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1.
Peter R. Freund MD George L. Brengelmann PhD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1990,6(4):266-270
The esophageal stethoscope has evolved into a device for both acoustic and core temperature monitoring. To test whether routine
placement according to acoustic criteria results in placement of the core temperature sensor in the region of contiguity between
the esophagus and the heart, we determined the depth of placement electrocardiographically. All patients were undergoing nonthoracic
elective operations requiring general anesthesia and tracheal intubation. First, we established that different observers selected
the same esophageal depth within ±1 cm electrocardiographically, using the criterion of a symmetric biphasic P wave of maximal
amplitude (7 patients). Then, in 30 more patients, we compared routine acoustic placements with the depths of the maximalamplitude
biphasic P wave. Stethoscopes placed according to acoustic criteria were within ±3 cm of P-wave depths in 15 of 30 patients.
In the remaining patients, measured discrepancies ranged up to 13.5 cm. We conclude that the prevailing stethoscope design,
with a thermistor at the tip, below the acoustic window, does not ensure placement of the thermistor within the optimal region
for monitoring of core temperature. A modification in design that would take advantage of the reliability of electrocardiographic
positioning is suggested.
Supported by National Institutes of Health grant HL-16910. 相似文献
2.
Dr Mitchell F. Berman MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1992,8(2):107-110
Several brands of esophageal stethoscopes with thermistor-based thermometers were tested to determine the susceptibility of the probe connector to contamination by oral secretions. A solution of half normal saline and 1% carboxymethyl-cellulose was used to model the conductivity and viscosity of saliva. When 1 ml of test solution was allowed to track down the probe wires to the connector, several brands of thermistors gave erroneously elevated readings. The mean changes in temperature according to brand of thermistor were as follows: Electromedics, 0.1±0.1°C; Mallinckrodt, 1.7±0.8°C; Respiratory Products, 0.1±0.2°C; Sheridan, 3.6±1.9°C; Vital Signs, 4.8±1.3°C (peak) and 1.4±1.6°C (final); and Yellow Springs, 0.9±0.4°C. The manufacturers of the probes susceptible to this type of error should implement the appropriate design modifications. In the meantime, clinicians should be aware of this problem and may choose to prevent these errors by wrapping the connection with waterproof tape.This work was supported in part by funds from Respiratory Support Products, Inc, Santa Ana, CA.The author wishes to thank Alvin Wald, PhD, for technical advice and Mike Finster, MD, for expert editorial assistance. 相似文献
3.
Marc N. Siegel MD Nikolaus Gravenstein MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1990,6(2):89-92
The most efficient site for monitoring heart and lung sounds by esophageal stethoscope is not the warmest segment of the esophagus.
This study investigated the ability of passive warming of airway gases to increase the accuracy of temperatures measured at
this site (i.e., to decrease their difference from core temperature). In 15 adult patients undergoing general anesthesia and
endotrachcal intubation, esophageal temperatures were measured before and after use of a heat and moisture exchanger (an artificial
nose) that passively warmed inspired gases. The resulting values were compared with nasopharyngeal temperatures, which represented
core temperature. Before use of the heat and moisture exchanger, esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures differed significantly
(mean difference ± SD, 0.9 ± 0.4‡C;P ≤ 0.001). After passive warming of inspired gases, esophageal temperatures increased significantly (mean increase ± SD, 0.5
± 0.2‡C;P ≤ 0.001) but inconsistently (range, 0.1 to 1.2‡C). However, the mean difference between esophageal and nasopharyngeal temperatures
was still significant (0.5 ± 0.3‡C;P < 0.001). Discrepancies between esophageal and core temperatures persist when a currently available esophageal stethoscope
with adjacent auscultation chamber and temperature probe is used, despite passive warming of airway gases. 相似文献
4.
Dr Edmond C. Bloch MBChB Brian Ginsberg MBChB Robert A. Binner Jr MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1993,9(2):73-77
Objective. Our objective was to study the effect of the temperature of the anesthetic gas mixture (AGM) on esophageal temperature measurements made in children whose tracheas had been intubated for anesthesia. We also sought to establish the optimal site for the temperature sensor in the esophagus and to find a way to accurately place the sensor.Methods. Special esophageal temperature probes with thermistors located at 1-cm intervals were used for data collection on a multiplex system. Esophageal temperature measurements were made every 15 minutes for a period of 120 minutes in anesthetized children receiving heated (n=30) and unheated (n=30) anesthetic gases.Results. The temperature of the AGM (p<0.001), the site of measurement (p<0.001), and the interaction between AGM temperature and site of measurement (p<0.007) all had a significant effect on esophageal temperature measurements. This effect was greatest at a point 3 cm distal to the level of the tip of the endotracheal tube when AGMs were not heated.Conclusion. We conclude that best results are obtained when care is taken to place the thermistor in the lower quarter of the esophagus. (We provide a simple formula for calculating this placement in pediatric patients of varying ages.) Placing the probe by acoustic criteria cannot consistently be relied on to provide good thermometry.Supported in part by a grant of equipment and financial assistance from Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc, St Louis, MO. 相似文献
5.
