氟罗沙星注射剂治疗40例尿路感染的临床疗效

目的：比较氟罗沙星与氧氟星注射剂治疗尿路的感染的临床疗效。方法：将８０例尿路感染病例随机分为两组，分别应用氟罗沙星（０．２￣０．４ｇ／ｄ）和氧氟沙星（０．２￣０．４ｇ／ｄ）。结果：氟罗沙星组和氧氟沙星组的总有效率分别为８５％和８０％，细菌清除率分别为９２．５％和８７．５％，两组间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。不良反应发生率分别为１２．５％和７．５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：氟罗生注射剂治疗尿路感染用药     

氟罗沙星与环丙沙星治疗细菌性感染的比较

目的：评价氟罗沙星注射液对细菌性感染的疗效及安全性。方法：１６２例病人随机分为氟罗沙星治疗组、环丙沙星对照组各６１例和氟罗沙星开放组４０例。氟罗沙星治疗和开放组用氟罗沙星０．２～０．４ ｇ,静脉滴注,ｑｄ;环丙沙星对照组用环丙沙星,０．２～０．４ ｇ,静脉滴注,ｂｉｄ;疗程均为 ７～１４ｄ。结果：氟罗沙星注射液治疗总有效率为 ９３．１％（９３／１０１）与环丙沙星相当,治疗组有效率为９２％（５６／６１）与对照组８２％（５０／６１）相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）;但前者的细菌清除率（９４％）高于后者（８６％, Ｐ＜０． ０５）;不良反应发生率氟罗沙星（６％）也与环丙沙星（８％）相似（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：氟罗沙星注射液对细菌性感染有效而安全。     

氟罗沙星与氧氟沙星治疗泌尿道感染的经济学评价

目的评价氟罗沙星和氧氟沙星治疗泌尿系统感染的经济效果,促进合理用药,降低医疗费用。方法将80例泌尿道感染的患者随机分为两组,氟罗沙星组给予氟罗沙星0.2～0.4g,1次/d;氧氟沙星组给予氧氟沙星0.2～0.4g,2次/d。疗程均为7～14d。采用成本-效果分析进行评价。结果氟罗沙星和氧氟沙星的治疗有效率分别为92.5%和82.5%（P〉0.05）;不良反应发生率分别为7.5%和10.0%（P〉0.05）,两组的成本-效果比分别为4.39和0.57。结论与氟罗沙星比较,氧氟沙星治疗泌尿道感染更具成本-效果优势。     

氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的药效-成本分析

目的探讨氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星用于治疗下呼吸道感染的药效-成本。方法选择本院2011年9月～2012年3月60例下呼吸道感染的患者,按照自愿原则,将患者分为氧氟沙星组和氟罗沙星组,每组30例,分别采用氧氟沙星和氟罗沙星治疗,通过药物经济学中成本效果分析法,分析两种药物治疗的药效-成本。结果氧氟沙星及氟罗沙星的有效率分别为86．67％、90．00％,一个疗程后药品费用分别为254．30、389．40元,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;成本-效果（C／E）分别为20．43、23．02。结论氧氟沙星组患者的费用较氟罗沙星组患者的费用低,两者的治疗有效率无差异,因此氧氟沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的药效-成本优于氟罗沙星组。     

氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效与药物经济学分析

目的：比较氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星治疗呼吸道感染两种治疗方案的经济效果。方法：将58例患者随机分为两组，氧氟沙星组28例，氟罗沙星组30例分别给予氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星进行治疗，用最小成本法进行评价。结果：氧氟沙星与氟罗沙星治疗下呼吸道感染有效率分别是85.71%和90.00%，不良反应发生率分别是10.71%和10.00%(P＞0.05)。氧氟沙星组的费用C＝960.50元；氟罗沙星组费用C＝2 231.25元，敏感度分析结果表明氧氟沙星组的费用较氟罗沙星组低。结论：氧氟沙星组的成本 效果优于氟罗沙星组。     

氟罗沙星和氧氟沙星治疗尿路感染的随机对照研究

观察氟罗沙星治疗尿路感染４０例的疗效及安全性，并与氧氟沙星比较。结果：氟罗沙星组及氧氟沙星有效率分别为８５％及９０％；细菌清除率分别为９０％及９２．５％，不良反应发生率分别为２０％及１２．２％。经统计学处理两组无显著性差别。结论：氟罗沙星治疗尿路感染疗效好，不良反应轻微，疗效及安全性与氧氟沙星相仿，给药次数较氧氟沙星相对减少。     

氟罗沙星和加替沙星治疗呼吸道细菌性感染的药物经济学评价

目的对氟罗沙星和加替沙星治疗呼吸道细菌性感染进行成本-效果分析。方法选自本院就诊的呼吸道细菌性感染患者102例,随机分成两个治疗组：氟罗沙星组和加替沙星组。运用药物经济学方法对两治疗组进行最小成本-效果分析比较。结果氟罗沙星组和加替沙星组有效率分别为90．2％利92．2％。细菌清除率分别为93．2％利95．5％。不良反应发生率分别为13．73％利11．76％．均无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但成本一致果比分别为7．0和9．3,有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论氟罗沙星比加替沙星更具成本一效果优势。     

国产氧氟沙星治疗细菌感染性疾病的临床评价

氧氟沙星是抗菌谱广菌活性强的氟喹喏酮类药物新。本项研究随机用国产和进口氧氟沙星治疗细菌感染性疾病，剂量为２００－３００ｍｇ，每天２次，口服３－１４ｄ．在治疗伤寒副伤寒和呼吸道感染中，国产氧氟沙星组（４７例）和进口氧氟沙星组（５２例）临床有效率分别为９３．６和９４．２％。细菌消除率分别为８９．８和８７．５％，不良反应轻微，两组疗效比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。国产氧氟沙星（１０７例病人）总的有效     

氟罗沙星序贯疗法治疗下呼吸道感染的药物经济学评价

目的对氟罗沙星序贯疗法和输液疗法治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效进行药物经济学评价。方法将69例确诊有下呼吸道感染的患者随机分为序贯疗法组和输液疗法组，观察两组的临床疗效，并对两种疗法采用药物经济学的最小成本分析法进行分析。结果序贯疗法组和输液疗法组治疗成本分别为494．40元和705．60元，临床总有效率分别为91.43％和94．12％，细菌清除率分别为85．71％和84.21％，不良反应发生率分别为8.57％和8．82％。两组仅在治疗成本上有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论氟罗沙星序贯疗法治疗下呼吸道感染经济合理、安全有效，值得临床推广。     

氟罗沙星葡萄糖注射液治疗细菌感染性疾病150例

目的：验证氟罗沙星葡萄糖注射液对细菌性感染性疾病的疗效及其人安全性。方法：采用随机对照开放试验方法，选用氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液作对照药。结果；氟罗沙星葡萄糖注射液与氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液的有效率分别为８７．９％与７４％，差异显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），两组患者细菌清除率为８８．８％和８５．７％（Ｐ〉０．０５）。两组患者不良反应发生率分别为１５．０％和１６．０％，无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：氟罗沙星葡萄     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.