The distribution and significance of renal infiltrating cells in patients with diffuse crescentic glomerulonephritis

Objective To study the significance and distribution of renal infiltrating cells, includin g monocytes (CD68(+) cells), proliferative cell nuclear antigen positive cells ( PCNA(+) cells), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in diffuse crescent glomerulonephritis (DCGN).Methods Fifty-six patients with DCGN were studied, including 10 cases of anti-glomerul ar basement membrane (GBM)-type Ⅰ DCGN, 26 immune complex-type Ⅱ DCGN, and 2 0 cases of pauci-immune-type Ⅲ DCGN. Glomerular and interstitial infiltrates of CD68(+) and PCNA(+) cells, and interstitial infiltrates of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were detected by using four-layer PAP methods. Results There was a significant increase of renal infiltrating CD68(+), PCNA(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in patients with DCGN compared with that in normal controls. I n patients with type Ⅰ DCGN, there was a higher number of renal infiltrating C D68(+) and PCNA(+) cells than that in patients with type Ⅱ and Ⅲ DCGN. A glom erular infiltrates of CD68(+) and PCNA(+) cells correlated with the interstitial infiltrates of CD4(+) cells in type Ⅰ or Ⅲ DCGN patients. In lupus DCGN pati ents, the numbers of renal infiltrating CD68(+) and PCNA(+) cells were similar t o vasculitis or type Ⅲ DCGN patients.Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the renal infiltrates of CD68(+) and PCNA(+) cel ls play an important role in patients with DCGN, that the infiltrates of CD4(+) cells correlate with the infiltrates of CD68(+) and PCNA(+) cells may be an acti ve marker of DCGN, and that cell-mediated immunity may contribute to crescent f ormation in lupus DCGN patients.     

The clinical and pathological characteristics of Chinese patients with pauci-immune crescent golmerulonephritis

Objective　To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of pauci-immune crescent glomerulo～nephritis (PICGN) in Chinese patients. Methods　During 13 years (1985-1998), 6400 patients underwent non-transplanting renal biopsy. Twenty-four patients were diagnosed as PICGN. All clinical and laboratory data of these patients were collected from the patients’ records and used for detailed analysis. The diagnosis is based on clinico-pathologic findings. Results　Of the 24 patients, 16 were females and 8 were males, with median age of 33 years (ranged 10-76 years). Microscopic polyarteritis (MPA) (33.3%) and systemic vasculitis (8.3%) were the secondary diseases. The incidence of PICGN was 0.38% in renal biopsies and 22.9% in crescentic glomerulonephritis. Clinically, most patients (75.0%) showed rapidly progressive nephritis with enlarged kidneys. At onset, gross hematuria was noted in 58.3% of patients, hypertension in 45.8%, nephrotic syndrome in 41.7%, and oliguria in 25.0%. However, systemic symptoms were rare except for anemia. Pathologically, necrosis of glomerular capillaries (62.5%), infiltration of monocytes and neutrophil cells in glomeruli (66.7%), and vasculitis in the interstitium (53.3%) were observed. In addition, glomerulosclerosis was noted in 45.8%, severe tubular atrophy in 83.3% and interstitial fibrosis in 75.0%. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) were positive in 52.2%. All patients except two received intensively immunosuppressive therapy. Sixteen patients were available for long-term follow up (median 29.8 months, range 8-92 months). Twelve of them had life-sustaining renal function, four had normal serum creatinine (<124?μmol/L) and only 4 patients were dialysis-dependent. Conclusion　PICGN is not rare in China. Early diagnosis and administration of immunosuppressive therapy, particularly in patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), are important for good prognosis.     

