苯妥英钠对应激大鼠海马NO变化的影响

目的:探讨应激对大鼠海马CA3区锥体细胞神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达及海马匀浆液中亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-)/硝酸盐(NO₃^-)含量的影响及苯妥英钠对它们的效应。方法:采用强迫游泳作为应激模型。利用免疫组织化学方法及计算机图像分析技术,定量测定各组大鼠海马CA3区神经元nNOS和iNOS的表达水平;采用硝酸还原酶法测定海马匀浆液中NO₂^-/NO₃^-的含量。结果:应激组大鼠海马CA3区锥体细胞nNOS表达的平均灰度值(155.42±3.77)显著低于对照组(164.54±4.62)和应激给药组(164.27±2.55)(P<0.01);应激组iNOS表达的相对切面面积比(5.87%±2.90%)显著高于对照组(0.90%±0.89%)和应激给药组(0.90%±0.88%)(P<0.01);应激组海马匀浆液中NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量(42.75μmol/L±14.49μmol/L)显著高于对照组(21.23μmol/L±6.99μmol/L)和应激给药组(18.40μmol/L±8.11μmol/L)(P<0.01),后两组间差异无显著性。结论:应激可诱导海马CA3区锥体细胞nNOS和iNOS表达水平增加及海马中NO含量升高,苯妥英钠能阻止慢性应激所致的海马CA3区锥体细胞nNOS和iNOS异常表达,从而抑制NO的过度生成。     

参麦注射液对缺血再灌注兔的保护作用

目的:研究参麦注射液对家兔低血容量性休克致缺血再灌注的保护作用及其机制。方法:实验动物16只随机分两组,制备缺血再灌注(ischemia reperfusion, I-R)模型。参麦(SM)组8只,缺血30 min,再灌注时从静脉快速输入自体血和20 mL生理盐水(参麦注射液加入其中,1.5 mL/kg)(I-R+SM);对照组8只,缺血30 min,静脉输入自体血和等量生理盐水(I-R+NS)。各组动物除回输血液外,外加100 mL液体补充丢失的水分。观察缺血前(BI),I-R后30 min,1 h,2 h血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量,血液pH值和尿量变化。结果:SM组血浆NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量高于对照组,I-R 2 h,对照组(4.08±1.95) μmol/L,SM组(7.56±1.21) μmol/L(P＜0.01);SOD活力也高于对照组:SM组(70.05±9.87) Nu/mL;对照组(43.17 ±10.93) Nu/mL(P＜0.01)。随着SOD活力,NO₂^-/NO₃^-水平升高,酸中毒有所纠正,pH值逐渐上升,循环血流状态改善,尿量增加。 结论:参麦注射液对低血容量性休克致缺血再灌注兔有一定保护作用,其机制与增加SOD活力,促进NO产生有关。     

心通胶囊对心肌缺血大鼠心室肌亚硝酸盐和cGMP含量的影响

目的:探讨心通胶囊对实验性大鼠心肌缺血的预防效果及其与一氧化氮形成的相关机制。方法:应用垂体后叶素致大鼠急性心肌缺血模型,以心电图上ST段的抬高作为心肌缺血的指标。测定大鼠心肌缺血心室肌组织一氧化氮(NO)代谢产物(NO₂^-/NO₃^-)和cGMP含量。结果:急性心肌缺血组大鼠的心室肌组织NO₂^-/NO₃^-和cGMP含量分别为(486±59)nmol/gprotein和(0.38±0.08)nmol/gprotein,明显低于正常对照组大鼠的NO₂^-/NO₃^-和cGMP含量,有显著差异(P＜0.01);急性心肌缺血前使用心通胶囊组的心室肌组织NO₂^-/NO₃^-和cGMP含量为(845±105)nmol/gprotein和(0.51±0.10)nmol/gprotein明显高于缺血组(P＜0.01)。与正常组比较,缺血组的心电图ST段抬高明显抬高(P＜0.05);心肌缺血前使用心通胶囊,可使心肌缺血得以改善。结论:心通胶囊提高急性心肌缺血大鼠心室肌组织的NO含量,进而使cGMP含量升高,达到改善心肌缺血的作用。     