Dr. Jeremy O. Cooper MBChB FFARACS Bruce F. Cullen MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1990,6(4):271-275
The esophageal stethoscope is used often during anesthesia to monitor ventilation and cardiac function. Deficiencies in observer
vigilance may limit the effectiveness of this monitoring instrument. The aim of this study was to determine how long it took
for an observer to detect a surreptitiously occluded monaural esophageal stethoscope in the setting of clinical anesthesia.
During routine anesthesia, where an esophageal stethoscope was in use, a computer-guided device would artificially, silently,
and at random time intervals, occlude the stethoscope tubing. Personnel using the stethoscope noted when they perceived the
absence of stethoscope sounds. We studied 320 stethoscope occlusions in 32 patients. The time between stethoscope occlusion
and detection was 34 ±59 seconds (mean ±SD). Eighty-seven percent of detections were made in less than 60 seconds. However,
13% of detections were delayed for more than 60 seconds, and 2.3% for more than 240 seconds. While anesthesia personnel using
an esophageal stethoscope could detect most stethoscope occlusions, failure to appreciate such episodes occurred in a small
but significant number of cases. This suggests that the esophageal stethoscope has some definite limitations as a continuous
monitor and that other monitoring techniques, such as oximetry, capnography, and ventilator disconnect alarms, as well as
visual/tactile inspection of the patient, should be used as well. 相似文献
6.
Dr Gerald A. Maccioli MD Daniel R. Kuni MS George Silvay MD PhD John M. Evans MB Jerry M. Calkins MD PhD Joel A. Kaplan MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1988,4(4):247-255
A multiple-center study was performed to determine the relationship between lower esophageal contractility, clinical signs, and anesthetic concentration as expressed by minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). One hundred four American Society of Anesthesiologists Class I through III patients were exposed to isoflurane (with and without nitrous oxide) or halothane in concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MAC. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure were continuously monitored. Both the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous and provoked lower esophageal contractions were measured in situ by using a 24-F probe equipped with provoking and measuring balloons. Combined results demonstrated statistically significant correlations (P<0.001) between lower esophageal contractility and MAC. Spontaneous lower esophageal contractions decreased from 1.10±0.12 (SEM) contractions per minute (0.5 MAC) to 0.42±0.05 (1 MAC) to 0.18±0.05 (1.5 MAC). Provoked lower esophageal contractility values decreased from 45±4 mm Hg (0.5 MAC) to 29±3 (1 MAC) to 19±2 (1.5 MAC). Heart rate changes did not correlate with MAC, and systolic blood pressure correlated in only one of three centers. Intracenter and intercenter analyses failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between lower esophageal contractility and heart rate or systolic blood pressure. No intracenter differences in either amplitude or frequency of lower esophageal contractions were observed, despite differences in volatile agents, induction techniques and agents, patient populations, and duration of anesthesia. Our studies indicate that lower esophageal contractility may be an indicator of anesthetic depth as reflected by MAC, but further studies are needed to quantify the effects of surgical stimulus, intravenous anesthetics, vasodilators, anticholinergics, calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic agonists, and the presence of a nasogastric tube. 相似文献
7.
Heiner Klocke Stephan Trispel Guenter Rau Uwe Hatzky Dieter Daub 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1986,2(4):246-261
We have developed an anesthesia information system (AIS) that supports the anesthesiologist in monitoring and recording during
a surgical operation. In development of the system, emphasis was placed on providing an anesthesiologist-computer interface
that can be adapted to typical situations during anesthesia and to individual user behavior. One main feature of this interface
is the integration of the input and output of information. The only device for interaction between the anesthesiologist and
the AIS is a touch-sensitive, high-resolution color display screen. The anesthesiologist enters information by touching virtual
function keys displayed on the screen. A data window displays all data generated over time, such as automatically recorded
vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and rectal and esophageal temperatures, and manually entered variables,
such as administered drugs, and ventilator settings. The information gathered by the AIS is presented on the cathode ray tube
in several pages. A main distributor page gives an overall view of the content of every work page. A one-page record of the
anesthesia is automatically plotted on a multicolor digital plotter during the operation. An example of the use of the AIS
is presented from a field test of the system during which it was evaluated in the operating room without interfering with
the ongoing operation. Medical staff who used the AIS imitated the anesthesiologist’s recording and information search behavior
but did not have responsibility for the conduct of the anesthetic. 相似文献
8.
