累计发病率为9.0%,其中男性为12.0%,女性为4.5%。相关性分析结果显示,无论男女,基线UA水平与2013年随访时TG水平和BMI的相关程度最高(男性r值分别为0.209和0.243,女性r值分别为0.307和0.353),有统计学意义(P0.01)。随着基线UA水平的升高,2013年男性肥胖、高甘油三酯血症发病率逐渐升高(P趋势值0.01);同时,女性肥胖、高甘油三酯血症、高血压、低高密度脂蛋白血症和MS的发病率也逐渐升高(P趋势值0.01)。多元logistic回归分析显示,基线UA是肥胖(男性:OR=2.06,95%CI:1.37~3.08;女性:OR=2.55,95%CI:1.56~5.63)、高甘油三酯血症(男性:OR=2.63,95%CI:1.66~4.15;女性OR=3.91,95%CI:1.36~11.30)及女性MS(OR=2.01,95%CI:1.32~3.68)发生的独立预测因子。在女性中,ROC曲线确定基线UA预测MS发生的最佳切点值为285.15μmol/L。结论在天津市体检人群中,基线UA水平与2年后MS的发生及其组分异常密切相关,并且基线UA是女性发生MS的独立预测因子,建议把UA作为女性MS的组分之一。     

无心血管风险因素中老年人群颈动脉粥样硬化及其影响因素分析

目的探讨无心血管风险因素中老年人群颈动脉粥样硬化情况及其相关危险因素,为降低心血管疾病负担提供依据。方法于2017年9月-2018年5月,采用分层、整群抽样的方法选取调查对象,对辽宁省朝阳县和凌源市≥40岁的1449名无心血管危险因素的常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检查。无心血管风险因素人群定义采用Adult Treatment PanelⅢ标准。应用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行χ²检验、趋势χ²检验和多因素logistic回归分析。结果无心血管风险因素人群中,颈动脉粥样硬化患病率为23.4%,男性(37.1%)显著高于女性(20.1%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化患病率随年龄增加呈明显增加趋势(趋势χ²=62.068,P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,年龄较大(与40~49岁组比较,50~59岁、60~69岁、70~79岁、≥80岁组的OR值分别为2.63、7.62、17.29和53.99)、男性(OR=1.87,95%CI:1.26~2.77)、高糖化血红蛋白(OR=1.90,95%CI:1.20~3.02)、高脉压差(OR=1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.05)及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇升高(OR=2.31,95%CI:1.75~3.04)与患颈动脉粥样硬化高风险相关。结论无心血管危险因素的中老年人群颈动脉粥样硬化患病率高,高年龄、男性、高糖化血红蛋白、高脉压差和升高的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与动脉粥样硬化相关。提示在老年人、男性及糖化血红蛋白水平轻微增高的人群中,即使无心血管危险因素,也应该注意动脉粥样硬化的监测。     

文成县居民2013年血脂异常患病情况及相关因素调查

目的 研究文成县社区居民血脂异常患病情况的现状及其主要危险因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据。 方法 2013年采用多阶段随机抽样方法抽取文成县4 003名18岁及以上常住居民为调查对象。进行问卷调查(一般情况、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动、膳食及精神因素等)、体格检查(体重、身高和血压的测量)及血生化检测(甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和血糖的检测),采用χ²检验分析血脂异常的人群分布,采用多因素非条件 logistic 回归分析探讨血脂异常的危险因素。 结果 文成县18岁及以上居民血脂异常患病率为45.32％,男女性血脂异常患病率为40.12％、48.86％。以2000年中国人口构成进行标化后血脂异常标化患病率为44.21%:男为39.43%,女为46.40%。女性显著高于男性(χ²=29.76,P=0.000),居民血脂异常患病率随着年龄的增加而增加(χ²_趋势=29.25,P=0.000)。高甘油三酯血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高胆固醇血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症患病率分别为22.2％、14.9%、12.4%、8.9％。多因素非条件 logistic 回归分析结果表明,血脂异常与性别(OR=1.317,95%CI:1.115~1.554, P=0.001)、年龄(OR=1.010,95%CI:1.005~1.016, P=0.000)、职业(OR=1.053,95%CI:1.021~1.086, P=0.001)、文化程度(OR=1.146,95%CI:1.055~1.246, P=0.001)、高血压(OR=13.094,95%CI:11.053~15.512, P=0.000)、超重(OR=1.220,95%CI:1.022~1.457, P=0.028)、肥胖(OR=2.376,95%CI:1.524~3.704, P=0.000)有关。 结论 文成县社区居民18 岁及以上人群血脂异常患病率已经达到较高水平,血脂异常与性别、年龄、职业、文化程度、高血压、超重和肥胖有关。     