川芎嗪在豚鼠离体气管螺旋条中的作用

目的：研究川芎嗪在豚鼠离体气管螺旋条中的作用。方法：在浴槽内加入川芎嗪从10^-7 mol/L至10^-2 mol/L，观察气管螺旋条张力的变化，并检测浴槽中NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量，气管螺旋条组织cAMP、cGMP含量的变化。结果：加入川芎嗪气管螺旋条张力下降，与川芎嗪浓度呈剂量依赖性，未去皮组舒张度显著大于去皮组（P<0.01）。浴槽内NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量增加，未去皮组(2.3±0.37) mol/L升至(5.4±0.42) mol/L（P<0.05），去皮组(1.12±0.12) mol/L升至(2.29±012) mol/L（P<0 05）。气管螺旋条组织cAMP 含量增加，未去皮组(17.6±1.19) nmol/g protein升至(36.48±7.20) nmol/g protein（P<0.05） , 去皮组(8.20±2.30) nmol/g protein 升至(18.34±2.30) nmol/g protein（P<0.05），cGMP 含量增加，未去皮组(0.33±0.11) nmol/g protein 升至(0.67±0.27) nmol/g protein（P<0.05），去皮组(0.16±0.03) nmol/g protein 升至(0.33±0.16) nmol/g protein（P<0.05）。结论：川芎嗪有舒张气管螺旋条的作用。     

荷S180小鼠血浆ET、NO水平与瘤重变化及相关研究

目的和方法:复制荷S₁₈₀小鼠模型,采用放射免疫均相竞争法和硝酸还原酶法测定不同病期(荷瘤5d、10d和15d)的小鼠血浆中ET和NO₂^-/NO ₃^-水平,称取瘤重,在观察三者的变化规律基础上,探讨不同病期荷S₁₈₀小鼠血浆ET、NO水平的变化,及其与肿瘤发展的关系。结果:不同病期荷瘤鼠血浆ET、NO₂^-/NO₃^-均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。随病期延长,瘤重及NO₂^-/NO₃^-水平逐渐升高(P＜0.05),ET水平也有上升趋势。NO₂^-/NO₃^-水平与瘤重呈正相关(r=0.955,P＜0.05)。NO₂^-/NO₃^-与ET的比值呈先下降后上升的变化。结论:ET、NO与S₁₈₀肉瘤的发生发展有关,二者在肿瘤发展中可能有相互促进作用。     

NO在外源性高浓度Ca2+损伤心肌线粒体中的作用

目的：探讨一氧化氮在外源性高浓度Ca²⁺损伤心肌线粒体中的作用。方法：正常心肌线粒体分为单纯L-精氨酸（L-Arg）组、Ca²⁺损伤组和左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）保护组,分别于含有20 μmol/L EDTA、100 μmol/L CaCl₂以及1 μmol/L L-NAME+100 μmol/L CaCl₂的反应介质中孵育,然后测定线粒体活力、膜电位以及NO含量。结果：Ca²⁺损伤组线粒体活力、膜电位明显下降,而NO^-₂/NO^-₃含量升高,且线粒体活力、膜电位与NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量呈显著负相关（r=-0.5297,P<0.01;r=-0.6041,P<0.01）;L-NAME保护组线粒体活力与膜电位均明显高于Ca²⁺损伤组,但仍低于L-Arg组,而NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量低于Ca²⁺损伤组,且与L-Arg组无明显差异。结论：外源性Ca²⁺可激活线粒体一氧化氮合酶,使NO生成增多,后者在线粒体活力与膜电位降低中起重要作用。     

肾局部内皮素、一氧化氮在尿蛋白产生中的作用

目的:为明确肾局部内皮素(ET)和一氧化氮(NO)在蛋白尿产生中的作用,作者观察了阿霉素肾病鼠血浆及肾皮质ET、NO含量在蛋白尿发生发展过程中的变化及其与尿蛋白含量的关系。方法:(1)一次性注射法复制大鼠阿霉素肾病综合征模型,并隔日留24 h尿测取尿蛋白含量;(2)分别于蛋白尿前期、上升期、高峰期及下降期取血浆及肾皮质匀浆,用放射免疫法检测ET含量,用Griess法检测NO代谢产物NO^-₂代表NO水平;(3)分别研究了血浆及肾皮质中ET 、NO与尿蛋白量两两间的相关性。结果: 正常鼠尿蛋白排泌量4-7(mg/d),肾病鼠4个时间点尿蛋白排泌量分别为5、10、241和201 mg/d,于蛋白尿上升期始有显著意义的增加,32 d为高峰期,56 d有所下降。蛋白尿前期、上升期、高峰期和下降期的血浆ET值分别为134、 150、 538、 445 ng/L,自上升期始明显高于同期对照组(126-129 ng/L);肾皮质ET分别为364.6、 653.3、 1 526.8、 1 393.6 pg/g肾皮质,自蛋白尿前期始均明显高于对照组(235.9-246.1 pg/g,P＜0.05);4个时点血浆NO^-₂值分别为40、36、8、11 μmol/L,自上升期始明显低于对照组(42-46 μmol/L);肾皮质NO^-₂值分别为80、69、8、25 nmol/g肾皮质,自蛋白尿前期始明显低于对照组(114-124 nmol/g,P＜0.05)。上升期血浆ET和下降期血浆NO^-₂与尿蛋白含量密切相关,而肾皮质ET和NO均自蛋白尿前期始便密切相关于尿蛋白排泌量(P＜0.05)。结论: 在蛋白尿发生发展过程中血浆和肾皮质ET、NO均有显著改变,而肾皮质ET、NO含量的改变在蛋白尿的发生发展中起重要作用。     

