蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡术后镇痛

目的　探讨蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡术后镇痛的临床效果及不良反应。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 6 0例择期妇科手术病人 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 30例 ,均采用腰麻 硬膜外联合阻滞。腰麻用药为0 5 %重比重布比卡因 10mg ,然后硬膜外腔置管。研究组于腰麻药中加入吗啡 0 2 5mg ,对照组则于硬膜外腔注射吗啡 2mg。术后行视觉模拟评分 (VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、BCS(Bruggrmanncomfortscale)舒适评分并观察不良反应发生情况。结果　蛛网膜下隙吗啡组术后完全无痛时间和持续镇痛时间明显长于硬膜外吗啡组 ,VAS评分明显低于硬膜外吗啡组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。Ramsay评分和BCS评分明显高于硬膜外吗啡组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。蛛网膜下隙吗啡组术后不良反应发生率明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡镇痛效果确切、持续时间长 ,但不良反应发生率较高于硬膜外吗啡镇痛     

硬膜外和蛛网膜下腔吗啡术后镇痛诱发呼吸抑制的观察

硬膜外和蛛网膜下腔吗啡术后镇痛诱发呼吸抑制可危及生命。我们自 1993年以来 ,遇到呼吸抑制病人 12例 ,现总结如下。资料与方法选择 ASA ～ 级拟在硬膜外麻醉或腰麻 -硬膜外联合麻醉下行中下腹部、下肢手术病人。术前安静状态下脉搏氧饱和度 (Sp O2 ) <96 %或全麻病人被排除。符合条件的病人中硬膜外吗啡术后镇痛 780例 ,蛛网膜下腔吗啡术后镇痛 2 2 0例。术前 0 .5 h肌注苯巴比妥钠 0 .2 g,硬膜外穿刺 ,术中以 2 %利多卡因 0 .3%地卡因 1:1混合液维持麻醉 ,术毕硬膜外吗啡首次负荷剂量 1.5～ 2 mg,维持量 PCEA6 0～ 80 μg/h,辅助…     

椎管内不同给药途径对肛周手术后镇痛效果的临床观察

为探讨蛛网膜下腔与硬膜外腔应用吗啡在肛周手术后镇痛中的效果,将300例肛周手术患者随机分为A、B、C3组各100例,均采用腰麻与硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉,在正常麻醉的基础上,A组在硬膜外腔和蛛网膜腔均不给予吗啡,B组在硬膜外腔加入吗啡lmg,C组在蛛网膜下腔加入吗啡0．1mg。结果显示,B、C组术后镇痛效果均优于A组,并发症C组高于A、B两组。结果表明,硬膜外给予1mg吗啡用于肛周手术,术后镇痛效果确切,并发症少。     

吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系

目的 评价吗啡硬膜外镇痛剂量与患者术后尿潴留的关系.方法 择期行膝关节镜手术的患者60例,年龄20～56岁,体重49～76 kg,性别不限,ASA Ⅰ级,随机分为3组(n=20),对照组(C组)硬膜外腔注射生理盐水5 ml;M1,2组硬膜外腔分别注射吗啡1和3 mg.采用Micro Maxx便携式超声仪测量患者膀胱尿量,记录术后产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量和首次排尿时间;于麻醉前和术后记录视觉模拟评分(VAS评分);记录术后尿潴留(膀胱尿量≥600 ml且30min内不能自行排尿)、恶心呕吐及瘙痒的发生情况.结果 与C组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高,VAS评分降低,M1,2组首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05或0.01);与M1组比较,M2组尿潴留发生率升高、首次排尿时间延长,产生排尿冲动时的膀胱尿量增多,术后瘙痒发生率升高(P<0.05),VAS评分和镇痛有效率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 吗啡硬膜外剂量与患者术后尿潴留的发生有关,呈剂量依赖性,1 mg为推荐剂量.     

