LPS-induced NF-κB activation requires Ca2+ as a mediator in isolated pancreatic acinar cells of rat

Objective To investigate the effect of Ca2+ on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation in pancreatic acinar cells and the role of NF-κB in LPS-induced acinar cell injury. Methods Male rat pancreatic acinar cells were isolated by collagenase digestion, then exposed to varying concentrations of LPS (from 1 to 20 mg/L) in the presence or absence of EGTA. At various time points (30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 10 hours) after treatment with the agents, cell viability was determined by MTT. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB’s subunit p65 was visualized by immunofluorescence staining and nuclei protein was extracted to perform EMSA which was used to assay the activity of NF-κB binding to the DNA sequence containing the recognition site of NF-κB. Results LPS induced cell damage in a time- and concentration-dependent manner while EGTA attenuated LPS-induced cell damage (P<0.05). NF-κB p65 immunofluorescence staining had increased intensity in the cytoplasm and indicated that nuclear translocation occurred within 30 minutes and its zenith was reached at 1 hour after LPS (10 mg/L) treatment. Testing of NF-κB DNA binding activity showed the same alteration phase as p65 immunofluorescence staining. NF-κB activation preceded the pathological alteration of pancreatic acinar cells. The Ca2+ chelator EGTA inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Conclusions NF-κB activation is an important early event in LPS-induced injury to pancreatic acinar cells. Ca2+ is an important mediator in the process of LPS-induced NF-κB activation.     

PMN apoptosis and its relationship with the lung injury after chest impact trauma

Background Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN), one of the most important inflammatory cells, functions throughout the initiation, progression and resolution of inflammation. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between PMN apoptosis and the lung injury after chest impact trauma. Methods PMNs were purified from rabbits subjected to the chest impact trauma and their apoptosis, necrosis, survival and respiratory burst were detected by flow cytometry. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase and (LDH) ［Ca2+］i were measured. Results The delayed apoptosis of PMNs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was observed from 2 hours to 12 hours after trauma, and viable cells increased. Respiratory burst of PMNs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was increased significantly from 2 hours with the peak at 8 hours. Meanwhile, lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was higher than that in control (P<0.05) from 4 hours to 24 hours, and intracellular free Ca2+ in PMN was increased temporarilly. Conclusions Retention of PMN in tissues and the abnormality in apoptotic pathway inevitably generate persistent activation of PMN and excessive release of toxic substances, resulting in tissue injury. The temporary increase of intracellular free Ca2+ may be responsible for the delayed apoptosis of PMN.     

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate Inhibits NF- κB Activation and Enhance TNFα- Induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Objective: Tumor necrosis factor α(TNFα) induced apoptosis is limited by its coactivation of nuclear factor kappa B(NF- κB) -dependent antiapoptosis genes. We examined whether pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) enhance TNFα - induced apoptosis in cultured breast cancer cells and explored the role of NF - κB in TNFα - induced apoptosis. Methods: Human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA - MB -435s were treated with TNFα、 PDTC and combination therapy . Induction of apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. NF- κB DNA binding activity was detected using electrophoresis mobility shift assay(EMSA) . Western blots of cytoplasmic lysates were performed to demonstrate IκBα (Inhibitor protein of nuclear factor κB) phosphorylation and degradation. Results:TNFα-induced IκBo phosphorylation and degradation, which was inhibited by PDTC in both cell lines. TNFα-induced apoptosis (TUNEL) increased significantly when both cells were pretreated with PDTC. Flow cytometry also confirmed this. EMSA showed that PDTC continuously inhibited TNFo-induced NF- κB DNA binding activity . Conclusions:PDTC enhances TNFo-induced apoptosis whileinhibiting IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in human breast cancer cells. NF - κB has a protective role on TNFα-induced apoptosis.     

Nuclear factor- κB in signal conduction of protein kinase C in T lymphocytes from an asthmatic guinea pig model