以IgA沿肾小球毛细血管襻沉积为主的急进性肾小球肾炎

目的:明确以IgA沿肾小球毛细血管襻沉积为主的急进性肾小球肾炎的临床与病理特点。方法:分析解放军总医院全军肾脏病研究所收治的1例以IgA沿肾小球毛细血管襻沉积为主的急进性肾小球肾炎病例,分析其临床特点、病理与电镜特征,以及对强化免疫抑制治疗的反应。结果:该病例临床表现为急进性肾炎综合征,肾功能恶化发展迅速。但无肺出血及全身性血管炎症状。血清自身抗体系列、抗GBM抗体与ANCA均为阴性。病理光镜示肾小球环绕型新月体形成,肾小血管无炎症改变。冰冻切片与石蜡微波修复直接免疫荧光示IgA沿肾小球毛细血管襻细颗粒状沉积,间接免疫荧光法检测血清IgA型抗GBM为阴性;电镜示节段性上皮下、基底膜内及系膜区电子致密物沉积。对强化激素冲击与免疫抑制剂治疗效果欠佳。结论:本病例为特殊类型的急进性肾小球肾炎,根据其临床特点、血清学检测、免疫荧光及电镜检查结果,无法归于目前急进性肾炎的分型,对其临床特点应予重视。     

活动性肾小球肾炎中过氧化脂质体增殖激活受体γ在肾脏的表达

目的 :研究过氧化脂质体增殖激活受体γ(PPAR γ)在人肾小球肾炎病变活动时肾组织中的表达变化。方法 :根据临床及肾活检病理诊断 ,选择炎症病变明显活动的病人 ,细胞性新月体肾小球肾炎 (RPGN) 17例、狼疮性肾炎 (Ⅳ型 ) (LN) 15例 ,并以炎症病变轻微的轻度系膜增生性IgA肾病 (IgAN) 7例和无炎症病变肾小球微小病变 (MCD) 10例为对照。分别收集各组病人临床资料 ,光镜下观察并计数肾脏病变活动指数 ;免疫组化和原位杂交方法观察肾组织PPAR γ蛋白和mRNA表达。结果 :LN和RPGN组病人临床上呈明显病变活动表现 ,肾脏病理活动指数显著高于IgAN和MCD组。肾组织PPAR γ免疫组化显示PPAR γ在MCD组未见表达 ;在IgAN组肾小球和肾小管少量表达 ;在病变活动的RPGN和LN组肾小球和肾小管表达显著上调。相关分析结果显示 ,在病变活动性指数与肾小球和肾小管PPAR γ染色阳性细胞数间呈显著相关性 (相关系数分别为 0 .4 78,P <0 .0 1;0 .5 13,P<0 .0 1)。原位杂交方法也进一步证实LN和RPGN组肾小管上皮细胞PPAR γmRNA表达较IgAN和MCD组显著上调。结论 :活动性肾小球肾炎病人的肾组织PPAR γ表达上调 ,这可能是肾组织对炎症应激反应的一种表现 ,并预示PPAR γ可能在肾小球炎症过程中发挥重要作用     

Significance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis

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肾小球疾病患者抗MPO抗体检测的临床意义

目的:观察抗髓过氧化物酶(MPO)抗体在不同肾小球疾病中的发生情况,初步探讨抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体在肾小球疾病中的临床意义.方法:用ELISA法测定35例健康体检者和349例各种原发性、继发性肾小球疾病患者的血清抗MPO抗体水平.结果:与正常对照组比较,隐匿性肾炎、乙肝相关性肾炎、慢性肾炎、肾病综合征及终末肾脏病血透患者抗MPO抗体水平差异无显著性(P＞0.05);狼疮性肾炎和紫癜性肾炎抗MPO抗体浓度最高,与正常对照组和其余各肾脏病组比较其差异有显著性(P＜0.05).各种肾小球疾病中抗MPO抗体阳性率0%～23.81%,正常对照组、乙肝相关性肾炎和隐匿性肾炎中均未见抗MPO抗体阳性病例.结论:抗MPO抗体在各种肾小球疾病中的发生率为5.73%,继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎抗MPO抗体水平及阳性率最高,抗MPO抗体可用于狼疮性肾炎和紫癜性肾炎与乙肝相关性肾炎和隐匿性肾炎临床鉴别诊断的重要参考指标.     