镇痛泵在妇产科病人术后的临床应用

目的：分析妇产科手术后白控硬膜外镇痛的效应。方法：采用布比卡因、芬太尼硬膜外连续阻滞麻醉，对219例妇产科术后患者镇痛作为观察组，未使用PCEA泵的同期妇产科术后病人为对照组，比较两组镇痛效果，生命体征功能恢复、排尿及副反应情况。结果：采用白控型镇痛泵病人，术后伤口疼痛时间及强度显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），两组副作用、肠功能恢复、排尿等，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：连续硬膜外阻滞麻醉后用自控镇痛泵于妇产科术后病人的镇痛，疼痛阻滞完善，方法简便，无明显不良影响。     

吗啡复合布比卡因硬膜外给药术后镇痛效果观察

比较术后硬膜外腔注入吗啡和布比卡因复合液不同方法的镇痛效果和不良反应。资料与方法一般资料　 2 0例患者ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,年龄 2 1～ 81岁 ,体重 33～ 72ｋｇ ,在硬膜外阻滞或硬膜外阻滞复合浅全麻下 ,择期作胸腹部手术 ,术前肺功能无明显异常 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 10例。Ａ组在术后硬膜外腔注入吗啡 1 5ｍｇ + 0 2 %布比卡因 5ｍｌ。术后硬膜外腔注药Ｂ组与Ａ组同 ,但其后接镇痛泵按 2 1ｍｌ/ｈ速度持续注入镇痛复合液 ( 10 0ｍｌ内含0 75 %布比卡因 2 0ｍｌ、吗啡 5ｍｇ、氟哌利多 2 5ｍｇ)至术后48小时。比较两组　 ( 1)在给药后…     

硬膜外自控镇痛对全髋置换术患者血液流变学的影响

目的　观察术后硬膜外自控镇痛 (PCEA)对全髋置换术患者的血液流变学的影响。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行择期全髋置换手术患者 2 6例 ,随机分为PCEA组和对照组 ,每组均为 13例。 2 6例均行连续硬膜外麻醉。PCEA组于手术结束后经硬膜外腔注入吗啡 0 5mg ;后接PCA泵 ,镇痛液配方用吗啡 5mg +布比卡因 12 5mg +氟哌利多 2 5mg ,以生理盐水稀释至 10 0ml。背景速度2ml/h ,PCA剂量 0 5ml,锁定时间 15min。对照组病人则视术后疼痛情况间断肌注哌替啶。结果(1)术后 1、12、2 4、4 8hVAS评分PCEA组均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )两组病人血浆粘度和纤维蛋白原麻醉后 1h及术毕时均显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;术后 4 8h ,PCEA组恢复至术前水平 ;而对照组仍升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并显著高于PCEA组 (P <0 0 5 )。两组病人全血粘度各切变率麻醉后 1h及术毕各值均下降 ,PCEA组术后 2 4、4 8h各值逐渐恢复至麻醉前水平 ,而对照组则进行性升高 ,术后 4 8h显著高于麻醉前水平 (P <0 0 1) ,与PCEA组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。结论　PCEA改善了全髋置换术患者术后血液流变学指标 ,可作为减少术后血栓性并发症的有效措施之一。     

穴位推拿在术后留置镇痛管预防尿潴留的效果观察

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉术后留置镇痛管及尿管的患者,配合相应的穴位推拿,对膀胱功能恢复时间及尿潴留发生率的影响。方法从2005年3月-2006年3月,将我区硬膜外麻醉术后留置镇痛管及尿管患者100例随机分成二组。治疗组50例,除执行常规尿管护理外,另加手法穴位推拿;对照组50例,只执行常规护理。结果治疗组膀胱功能恢复时间平均为39.3±7.57小时,尿潴留发生率6%;对照组膀胱功能恢复时间平均49.8±6.98小时,尿潴留发生率22%。结论行相应的穴位推拿对硬膜外麻醉术后留置镇痛管及尿管的患者,能加快膀胱功能的恢复,减少尿潴留的发生。     

维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡的增效作用

目的　比较硬膜外单独注射吗啡与吗啡加维拉帕米在术后镇痛方面的疗效。方法　2 70例在硬膜外麻醉下行腹部手术的患者 ,随机分为三组 ,吗啡加维拉帕米组 (MV组 )、吗啡 1mg组(M 1组 )、吗啡 2mg组 (M2组 ) ,每组 90例。MV组 :吗啡 1mg +维拉帕米 0 2 5mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M 1组 :吗啡 1mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到 10ml;M2组 :吗啡 2mg +0 9%NaCl稀释到10ml。均于手术结束时由硬膜外导管缓慢注入硬膜外腔。观察 15min后拔除硬膜外导管送回病房。手术后 12、2 4、4 8h记录疼痛评分 (VAS)、平均动脉压和呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度 ,以及尿潴留、恶心、呕吐等不良反应情况。结果　术后 4 8h内MV组镇痛效果明显优于M 1组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与M2组相近 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但不良反应发生率MV组明显低于M2组 (P <0 0 1)。三组的呼吸循环及脉搏血氧饱和度无显著差异。结论　维拉帕米在硬膜外术后镇痛中对吗啡有增效作用 ,可减少吗啡的用量 ,从而减少吗啡的不良反应 ,并取得良好的术后镇痛效果     