Objective To explore the role of nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) in the signal conduction of protein kinase C (PKC) regulated proliferation, apoptosis and expression of Th2 cytokines - interleukin- 4 (IL- 4) and interleukin- 5 (IL- 5) of T lymphocytes in the bronchial alveolus lavage fluid (BALF).Methods T lymphocytes were isolated and purified from BALF of asthmatic guinea pigs in normal and asthmatic groups, and were stimulated with PKC agitator phorbol 12- myristate 13- acetate (PMA) and NF- κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), respectively.The expressions of NF- κB, IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein, the proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes were observed by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, ELISA, MTT and TUNEL, respectively. Results The activation of NF- κB, proliferation response, and expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein in T lymphocytes stimulated by PMA were significantly higher than those of their blank control (P<0.01), while those indexes of T lymphocytes stimulated by PMA and PDTC simultaneously were significantly lower than those stimulated by PMA alone (P<0.01).The apoptotic index of T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA were significantly lower than that of their blank control (P<0.01), and the apoptotic index of asthmatic guinea pig T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA and PDTC simultaneously were significantly higher than that stimulated by PMA alone (P<0.01).The significant positive correlations were found between the activation of NF- κB and the proliferation (r=0.64, P<0.001), and the expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 mRNA and protein of T lymphocytes, respectively (r=0.55-0.68, P<0.001).There was also significant negative correlation between the activation of NF- κB and apoptosis of T lymphocytes (r=0.62, P<0.001). Conclusions NF- κB may participate in the signal conduction of PKC regulated proliferation, apoptosis and expression of IL- 4 and IL- 5 of T lymphocytes in asthma.The activation of NF- κB in PKC signal conduction pathway of T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.     

Effect of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanylchloromethyl Ketone on Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha -induced NF-κB Activation and Apoptosis in U937 Cell Line

Summary: To investigate the effect of N-tosyl-L-phenylalanylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced NF-κB activation and apoptosis in U937 cell line, changes and subcellular localization of NF-κB/p65 and IκB-α were observed by fluorescencemicroscopy and expression and degradation of IκB-α by flow cytometry. The apoptosis of U937 cells was measured by flow cytometry and electrophoresis of DNA. Immunolfluorescence assay showed that NF-κB/p65,IκB-α only localized in cytoplasm. After TNF-α stimulation, p65 was localized only in nuclei, and IκB-α was only localized in cytoplasm and decreased. The changes of TNF-α stimulation were specifically inhibited by TPCK. Flow cytometry also revealed the downregulation of IκB-α protein during TNF-α-induced apoptosis and the down-regulation was specifically inhibited by TPCK. Flow cytometry also showed the apoptosis of U937 cells after TNF-α induction. DNA ladder can be detected in cells treated by TNF-α. It is concluded that degradation of IκB-α protein and NF-κB/p65 translocation occur during TNF-α-induced apoptosis of U937 cells, suggesting the activation of NF-κB.TPCK-sensitive protease plays an important role in the degradation of IκB-α protein induced by TNF-α in U937 cells. TPCK sensitive protease also plays an important role in the apoptosis of U937 cells induced by TNF-α.     

Inhibition of NF-κB by mutant IκBα enhances TNF-α-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells by controlling bcl-xL expression

Backgound The aim of this study was to explore whether the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)activation by mutant IκBα (S32,36→A) can enhance TNF-α-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells and to investigate the possible mechanism. Methods The mutant IκBα gene was transfected into HL-60 cells by liposome-mediated techniques. G418 resistant clones stably expressing mutant IκBα were obtained by the limiting dilution method. TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The expression of bcl-xL was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot after 4 hours exposure of parental HL-60 and transfected HL-60 cells to a variety of concentrations of TNF-α. The percentage of apoptotic leukemia cells was evaluated by flow cytometry (FCM). Results Mutant IκBα protein was confirmed to exist by Western blot. The results of EMSA showed that NF-κB activation by TNF-α in HL-60 cells was induced in a dose-dependent manner, but was almost completely inhibited by mutant IκBα repressor in transfected cells. The levels of bcl-xL mRNA and protein in HL-60 cells increased after exposure to TNF-α, but changed very little in transfected HL-60 cells. The inhibition of NF-κB activation by mutant IκBα enhanced TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Thecytotoxic effects of TNF-α were amplified in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions NF-κB activation plays an important role in the resistance to TNF-α-induced apoptosis. The inhibition of NF-κB by mutant IκBα could provide a new approach that may enhance the antileukemia effects of TNF-α or even of other cytotoxic agents.     

Expression of NF-κB in hRPE Cells Stimulated by PDTC and IL-1β

The constitutive expression of nuclear-factor-κB (NF-κB) in human pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells cultivated in vitro and the possible changes when incubated with PDTC and IL-I were investigated. The synchronized hRPE cells in vitro were divided into two groups. In nonPDTC group, hRPE cells were exposed respectively to IL-1β and NS (for detecting the constitutive expressions of NF-κB in hRPE cells) ; In PDTC group, PDTC-pretreated hRPE cells were exposed respectively to IL-1β?Aand NS. (for detecting the constitutive expression of NF-κB in PDTC-pretreated hRPE cells). The expression of NF-κB in hRPE cells in two groups was detected by immunofluorescence stain and flow cytometry. The results showed that the constitutive expression of NF-κB in hRPE cells in vitro was 8.05 %, and increased to 30.26 % by IL-1β. After PDTC pretreatment, the constitutive expression of NF-κB in hRPE cells was decreased to 3.74%, and 3.66 % by IL-l,respectively. It was concluded that the expressions of NF-κB in hRPE cells could be increased significantly by IL-1βand depressed effectively by PDTC. Also, PDTC could significantly inhibit the activation of NF-κB induced by IL-1β.     