儿童紫癜性肾炎患者肾内凝血与纤溶的研究

目的观察儿童紫癜性肾炎患者肾内凝血与纤溶活性,并探讨其临床意义.方法60例儿童紫癜性肾炎患者,根据尿常规、尿蛋白定量,血清总蛋白、清蛋白、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）分为3型：肾小球肾炎型、肾病综合征型、急进性肾炎型.分别检测各患者尿中纤维蛋白肽A（FPA）与D二聚体（D-D）含量,并与40例儿童过敏性紫癜无肾炎者进行对比.结果3种类型肾炎患者FPA与D-D均明显高于对照组,急进性肾炎型尤为显著（P＜0.01）.结论儿童紫癜性肾炎患者肾内存在凝血与纤溶活化,表明有纤维蛋白的沉积,并加重肾炎病情的发展.应采用抗栓治疗.     

慢性肾功能不全患者的病理类型分析

目的分析肾活检时表现为慢性肾功能不全患者（Scr≥130μmol/L）的患者病理类型及特点。方法选择我院2006年1月～2008年12月行肾脏活检时表现为血清肌酐升高（Scr≥130μmol/L）的所有慢性肾脏病患者共104例作为研究对象,分析其临床和病理特点。同时重点分析了增生硬化型IgA肾病的特点。结果 104例慢性肾脏病患者在肾活检时表现为肾功能异常,占同期肾活检患者的11.9%。这些患者的平均血清肌酐（235.11±114.4）μmol/L。临床诊断主要为：慢性肾小球肾炎63例,肾病综合征27例,系统性血管炎4例,系统性红斑狼疮3例。其中78例（75.0%）患者有高血压。病理类型主要表现为IgA肾病（46.2%,其中有70.8%的患者主要表现为增生硬化性肾炎）,其次是间质性肾炎,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,新月体肾炎,局灶节段肾小球硬化,IV型狼疮性肾炎。其中,增生硬化型的IgA肾病患者血压升高更为突出,但是尿蛋白量更少。结论表现为慢性肾功能不全的患者病理上主要为IgA肾病,其中增生硬化性肾炎是主要病理表现,其次是肾小管间质病变。慢性病变是主要的病理特点。     

THE CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES ANDTREATMENT OF RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVEGLOMERULONEPHRITIS

ResumeObjectifCOnnaitrei'incidence,lamanifestationcliniqueetiecaractdrepathologtausacbagab~rulon~phriteresidementprogressive(GNRP),cleverieniveaududiagnosticetdutraitBment.MJtbod.'Etuderetrospectivedesdatade19oasdeGNRPconlirmdsparlabiOPsierdnale.Rdsultatsiesyndromendphrotiqueet1'insullisancerdnaleaigUescscutsouventmantlesids,lalrdquencedeGNRPoccopeenvironZMdelabiOPsisrdnaledelamimepdriode.Conclusion1.LabiOPsierdnaledoltCtrepratiqu,esansaucunehesitationenoasdesu8PiciondelaGNRP;2.L…     

363例IgA肾病气阴两虚证临床和病理特点

目的观察IgA肾病气阴两虚证的临床及病理特点。方法对363例IgA肾病气阴两虚证患者的临床资料进行横断面调查．分析其发病情况及病理分布特点等。结果20～39岁年龄段所占的比例最大（63．6％），分别有35．0％和36．6％的患者有慢性咽炎、慢性扁桃体炎病史，尿检特点以血尿伴蛋白尿为主（占78．3％），病理类型以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎者最多，为182例（50．1％）。结论IgA肾病气阴两虚证多发于中青年，上呼吸道感染在其发病中占有重要地位，临床以血尿伴蛋白尿多见，其病理类型以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最多，分级以Ⅲ级居多。     

原发性肾小球疾病97例临床病理分析

目的: 探讨原发性肾小球疾病患者临床表现与病理之间的关系、肾活检的并发症及其临床意义。方法: 分析97例原发性肾小球疾病患者的临床表现、病理类型及肾活检资料。结果: 97例原发性肾小球疾病中,IgA肾病30例,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎26例,膜性肾病10例,局灶性节段性硬化性肾小球肾炎14例,IgM肾病2例,毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎1例,肾小球轻微病变8例,增生硬化性肾小球肾炎4例,新月体性肾小球肾炎2例。肾活检术后并发症:肉眼血尿3例,肾包膜下小血肿2例,无其它严重并发症。结论: 肾活检病理检查与临床密切结合,有助于原发性肾脏疾病正确诊断和治疗。肾穿刺术虽有一定并发症,但多不严重,是一项安全、简便的诊断操作。     