地塞米松硬膜外腔注射预防吗啡术后镇痛的部分并发症

硬膜外腔注入少量吗啡行术后镇痛常伴随恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、嗜睡、尿潴留等并发症。本文旨在观察硬膜外腔应用地塞米松预防吗啡术后镇痛所致并发症的作用。资料与方法一般资料　 40例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级行经腹子宫全切手术病人 ,年龄 2 0～ 5 0岁 ,体重 (6 0± 6 2 )ｋｇ ,随机分为对照组 2 0例 (单纯吗啡组 )和观察组 2 0例 (地塞米松与吗啡组 )。所有病人术前均无特殊药物 (抗呕吐、抗过敏类药物 )治疗史。麻醉与镇痛　术前肌注苯巴比妥钠 0 1ｇ、东莨菪碱0 3ｍｇ。于Ｌ2～ 3 间隙穿刺 ,置管 3 5ｃｍ ,药物为 2 %利多卡因2 0ｍｌ与 1%丁卡…     

罗比卡因用于剖宫产术后硬膜外镇痛对血浆泌乳素的影响

目的　探讨剖宫产术后病人硬膜外连续注射 0 2 %罗比卡因对泌乳素的影响。方法　6 0例健康足月产妇 ,择期在联合椎管内麻醉下施行剖宫产术。术毕随机等分为镇痛组和对照组 :镇痛组行硬膜外镇痛 ,注入 0 2 %罗比卡因 (5ml/h)持续 4 8h镇痛 ;对照组术毕拔出硬膜外导管。采用放射免疫法测定血浆泌乳素 (PRL) ,视觉模拟评分 (VAS)估计镇痛效果。结果　镇痛组VAS明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,两组术后PRL均较术前明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ,镇痛组PRL高于对照组 ,2 4h具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,4 8h具有非常显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;镇痛组初乳时间较对照组提前 (P<0 0 5 ) ,婴儿体重增加明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,镇痛组肠蠕动恢复时间明显快于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )术后生命体征平稳 ,无恶心呕吐、头痛、肢体麻木发生。结论　剖宫产术后罗比卡因硬膜外镇痛效果确切安全 ,能促进PRL分泌 ,初乳时间提早 ,增加婴儿体重。     

两种镇痛方式对胃癌术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的 比较持续硬膜外与持续静脉镇痛对胃癌患者术后镇痛效果及免疫功能的影响。方法 20例择期行胃癌手术的患者，随机分为硬膜外镇痛组(E组)及静脉镇痛组(Ⅰ组)，每组10例，分别于麻醉诱导后、术毕1h、术后第1、3日晨抽血测定白细胞介素6(IL—6)、T细胞亚群CD4^ 和CD8^ ，计算CD4^ ／CD8^ 比值，并观察两组术后镇痛及镇静情况。结果 两种镇痛方法镇痛效果无明显差异，Ⅰ组的镇静程度较E组深，两组术后IL-6均上升，T细胞亚群、CD4^ ／CD8^ 均明显下降，但E组恢复较Ⅰ组早。结论 两种镇痛方式均能获得良好的镇痛效果，与静脉镇痛相比，硬膜外镇痛在一定程度上减轻了免疫抑制，利于患者免疫功能的早期恢复。     