Perfluorocarbon attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses of alveolar epithelial cells in vitro

Background  Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) is integrally involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling and has a requisite role in the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The exact mechanisms that lend perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids a cytoprotective effect have yet to be elucidated. Therefore we examined in an in vitro model the cytoprotective effect of PFC on LPS-stimulated alveolar epithelial cellls (AECs). 

Methods  AECs (A549 cells, human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) were divided into four groups: control, PFC, LPS and LPS + PFC (coculture group) groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by ELISA, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by radioimmunological methods. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein was detected by real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The activation of NF-κB was detected by Western blotting (proteins of I-κBα and NF-κB p65). 

Results  ICAM-1, TNF-α and IL-8 were significantly increased in LPS-stimulated AECs groups. The expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein in LPS-stimulated groups was markedly increased. Meanwhile, NF-κB was activated as indicated by the significant degradation of IκB-α and the significant release of NF-κB P65 and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. There were no significant effects of PFC alone on any of the factors studied while the coculture group showed significant downregulation of the secretion of ICAM-1, TNF-α and IL-8, the expression of TLR-4 mRNA and the activity of NF-κB. 

Conclusions  Taken together, our results demonstrate that LPS can induce AEC-related inflammatory injury via the activation of TLR-4 and subsequent activation of NF-κB. PFC is able to protect AECs from LPS-induced inflammatory injury by blocking the initiation of the LPS signaling pathway, which is indicated by the significant decrease of TLR-4 expression and NF-κB activation.

     

Dual Effect of 3, 4-Dihydroxyacetophenone on LPS-induced Apoptosis in RAW264.7 Cells by Modulating the Production of TNF-α

To explore the pharmacological effect of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (DHAP) on the apoptosis of RAW264. 7 macrophage cells and the mechanism, RAW264. 7 macrophage cells were treated with 100 or 500 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with or without 10^-5 mol/L DHAP for 24 h. Trypan blue dye exclusion assay was used to assess cell viability. Cell apoptosis was morphological studied and flow cytometric assay was used. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level was measured by ELISA methods. IκB protein was determined by Western blotting. Our results showed that in 100 mg/L LPS stimulated macrophages, DHAP enhanced the cell apoptosis while in 500 mg/L LPS-stimulated macrophages, DHAP significantly inhibited the cell apoptosis. In both groups, DHAP increased the level of IκB but decreased the level of TNF-α. It is concluded that DHAP has dual effect on the apoptosis of RAW 264.7 cells treated with different concentrations of LPS. This effect may be due to the inhibition of activation of NF-κB and autocrine production of TNFα. Our study suggests that DHAP may have anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-activated macrophages.     

中性粒细胞凋亡延迟在脂多糖所致大鼠急性肺损伤发病机制中的作用

目的 探讨急性肺损伤时肺组织及外周血中性粒细胞（PMN）凋亡和坏死的发生规律及其与肺损伤的关系。以及可能涉及的机制。方法 Wistar大鼠50只,腹腔注射脂多糖（LPS,O55B5,3mg/kg)造成大鼠急性肺损伤,分为LPS注射后2h组、4h组、8h组,12h组及正常对照组。于预定时相取血及支气管灌洗液,密度梯度离心分离PMN,用流式细胞仪测定凋亡,坏死细胞比例及呼吸焊发功能,同时测定乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量,肺通透指数,肿瘤坯 煞费苦心因子（TNF）、白细胞介素（IL）1β、IL-6含量和Ca^2 浓度。结果 ALI大鼠肺灌洗液中PMN凋亡,坏死比例的变化与外周血不同,主要表现为存活细胞比例增加,凋亡延迟,肺灌洗液中TNF、IL-1β、IL-6含量明显高于外周血,且持续时间较长,同时,肺灌洗液LDH明显升高,肺通透指数显著增加。结论 肺组织中高浓度的细胞因子和短暂升高的Ca^2 使游出的PMN的正常凋亡途径发生障碍,造成PMN持续处于激活状态及毒性内容物的持续释放,与肺组织损伤有密切关系。     