211例慢性肾脏病2～4期患者中医证候证型分布的调查研究

目的探讨慢性肾脏病2-4期患者中医证候证型分布特点及其相互关系。方法随机调查患者211例,比较中医证型及慢性肾脏病（CKD）原发病种、分期与中医证型证候间的相关性。结果 211例患者共涉及7个中医证型,其中单纯气虚（定位肺脾肾）52例,气阴两虚75例,单纯阴虚（定位肝肾）32例,为慢性肾脏病的主要3个证型。共涉及3类原发疾病,其中：气阴两虚在肾小球肾炎中表达率最高（40.84%）,脾肾气虚在肾小管间质病中表达率最高为（28.78%）,高血压相关肾损害组多表现为气血两虚（32%）。本虚证中,阳虚多见于高血压相关肾损害组（88%）;标实证中肾小球肾炎易出现浊毒证（75%）,高血压相关肾损害组易出现血瘀证（75%）。随着CKD分期及病情的不同,CKD4期的患者最容易表现为气血阴阳虚证,浊毒证及血瘀证逐渐加重,气滞证表现不明显。结论肾小球肾炎与气阴两虚证、浊毒证、血瘀证相关;肾小管间质病与脾肾气虚、浊毒证相关;高血压相关肾损害与气血两虚（阳虚）—血瘀证相关。     

小儿肾小球疾病肾活检110例临床分析

目的探讨小儿肾小球疾病的病理特点及其与临床表现的关系.方法对110例符合肾小球疾病诊断标准的小儿行肾活检术,肾组织送光镜、电镜及免疫荧光检查.结果 110例肾组织病理改变为:IgA肾病32例(29.1%);系膜增生21例(19.1%);薄基底膜肾病18例(16.4%);膜增生性肾炎、Alport综合征及微小病变各6例(5.5%);局灶增生和轻微病变各4例(3.6%);新月体肾炎及增生硬化性肾炎各3例(2.7%);局灶节段性硬化、膜性肾病和IgM肾病各2例(1.8%);毛细血管内皮增生1例(0.9%).结论相同的临床诊断,其病理表现可不同;相同的病理诊断,也可有不同的临床表现.     

云南地区IgA肾病的病理及临床特点

目的 探讨云南地区IgA肾病的病理类型及临床特点.方法 对2008年1月至2011年9月间在昆明医学院附属延安医院肾脏内科进行肾穿刺活检术,并且病理检查确诊为IgA肾病的50例患者的病理分级与临床特点进行分析,探讨其变化规律.结果 IgA肾病占肾活检的百分率为17.4%,50例IgA肾病的临床表现以镜下血尿为主(76%),少于1 g的蛋白尿次之,临床诊断以慢性肾小球肾炎(包括无症状血尿和/或无症状蛋白尿)为主(78%),病理分级以Lee氏II级为多(44%),III级次之(36%),IV、V级也有一定比例.结论 对于临床上有肾脏损害指标的患者(血尿、蛋白尿和肾功异常者)应及时进行肾脏穿刺活检了解病理类型,积极给予干预治疗,减少终末期肾病(ESRD)的发生.     

20例儿童狼疮性肾炎临床与病理分析

目的探讨儿童狼疮性肾炎(LN)的临床特点与肾脏病理类型之间的关系。方法回顾性分析20例狼疮性肾炎患儿的临床表现、实验室检查和病理检查资料。结果临床分型以肾病综合征型为最常见,占8例(40%);孤立性血尿或(和)蛋白尿2例(10%),急性肾炎型4例(20%),急进性肾炎型2例(10%),慢性肾炎型1例(5%),肾小管间质损害型2例(10%),亚临床型1例(5%)。肾外症状以发热(65%)、贫血(35%)、皮肤损害(50%)、关节炎(35%)等多见;实验室检查:补体C3降低17例(85%),抗核抗体(ANA)阳性16例(80%),抗ds-DNA阳性13例(65%),血浆白蛋白降低8例(40%),转氨酶增高4例(20%),Hb降低13例(65%),白细胞减少11例(55%),血小板减少9例(45%),BUN增高7例(35%),D二聚体阳性9例(45%),Coob’s试验阳性3例(15%),球蛋白增高4例(20%)。ESR增高3例(65%)。20例肾活检均异常,病理类型以Ⅳ型LN最多,10例(50%),其次是V型3例(15%),Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型各1例(分别占5%),Ⅳ+Ⅴ型2例(10%),Ⅲ+Ⅴ型2例(10%)。大多数患儿免疫荧光多呈"满堂亮",2例呈寡免疫复合物沉着。结论儿童狼疮性肾炎的临床表现及病理类型有其自身特点,肾脏病理学检查对狼疮性肾炎的诊断治疗具有十分重要的指导作用。     