前列腺切除术后静脉自控镇痛与连续硬脊膜外腔镇痛治疗的疗效观察

目的：探讨静脉吗啡自控镇痛（PCIA）与连续硬脊膜外腔吗啡镇痛（CEIA）对前列腺切除术后镇痛效果和安全性。方法：60例前列腺切除术后患者随机分成PCIA组、CEIA组及对照组各20例。CEIA组持续性经硬脊膜外腔导管注入吗啡0．08mg/h;PICA组在术后经静脉持续给吗啡2．0mg/h,患者疼痛时自行追加吗啡1．0mg/次,锁定时间20min;对照组出现时疼痛时肌肉注射度冷丁50mg或其他解痉镇痛药。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）法观察各组测道评分,记录各组患者膀胱痉挛次数及持续时间、停止冲洗时间等。结果：PCIA与CEIA两组与对照组相比具有镇痛效果显著、膀胱痉挛次数少、疼痛持续时间短的优点（P＜0．001）;PCIA与CEIA两组相比上述指标差异无显著性意义,但剂量及不良反应的差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;术后康复指标各组间差异无显著性意义。结论：吗啡PCIA及CEIA给药对前列腺切除术后患者镇痛效果良好,但对因血凝块引起的膀胱痉挛性疼痛均无效。从镇痛效果及不良反应等综合因素评估以CEIA为优。     

上腹部手术后镇痛对儿茶酚胺的影响

选择３０例上腹部手术患者，随机分为三组，每组１０例，采用Ｎ２一Ｏ２一安氟醚（ＧＯＥ）吸入麻醉，其中镇痛两组术终采用０．２５％丁哌卡因２０ｍｌ行腹腔神经丛阻滞，术后硬膜外分别持续滴入０．１２５％丁哌卡因及０．０００２５％芬太尼生理盐水溶液，在术终及术后２、５、８小时分别采静脉血分离血浆，并同时用线性视觉模拟评分法作疼痛程度评定，标本采用反相离子对色谱一电化学检测法分析血中儿茶酚胺浓度。结果镇痛两组疼痛评分较低，与对照组相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。多巴胺血浆浓度在组间及组内比较均无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），而肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的血浆浓度术后２、５、８小时与术终相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），三组间比较术终无差异，而术后２、５、８小时镇痛两组与对照组比较差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），但镇痛两组间相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：上腹部手术后在腹腔神经丛阻滞下，行硬膜外术后镇痛既能明显减轻患者的痛苦，又能有效地阻止术后疼痛应激引起儿茶酚胺的明显变化。//     

Effects of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy

A comparison was made of the effects of continuous epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and intermittent epidural morphine on bowel function after abdominal hysterectomy. The duration of postoperative ileus was assessed as the time from the end of operation to the first postoperative passage of flatus and feces. Twenty-two patients were randomly allocated to two equal groups. An "epidural morphine" group received general anesthesia and epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief, and an "epidural bupivacaine" group was given combined general anesthesia and epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine intraoperatively and epidural analgesia with 0.25% bupivacaine postoperatively. Epidural morphine or bupivacaine was given for 42 h postoperatively. Pain intensity (visual analog scale) was low in both groups, but lower (P less than 0.05) in the epidural bupivacaine group. The time to first passage of flatus was 22 +/- 16 h in the epidural bupivacaine group and 56 +/- 22 h in the epidural morphine group (P less than 0.001). The time to first postoperative passage of feces was shorter (P less than 0.05) in the former than in the latter 57 +/- 44 h vs 92 +/- 22 h). The patients of the epidural bupivacaine group started intake of oral fluids earlier (P less than 0.01) and to a greater extent (P less than 0.05) than those in the epidural morphine group. It is concluded that the duration of postoperative ileus after hysterectomy is shorter when epidural bupivacaine is given for postoperative pain relief than when this is achieved by epidural morphine.     

The efficacy of thoracic epidural neostigmine infusion after thoracotomy

Few anesthesia studies have explored perioperative continuous epidural infusion of neostigmine. We examined such a regimen in thoracotomy patients. Ninety patients were randomized to one of three groups in this double-blind trial. Before anesthesia induction, an epidural catheter was inserted in all patients at T5-8 levels under local anesthesia. Pre-neo patients received bolus 500-microg epidural neostigmine before anesthesia induction followed by infusion of 125 microg/h until the end of surgery. Post-neo patients received epidural saline during the same time periods plus bolus 500-microg epidural neostigmine at end of surgery. Patients in the control group received saline placebo during all three periods. Patients in the neostigmine groups postoperatively received patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine 0.02 mg/mL, bupivacaine 0.08 mg/mL, and neostigmine 7 microg/mL. Control patient-controlled epidural analgesia excluded neostigmine. Data were recorded for 6 postoperative days. Daily patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption (mL) for Pre-neo patients was significantly less than that of post-neo and control group patients for postoperative days 1-6 (at least 10% and 16% less, respectively; P < 0.05). There was a modest decrease in pain intensity on postoperative days 3-6 for pre-neo patients versus other groups (P < 0.05). These results suggest that continuous thoracic epidural neostigmine started before anesthesia provided preemptive, preventive analgesia and an analgesic-sparing effect that improved postoperative analgesia for these patients without increasing the incidence of adverse effects.     