HO-1/CO在大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤中的保护作用及硝普钠对其的影响

目的 :研究HO 1/CO系统在内毒素 (LPS)致急性肺损伤 (ALI)中的作用 ,并探讨外源性NO供体硝普钠的保护作用机制。方法 :采用LPS气管内滴入建立大鼠ALI模型 ,32只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组 (S组 )、内毒素组 (LPS组 )、HO 1诱导剂hemin预处理组 (HM组 )、硝普钠治疗组 (SNP组 )。 8h后取材 ,半定量分析肺组织HO 1表达 ,检测肺湿 /干重比、支气管灌洗液 (BALF)蛋白含量、肺组织MDA含量 ,并观察肺组织病理变化。结果 :与S组比较 ,LPS组HO 1蛋白表达显著增强 (P <0 .0 1) ;hemin预处理和硝普钠治疗后HO 1蛋白表达较LPS组增高 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。LPS组肺湿 /干重比、BALF中蛋白含量以及组织匀浆MDA含量显著高于S组 (均P <0 .0 1) ,而HM组和SNP组均显著低于LPS组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。病理形态学 :SNP及HM组病理损伤程度明显轻于LPS组。结论 :HO 1/CO系统参与了LPS致ALI时的肺保护 ;气管内滴注SNP对急性肺损伤的保护作用可能与增强HO 1/CO效应有关。     

滴注空气在脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤模型建立过程中的作用

目的：研究滴注空气对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）模型的影响,为建立更加有效的气管滴注方法提供依据。方法：45只健康雄性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组和LPS+空气组,每组15只。以LPS作为刺激物,LPS组和LPS+空气组小鼠采用暴露式气管滴注方法建立ALI模型,LPS+空气组小鼠行气管滴注前1 mL注射器内预先吸入100 μL空气,对照组小鼠不进行任何处理。气管滴注后24 h进行支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中生化指标检测、细胞分类计数、肺湿/干重（W/D）比值测定和肺组织形态学观察。结果：与对照组比较,LPS组和LPS+空气组小鼠BALF中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性、总蛋白浓度、总细胞和中性粒细胞数量以及肺W/D比值显著升高（P<0.05）;与LPS组比较,LPS+空气组小鼠BALF中ALP和LDH活性、总蛋白浓度、总细胞和中性粒细胞数量以及肺W/D比值显著升高（P<0.05）。肺组织学观察,与对照组比较,LPS组和LPS+空气组小鼠肺组织均有不同程度的液体积聚、中性粒细胞浸润、充血和出血;与LPS组小鼠比较,LPS+空气组小鼠肺泡腔内积聚了更多富含蛋白的液体、中性粒细胞和红细胞。结论：滴注空气可以用于改进气管滴注方法,建立更加可靠的ALI动物模型。     

中性粒细胞在大鼠急性重症胰腺炎肺损伤中的作用机制

目的:探讨急性重症胰腺炎(ASP)合并急性肺损伤时肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡和坏死的发生规律及可能涉及的作用机制.方法:选取雄性SD大鼠48只,分为ASP实验组(24只)、对照组(24只).实验组大鼠穿刺胰胆管并注入35g/L牛磺胆酸钠制作ASP大鼠模型,分别在制模后3,6,12 h剖杀,于预定时相取支气管灌洗液,密度梯度离心分离PMN,用流式细胞仪测定PMN凋亡、坏死比例,同时测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量、肺通透指数.结果:ASP组大鼠肺灌洗液中PMN存活细胞比例增加(P＜0.01),凋亡延迟.同时,肺灌洗液LDH明显升高(P＜0.01),肺通透指数显著增加(P＜0.01).结论:ASP合并急性肺损伤时,PMN凋亡延迟,造成PMN持续处于激活状态及毒性内容物的持续释放,与急性肺损伤密切相关.     

七氟烷后处理对脂多糖致急性肺损伤大鼠iNOS/NO通路的影响

目的: 探讨七氟烷后处理对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）致急性肺损伤大鼠诱导型一氧化氮合酶（inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS）/NO通路的影响及作用机制。方法： 将30只大鼠随机均分为5组,生理盐水组和脂多糖组分别于气管内滴注生理盐水(1 mL/kg)或脂多糖(5 mg/kg);七氟烷0.5,1,2 h组于气管内滴注脂多糖4 h后,即急性肺损伤发生,分别吸入2.4%七氟烷0.5,1,2 h,模拟“后处理”方案。6 h后处死大鼠,取肺组织,行HE染色,观察病理变化;免疫组织化学法测iNOS表达;硝酸还原酶法测NO含量。结果： 与生理盐水组相比,脂多糖组肺泡腔内有大量炎性细胞浸润,肺间质及肺泡腔有严重的水肿、出血,肺泡结构破坏严重。七氟烷组肺组织损伤较脂多糖组明显减轻。脂多糖组肺组织内iNOS蛋白表达和NO含量较生理盐水组明显升高(P均<0.01);七氟烷组iNOS蛋白表达和NO含量较脂多糖组明显降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),以七氟烷1 h组和七氟烷2 h组下降更明显(P<0.05)。结论： 七氟烷后处理可减轻脂多糖所致大鼠急性肺损伤,其机制可能与抑制iNOS/NO信号通路的激活,减轻炎症反应有关。     