Electroencephalogram spectral edge frequency,lower esophageal contractility,and autonomic responsiveness during general anesthesia 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Ahmed F. Ghouri MD Terri G. Monk MD Dr Paul F. White PhD MD FFARACS 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1993,9(3):176-185
Both the electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral edge frequency (SEF) and lower esophageal contractility (LEC) indices have been reported to be useful indicators of anesthetic depth. We designed a prospective study to evaluate the relationship between changes in these two variables and objective measurements of physiologic responsiveness to surgical stress (i.e., changes in hemódynamic variables and plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, total catecholamines, and vasopressin). Eighty-nine consenting adult males undergoing radical prostatectomy procedures under a standardized general anesthetic technique were studied according to a randomized, single-blinded protocol. General anesthesia was induced with 30 µg/kg intravenous (IV) alfentanil, 2.5 mg/kg IV thiopental, and 0.1 mg/kg IV vecuronium, and subsequently maintained with 0.5 µg/kg/min alfentanil, nitrous oxide (N2O) 67% in oxygen, and 0.8 µg/kg/min vecuronium. Following retropubic dissection, 81 patients (92%) manifested acute hypertensive responses, with mean arterial pressure increasing from 90±14 to 122±14 mm Hg (mean ± SD). This acute hypertensive response was treated with one of three different treatment modalities (20 to 60 µg/kg IV alfentanil, 0.5 to 2.0% inspired isoflurane, or 0.05 to 0.15 mg/kg IV trimethaphan) to return the mean arterial pressure to within 10% of the preincisional (baseline) value within 5 to 10 minutes. Although the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and plasma levels of catecholamines and vasopressin significantly increased following the surgical stimulus, and decreased after adjunctive therapy, the EEG-SEF and LEC index (LECI) values did not significantly change during these study intervals. Furthermore, using a logistic regression analysis, we observed that preincision EEG-SEF and LECI values could not predict whether patients would manifest a hypertensive response. Therefore, the EEG-SEF and LECI were unreliable indicators of anesthetic depth.This study was supported in part by a grant from the Ambulatory Anesthesia Research Foundation, Los Altos, CA. (Dr White is a member of the Board of Directors.)The authors would like to thank Dan Kuni (Baxter Healthcare) for his assistance in obtaining the equipment used to perform the study; Vinod Kothapa, MD, for his valuable assistance with the anesthetic management of the study patients; Alex K. Mills, MD, for his assistance with the EEG interpretation; and Steven A. Bai, PhD, for his assistance with the plasma alfentanil analyses. 相似文献
9.
Matsuyuki Doi MD Koji Morita PhD Kazuyuki Ikeda MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1990,6(2):107-112
A computer-based system was developed for monitoring cardiac output using the Fick principle during general anesthesia. The
variables of the oxygen-consumption Fick equation were measured using the following system: oxygen uptake by an originally
developed respiratory gas monitoring system, arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference by pulse and fiberoptic oximetry,
and hemoglobin concentration by an in vitro oximeter. Fick cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were calculated
every 30 seconds. Fick cardiac output was compared with thermodilution cardiac output in 11 anesthetized patients. A total
of 208 corresponding cardiac output measurements showed a range of 2 to 9 L · min-1. The correlation coefficient between the thermodilution and Fick cardiac outputs was 0.961, with a regression equation of
Fick cardiac output = 1.058 thermodilution cardiac output 0.359. The difference between the thermodilution and Fick cardiac
outputs was 0.103 ± 0.395. The Fick cardiac output was significantly lower than the thermodilution cardiac output, especially
in the low flow range. We demonstrated that this new monitoring system was clinically feasible and sufficiently accurate,
under the limited circumstances of our study. The integration of routinely used equipment has made possible a frequently repcatable
method for estimating cardiac output in patients. 相似文献
10.
A commercially available indoor/outdoor electronic thermometer has been adapted to monitor both airway gas temperature and
operating room temperature when heated humidifiers are used. Heated humidifiers that do not have temperature monitoring capabilities
pose a risk of dangerously high inspired gas temperatures. 相似文献
11.