Epidural analgesia diminished pain but did not otherwise improve enhanced recovery after laparoscopic sigmoidectomy: a prospective randomized study

Background  The primary hypothesis for this study was that epidural analgesia reduces the use of opioids and thus advances bowel function and oral intake and shortens hospital stay after laparoscopic sigmoidectomy performed according to principles of enhanced recovery after surgery. Methods  For this study, 60 patients with complicated diverticular disease were randomized to the epidural anesthesia group or the control group before surgery. Postoperative oxycodone consumption, pain, and recovery parameters were followed for 14 days. Results  The epidural group needed less oxycodone than the control group until 12 h postoperatively. They experienced significantly less pain related to coughing and motion until postoperative day 2. In the epidural group, fewer patients experienced significant pain, and the duration of postoperative pain was shorter. Postoperative oral intake, bowel function, hospital stay, and overall complication rate were similar in the two groups. However, the control group had more postoperative hematomas. Conclusions  Epidural analgesia significantly alleviates pain, reducing the need for opioids during the first 48 h after laparoscopic sigmoidectomy. However, epidural analgesia does not alter postoperative oral intake, mobilization, or length of hospital stay.     

No reduction in postoperative complications by the use of catheterized epidural analgesia following major abdominal surgery

This study was designed to assess whether intra- and postoperative epidural analgesia would diminish the overall rate of postoperative complications after major abdominal operations when compared to a standard anesthetic and postoperative analgesic regimen. A total of 214 patients undergoing infrarenal aortic bypass operations, gastric resection, gastrectomy, Whipple's operation, or duodenum-preserving pancreatic resection were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the epidural group (n = 98) were operated on under light general anesthesia (midazolam, low-dose fentanyl, N2O/O2, pancuronium bromide). In addition, a mixture of bupivacaine (0.25%) and fentanyl (2 micrograms/ml) was infused (6-10 ml/h) via a thoracic epidural catheter intra- and postoperatively for 76:1.45 h (logarithmic normal distribution). Patients in the control group (n = 116) were operated on under a standard general anesthesia (midazolam, fentanyl, N2O/O2, isoflurane, pancuronium-bromide). Piritramid was injected for postoperative pain relief, either i.v. (recovery room, intensive care unit) or i.m. (surgical ward). In the epidural group the quality of analgesia and ability to cough were significantly better (2 P less than 0.0071) than in the control group (four observations each on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were lower in the epidural group at the same points of observation (2 P less than 0.01), as was the plasma glucose on the 1st postoperative day. The time up to the first postoperative defecation was shorter in the epidural group (79:1.51 h) as compared to the control group (93:1.38 h; 2 P less than 0.0167). The time to hospital discharge was equal in both groups (epidural group 19:1.6 days, control group 18:1.6 days).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

剖宫产及硬膜外吗啡术后镇痛对产妇泌乳的影响

目的：观察剖宫产及硬膜外吗啡术后镇痛产妇的泌乳状况及血清泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）变化。方法：足月初产妇１２０例均分为四组：Ⅰ组术毕行硬膜外吗啡镇痛;Ⅱ组术毕硬膜外吗啡镇痛,２４小时后追加１次;Ⅲ组未行术后镇痛;阴道自然分娩３０例为Ⅳ组。结果：产后５分钟、２４值变化各组间无显著性差异。Ⅳ组产后２４小时内开发泌乳发生率（４０％）,高于同期所有剖宫产组（２０％）;但４８小时内开始泌乳及７２小时乳汁分泌不足发生率     

麻醉方式和术后镇痛对上腹部手术后早期呼吸功能影响的初步观察

２０例胆囊切除者分为三组，即硬膜外阻滞组、术中全麻术后硬膜外镇痛组及全麻组。三组病术后早期ＦＶＣ、ＦＦＶ１．０、ＰＦ均明显降低，术后硬膜外镇痛组下降最少。全麻术后早期伴有ＰａＯ２下降及ＰＡ－ａＤＯ２升高，术后早期硬膜外镇痛可改善全麻术后早期通气功能及氧合。