血清学标志物阴性的乙肝病毒相关性肾炎33例临床病理分析

目的探讨血清学标志物阴性的乙肝病毒相关性肾炎的临床与病理特点,提高对乙肝病毒相关性肾炎的认识,从而避免误诊与漏诊。方法回顾性分析33例乙肝血清学标志物阴性、经活检诊断为乙肝病毒相关性肾炎患者的临床与病理资料。结果33例血清学标志物阴性的患者中,29例临床表现为肾病综合征,4例表现为肾炎综合征;病理类型：经典臆性肾病6例,不典型媵性肾病27例。结论①乙肝血清学标志物并非确诊乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（HBV—GN）的必要条件,血清抗原阴性不能排除HBV—GN的诊断,尤其是肾脏病理类型为不典型膜性肾病的青少年患者;②血清学标志物阴性的乙肝病毒相关性肾炎患者临床表现以肾病综合征为主,病理类型以不典型膜性肾病为最多。     

SPECTRUM OF NEPHROPATHIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRIMARY GLOMERULOPATHIES

A retrospective study was carried out where histopathology records of Department of Pathology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune were scrutinised covering a period of 10 years. We came across 325 cases of nephropathies. The sample comprised of 92.6% adults and 7.4% children. 79.7% were males and 20.3% were females. The patient population comprised of 35.1% serving soldiers, 37.8% their family members and 27.1% not related to Armed Forces. The study is based on only light microscopy findings. It was observed that primary glomerular disease was the commonest entity and comprised of 61.5% of all the nephropathies. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was not only the commonest primary glomerulopathy (23.5%) but the commonest nephropathy as well. The other primary glomerulopathies in descending order of frequency were, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (22.5%), mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (21.5%), chronic glomerulonephritis (9%), minimal change disease (7.5%), membranous glomerulopathy (7%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (5%) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (4%). We had only 14 cases (4.3% of all nephropathies) of secondary glomerulopathies, amongst which amyloidosis was the commonest cause. We came across 2 cases (0.6% of all nephropathies) of Alport''s syndrome. In the other nephropathies, 22.2% were tubulointerstitial diseases and 5.5% were malignant kidney tumors. In 5.8% renal biopsies, no significant pathology was seen on light microscopy.KEY WORDS: Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, Glomerulonephritis, Nephropathy     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者甲状腺功能状态的临床观察

目的：探讨慢性肾功能衰竭患者甲状腺激素的变化规律及机理。方法：受检CRF患者120例,其中肾功能不全代偿期27例,肾功能不全失代偿期26例,尿毒症前期32例,尿毒症期35例,健康查体30例,用放免法测定甲状腺素水平,结果：T3,T4,FT3,FT4降低水平和肾功能损害程度呈负相关,低T3,低T4发生率和肾功能严重程度相平行,rT3,TSH5组间比较无统计学意义,结论：CRF患者甲状腺的测定对于判断病情,估计预后,指导治疗有一定价值和帮助。     

慢性肾炎患者内皮素水平的变化及意义

目的:探讨内皮素在慢性肾小球肾炎发病中所起的作用。方法:检测了正常人、80例慢性肾炎患者肾组织局部ET-1、血浆ET-1和24h尿ET-1排泄量,以及血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(Bun),24h尿蛋白定量(Pro)和内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)。结果:80例慢性肾小球肾炎患者肾组织局部,血、尿ET-1均较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.01),且血尿ET-1与BUN、Scr、Pro明显正相关,与Ccr明显负相关。结论:内皮素参与慢性肾小球肾炎发病及疾病进展,且血尿ET-1可作为肾活动的一个临床指标。