Automated anesthesia records and anesthetic incidents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David N. Thrush MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1992,8(1):59-61
A case report is presented in which the cause of an anesthetic mishap would have remained a mystery had it not been for an automated anesthesia record. 相似文献
12.
David N. Thrush 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1991,8(1):59-61
A case report is presented in which the cause of an anesthetic mishap would have remained a mystery had it not been for an automated anesthesia record. 相似文献
13.
Acceptable ranges for vital signs during general anesthesia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. H. van Oostrom C. Gravenstein Dr J. S. Gravenstein MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1993,9(5):321-325
Objective. Define the ranges for normal vital signs during general anesthesia.Methods. We studied 50 patients undergoing general anesthesia. We asked residents to state desirable ranges for each patient's systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), SpO2, andPetCO2 during induction, intubation, maintenance, and emergence from anesthesia. We called these ranges the clinical operating range (COR) and observed the frequency, duration, and magnitude of transgressions of these CORs. We also recorded whether the transgressions were treated or tolerated, or whether the COR values were changed.Results. Upper COR values in the maintenance phase for systolic BP were 38%±20% above the preoperative values and 30%±20% above the values recorded just before induction of anesthesia. Lower COR values in the maintenance phase for systolic BP were 27%±9% below preoperative, and 31%±11% below pre-induction values. For HR, upper and lower COR values in the maintenance phase were 53%±44% above and 38%±17% below preinduction values, respectively. Transgressions of COR values for BP and HR were common, treatment frequent, and redefinition of COR values rare.Conclusion. Clinicians recognize ranges for vital signs during uneventful anesthesia. These CORs may differ from one stage of anesthesia to the next. Transgressions of these ranges are common. Not all transgressions are treated.Reprints are not available. 相似文献
14.
Dr Robert C. Dutton MD Warren D. Smith PhD N. Ty Smith MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1995,11(1):35-40
Objective. An important aspect of assessing anesthetic depth is determining whether a patient will remember events during surgery. We looked for a clinical sign that would indicate a patient's potential for memory formation during emergence from anesthesia. A clinical sign indicating memory potential could be a useful endpoint for measuring the performance of anesthetic depth monitors and for titrating administration of anesthetic agents.Methods. We evaluated patients' responses to commands to open the eyes, squeeze the hand four times, and count 20 numbers. These responses were correlated with results on recall, cued recall, and multiple-choice memory tests.Main Results. Patients did not have evidence of memory formation until they sustained wakefulness sufficiently long to complete at least four hand squeezes or count four numbers. Of 28 patients, 13 (46%) with this sustained wakeful response had memory. Of 22 patients, 0 (0%) had evidence of memory formation when they demonstrated a brief wakeful response, defined as being responsive to command but unable to complete more than one hand squeeze or count, or an intermediate response, defined as two or three hand squeezes or counts.Conclusions. We conclude that a brief wakeful response to command indicates that a patient is unlikely to form memories, while a sustained wakeful response indicates that a patient may form memories. Thus, a patient's wakeful response to command could be a useful indicator of potential for memory.This work was supported by the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute. Elements of this work were presented at the Society for Technology in Anesthesia, January 1992, San Diego, CA. 相似文献
15.
Steven J. Barker MD PhD Kevin K. Tremper MD PhD John Hyatt BS June Zaccari BS Harold A. Heitzmann PhD Brian M. Holman BS Kelly Pike BS Lawrence S. Ring BS Maria Teope BS Thierry B. Thaure BSE 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1987,3(1):48-52
An experimental study using a new fiberoptic sensor for the continuous intraarterial measurement of oxygen tension is described. This optode sensor uses the phenomenon of fluorescence quenching to determine the oxygen tension of the surrounding medium. To assess the accuracy of this device, we anesthetized 4 dogs and monitored them continuously with arterial catheters and an intraarterial optode probe, and intermittently with arterial blood gas analysis. The inspired oxygen fraction was varied from 1.0 to 0.1, and arterial blood gases were measured for comparison with the optode reading. Two hundred ninety data sets yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.96, with a linear regression slope of 0.98 and intercept of 5.1 mm Hg. In the 72 data sets from the last dog, the bias and precision of the optode arterial oxygen tension values were –10.3 mm Hg and 20.0 mm Hg, respectively. The optode probe was easily inserted through a 20-gauge catheter and did not interfere with continuous arterial pressure measurement or blood sampling. This study suggests that the optode has great potential as a continuous, real-time monitor of arterial oxygen tension. 相似文献
16.