湖南地区≥30岁社区人群高同型半胱氨酸血症现状及影响因素分析

目的了解湖南地区≥30岁社区人群血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平现状及相关影响因素,为湖南地区心脑血管疾病防治提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2013年6月—2014年5月对湖南地区≥30岁常住居民4 012人进行调查。内容包括人口学特征、体格检查和实验室检测等资料。通过χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析,探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)现状及影响因素。结果调查人群总Hcy水平为(13.77±7.68)μmol/L,HHcy患病率为35.4%,其中男性为45.3%,女性为28.5%。HHcy组与非HHcy组人群性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、高血压患病率及尿酸、肌酐、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)含量差异有统计学意义(均P 0.01);Pearson积差相关分析结果显示,Hcy水平分别与年龄、肌酐、尿酸、TC、TG呈正相关(r=0.068、0.072、0.138、0.109、0.266,均P 0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男性(OR=1.307,95%CI=1.078～1.585)、吸烟(OR=1.294,95%CI=1.053～1.589)、高血压(OR=3.707,95%CI=3.195～4.302)、高胆固醇(OR=1.276,95%CI=1.175～1.386)、高甘油三酯(OR=3.993,95%CI=2.960～5.388)、高尿酸(OR=1.002,95%CI=1.001～1.003)、高肌酐血症(OR=1.004,95%CI=1.001～1.008)是HHcy的影响因素。结论 HHcy患病率男性高于女性,并随年龄增长而升高。男性、吸烟、高血压、高胆固醇、高甘油三酯、高尿酸、高肌酐血症是HHcy的影响因素。     

中小学生颈围与高血压患病风险的Meta分析

  目的  系统评估中小学生颈围与高血压患病风险之间的关系,为学校开展高血压预防与健康宣教提供依据。  方法  计算机检索Web of science、PubMed、Scopus、CNKI和Wan Fang数据库,检索时限为建库至2019年12月。2位研究员独立筛选文献,提取资料与质量评价后,应用Stata 14.0软件进行Meta分析。  结果  共纳入8篇文献,包含20 475例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示,高颈围值人群与正常人群相比,高血压患病风险增加35%(OR=1.35,95%CI=1.20~1.51,P < 0.01)。亚组分析结果显示,肥胖中小学生颈围与高血压患病的相关性是正常体重者的1.41倍(OR=1.41,95%CI=1.23~1.61,P < 0.01);欧美洲地区中小学生颈围与高血压患病风险的相关性较亚洲地区更为显著(OR=1.31,95%CI=1.11~1.53,P=0.01);颈围平均值>28.5 cm时(OR=1.29,95%CI=1.02~1.64,P=0.03),与高血压患病有关。  结论  中小学生颈围与高血压患病风险有关,特别是在肥胖人群。应加强对中小学生高颈围值群体血压监测和开展健康教育工作,预防高血压发生。     

新疆维吾尔族人群血液生化指标与缺血性脑卒中关联分析

目的探讨新疆维吾尔族人群缺血性脑卒中发病风险与相关血液生化指标的关系。方法采用1:1配对的病例对照研究设计,对所选择的研究对象进行调查。结果总蛋白水平、白蛋白水平、血糖水平、高密度脂蛋白水平存在统计学差异。单因素Logistic回归分析,总蛋白(OR=0.85,95%CI:0.80～0.90)、白蛋白(OR=0.79,95%CI:0.73～0.85)及高密度脂蛋白(OR=0.06,95%CI:0.02～0.18)为缺血性脑卒中的保护因素,高血糖(OR=1.35,95%CI:1.14～1.60)为缺血性脑卒中的危险因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明白蛋白(OR=0.86,95%CI:0.75～0.99)及高密度脂蛋白(OR=0.32,95%CI:0.15～0.64)为独立保护因素。结论高血糖可能增加缺血性脑卒中的发病风险,血液中白蛋白与高密度脂蛋白可能与维吾尔族人群缺血性脑卒中的易感性相关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.