阿司匹林对炎症条件下人血管内皮细胞一氧化氮的产生及诱导型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨炎症时阿司匹林(AS)对内皮细胞一氧化氮(NO)的产生及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因表达的抑制作用。方法:Griess法测上清液NO^-₂/NO^-₃水平、黄递酶法测NOS活性、常规生化法测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)浓度,染料排除法测细胞活力,RT-PCR技术分析iNOSmRNA水平。结果:白介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、γ-干扰素(INF)联用脂多糖(LPS)诱导后上清液中NO^-₂/NO^-₃由(4.27±0.75)μmol/L增加到(9.35±1.25)μmol/L,对内皮细胞造成明显的损伤。但3mmol/LAS组NO生成及NOS活性明显降低,LDH释放率及MDA浓度下降,细胞存活率上升,与NO诱导组相比差异显著。并随AS剂量的增加对NO的抑制及对细胞的保护作用更加明显,但AS对生理水平的NO没有抑制作用。同时发现10mmol/L浓度以下AS对iNOSmRNA表达水平没有影响;但10-20mmol/L的AS则可在转录水平上抑制iNOSmRNA的表达。并观察到水杨酸钠及消炎痛不具有抑制NO产生的作用。结论:AS具有明显抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、γ-INF及LPS诱导NO生成的作用,从而保护血管内皮细胞避免炎症时高浓度NO的损伤。     

大鼠肺纤维化形成过程中肺内一氧化氮代谢的动态变化

目的:观察大鼠肺纤维化过程中肺内一氧化氮代谢的动态变化及其与肺纤维化形成的关系。方法:气管内一次性滴注平阳霉素(5mL/kg),观察注后7、14、21、30d和70d组大鼠肺组织羟脯氨酸含量,出、入肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量以及14d组肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液中NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量和肺间质诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)免疫组化阳性细胞数量的变化。结果:7d组大鼠肺组织羟脯氨酸含量与对照组比无明显差异,14d组高于对照组(P＜0.05),21d组、30d组和70d组更为明显(均P＜0.01)。7d组、14d组出肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量明显高于对照组(均P＜0.01),入肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量明显低于对照组(均P＜0.01),21d组出肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量的变化无明显差异(P＞0.05),入肺血仍较低(P＜0.01),30d组和70d组出、入肺血NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量与对照组无明显差异(P＞0.05)。14d组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞培养上清液中NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.01)。14d组大鼠肺间质iNOS免疫组化阳性细胞增多。结论:大鼠肺纤维化形成过程中,先有肺内NO生成增多,后出现肺纤维化;在肺纤维化形成后,肺内NO趋向恢复。肺内NO增多与肺泡巨噬细胞释放NO能力增加、肺内iNOS的增多有关。肺内NO的大量生成可能是促使肺纤维化形成的因素之一。     

高温复合创伤时兔血浆NO及胃动素含量的变化

目的: 探讨急性复合应激条件下兔血浆一氧化氮(NO)及胃动素(MTL)含量的变化, 为了解NO在胃肠道中的作用提供理论依据。方法: 建立高温复合创伤兔模型, 于不同时点采集血样, 用硝酸还原酶法测定血浆NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量, 用放射免疫法测定MTL含量, 并观察其动态变化。结果: 高温复合创伤组NO浓度在1 h、2 h时分别为(42.75±8.24) mol/L、(59.54±9.05) mol/L, 有显著差异(P<0.05), 而正常对照组则为(56.63±3.79) mol/L、(55.22±7.15) mol/L,两组于1 h比较, 有显著差异(P<0.05); 血浆中MTL含量持续升高。结论: 急性热暴露复合创伤兔早期血浆NO浓度是先降低尔后升高; MTL含量持续升高, NO与MTL共同对胃肠道的功能起着调节作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.