Although anesthesia records have been kept for over a hundred years, there is still discussion of their value and content. Two uses of the record are widely accepted: (1) review after the anesthetic event (as in medicolegal disputes), and (2) support of patient care during the delivery of an anesthetic. Although the anesthetic record is mandatory in much of the world, there is not a single standard for its format. Automating the generation and presentation of the record will enhance its value and help develop a consensus as to content. Merely automating the steps used to produce the manually generated record does not realize the full benefit of automation. For maximum benefit, the primary goal of automation should be to support the uses of the record. Specific techniques that are discussed include increasing time resolution, optimizing the type and location of input and display equipment, and tailoring the human interface. Particular attention is paid to the issue of how much detail is acceptable in the record, how to use visual cues to present detail properly, how to exclude extraneous detail, and how to avoid misleading presentations (erroneous interpretation of the data). Specific elements discussed include line width, the use of color, presentation of gradients, statistical summaries, contexts for reporting data, graphical techniques for increasing data content, and pictorial presentations. Current records are more often confusing because presented information is inconsistently displayed or irrelevant than because too much information is offered, and automation can ameliorate this problem.Electrical EngineeringPhysiology 相似文献
17.
Jonathan V. Roth MD Dr James R. Zaidan MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1988,4(3):178-180
The pacing Swan-Ganz catheter was evaluated for its ability to monitor atrial and ventricular electrical activity during cardioplegic arrest on cardiopulmonary bypass. This endocardial electrical activity was compared with the activity found on the standard electrocardiogram (ECG). The atrial electrodes detected activity that was noted also by visual inspection. The ventricular electrodes detected recurring electrical activity in 7 of 18 patients. Three of these 7 patients did not have simultaneous standard ECG activity, indicating that, in the usual monitoring circumstances, this ventricular electrical activity would not have been treated with repeat cardioplegia. If the pacing Swan-Ganz catheter is used for clinical care, it can be used also to monitor myocardial electrical activity during cardioplegic arrest. 相似文献
18.
Dr Charul Munshi MD Saeed Dhamee MD Ann Bardeen-Henschel MD S. Dhruva MD 《Journal of clinical monitoring and computing》1986,2(2):121-124
Anesthetic agents are sometimes added to the wrong vaporizer on an anesthesia machine. As a result, the vaporizer may deliver a mixture of anesthetic agents at concentrations inappropriate for use on a patient. However, untoward clinical complications related to vaporizers can be prevented with a time-shared mass spectrometer. This device accurately and rapidly indicates the gases and gas concentrations present in a vaporizer. 相似文献
19.
Esophageal apoplexy: Case report, review, and comparison with other esophageal disorders 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Esophageal injuries are potentially serious disorders requiring prompt recognition and management. In addition to the well-recognized Mallory-Weiss and Boerhaave's syndromes, there exists a condition of spontaneous intramural esophageal hemorrhage: esophageal apoplexy. A case of esophageal apoplexy is presented as well as an evaluation of clinical presentations based on a collected review of the 66 cases previously reported. In addition, esophageal apoplexy is contrasted with the Mallory-Weiss and Boerhaave's syndromes, focusing on distinguishing attributes of utility to the emergency practitioner. 相似文献
20.
Preoperative evaluation of gastric cancer: value of spiral CT during gastric arteriography (CTGA) 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Background: To evaluate the utility of dual-phase spiral computed tomography during gastric arteriography (CTGA) in the preoperative
staging of gastric cancers.
Methods: We performed CTGA in 21 patients with pathologically proven gastric cancers. CTGA findings were prospectively analyzed and
correlated with surgical and pathologic findings. Dual-phase scans were performed at 10 s (early) and 60–100 s (delayed) after
injection of 120 mL of contrast medium at an injection rate of 6 mL/s through a preset 5-Fr catheter positioned in the celiac
trunk. Spiral CT scans were assessed for enhancing pattern of the normal gastric wall, tumor detectability, and accuracy of
tumor staging.
Results: Normal gastric mucosa was clearly visible as two or three layers in all patients on early-phase scans and in eight patients
on delayed-phase scans. The primary tumors were correctly detected with CTGA in seven (88%) of the eight early gastric cancers
and in all 13 (100%) advanced gastric cancers. The accuracy of CTGA for T staging was 50% and 77% in early and advanced gastric
cancers, respectively. The overall accuracy for tumor detection and T staging was 95% and 67%, respectively. The accuracy
of CTGA for the degree of serosal invasion and regional lymph node metastasis was 77% and 76%, respectively.
Conclusion: The CTGA technique improved tumor detection rate and accuracy of tumor staging, especially in early gastric cancer, and may
be very useful in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer.
Received: 31 August 2000/Accepted: 20 September 2000 相似文献