百草枯中毒致大鼠急性肺损伤时NF-κB抑制剂对中性粒细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨在百草枯(PQ)中毒所致大鼠急性肺损伤时NF-κB抑制剂(PDTC)对中性粒细胞凋亡的影响。方法:120只大鼠随机分为4组:1正常对照组(C组):腹腔注射生理盐水3ml/kg;2PDTC对照组(PC组):腹腔注射PDTC120mg/kg,半小时后腹腔注射生理盐水3ml/kg;3急性肺损伤组(L组):大鼠腹腔注射2%PQ(25mg/kg);4急性肺损伤+PDTC干预组(L+P组):腹腔注射PDTC(120mg/kg),半小时后腹腔注射2%PQ。后两组分别以腹腔注射PQ后的1d、3d、5d作为观测点,处死动物、取材,每个时间点16只大鼠。取肺组织HE染色来评价肺组织损伤情况;检测血清中TNF-α水平、肺泡灌洗液中PMN的NF-κBp65表达、PMN中胞浆蛋白IκBα的含量和中性粒细胞凋亡率。结果:肺组织病理结果显示,C组和PC组大鼠的肺组织结构基本完整。L组炎性细胞浸润明显增多,肺组织损伤程度加重。P+L组肺组织损伤程度较轻。L组血清TNF-α水平较C组显著增加,P+L组降低。L组3d时PMN的凋亡率最低(3.52±0.34)%,P+L干预组与相应时间点L各组相比凋亡率均增加。结论:百草枯中毒导致了大鼠急性肺损伤,在预先应用NF-κB抑制剂(PDTC)后,使延缓的中性粒细胞凋亡恢复正常,从而有效地减轻了百草枯中毒所致的κB大鼠急性肺损伤。     

肺气虚证模型大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡及Fas、FasL蛋白表达变化

目的:探讨肺气虚证细胞凋亡机制.方法:用两次气管内注入脂多糖(LPS)及熏香烟4周的复合刺激法复制肺气虚证大鼠模型,4周后对两组动物进行电镜观察和免疫组化检测.结果:与对照组比较,模型组可见肺组织细胞凋亡明显增加,Fas、FasL蛋白在肺组织中的表达明显上调.结论:Fas、FasL可能参与了肺气虚的发病及肺组织细胞凋亡的调控.     

姜黄素对脂多糖诱导大鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的观察姜黄素对脂多糖诱导大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的保护作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为6组：空白组、模型组、地塞米松组和姜黄素三个不同剂量组（50、100、200mg.kg-1）。LPS气管滴注复制ALI模型,6h后收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,检测TNF-α、IL-1β浓度及蛋白含量;称重法检测肺组织湿/干重比和肺含水量。结果姜黄素剂量依赖性降低LPS所致ALI模型BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β及蛋白量增加,降低肺湿/干重比、肺含水量。结论姜黄素对LPS所致ALI有保护作用,其可能的机制为调节炎症介质的产生有关。     

暴露式与非暴露式气管滴注方法建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型及其效果比较

目的：比较暴露式与非暴露式气管滴注方法建立的小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)模型的各种指标,确立更有效的气管滴注方法。方法：45只健康雄性C57/BL6小鼠随机分为对照组、非暴露组和暴露组,每组15只。以脂多糖（LPS）作为刺激物,非暴露组和暴露组小鼠分别采用非暴露式和暴露式气管滴注方法建立ALI模型,造模后24 h进行支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）生化指标检测、BALF细胞分类计数、肺湿/干重（W/D）比值测定以及肺组织病理形态学观察。结果：暴露组小鼠造模的成功率（100%）高于非暴露组（86.7%）。与对照组比较,非暴露组和暴露组小鼠BALF中总蛋白浓度、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、中性粒细胞数量以及肺W/D比值显著升高（P<0.05）;暴露组小鼠BALF总蛋白浓度、ALP和LDH活性、中性粒细胞数量以及肺W/D比值明显高于非暴露组（P<0.05）。非暴露组小鼠主要表现为肺间质水肿;暴露组小鼠主要表现为渗出性肺水肿。结论：暴露式气管滴注方法对于建立小鼠ALI模型更有效。