帕金森病小鼠模型纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白~(125)I-β-CIT的放射自显影

目的　观察不同损毁程度帕金森病 (PD)小鼠模型的纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白 (DAT)功能变化 ,探讨12 5I 甲基 3β (4 碘苯基 )托烷 2 β 羧酸盐 (β CIT)DAT显像的价值。 方法　根据注射MPTP天数不同 ,分为 1,3,5和 7d模型组和对照组 ,静脉注射12 5I β CIT 148kBq 2h后行放射自显影。高效液相色谱 电化学法 (HPLC ECD)检测纹状体多巴胺 (DA)及其代谢产物含量。免疫组化酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)染色观察黑质和纹状体的病理变化。结果　与对照组相比 ,MPTP损毁的各组PD小鼠模型的纹状体 /皮层放射性比值分别降低 2 0 % ,42 % ,45 %和 5 2 % ;纹状体DA含量分别降低 47% ,75 % ,95 %和 95 % ;免疫组化TH染色可见黑质TH阳性神经元数量随MPTP损毁程度的加重而进一步减少。结论　不同损毁程度的PD小鼠模型DAT功能变化与生化和病理改变相一致 ,β CITDAT功能显像有助于PD的早期诊断和病情监测     

帕金森病小鼠模型纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白^125I— β—CIT的放射自显影

目的 观察不同损毁程度帕金森病（PD）小鼠模型的纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白（DAT）功能变化,探讨^125I-甲基3β-（4－碘苯基）托烷－2β-羧酸盐（β-CIT）DAT显像的价值。方法 根据注射MPP天数不同,分为1,3,5和7d模型组和对照组,静脉注射^125I- β-GIT 148 kBq 2h后行放射自显影。高效液相色谱－电化学法（HPLC－ECD）检测纹状体多巴胺（DA）及其代谢产物含量。免组化酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）染色观察黑质和纹状体的病理变化。结果 与对照组相比,MPTP损毁的各组PD小鼠模型的纹状体／皮层放射性比值分别降低20％,42％,45％和52％;纹状体DA含量降低47％,75％,95%几95％;免疫组化TH染色可见黑质TH阳性神经元数量随MPTP损毁程度的加重而进一步减少。结论 不同损毁程度的PD小鼠模型DAT功能变化与生化和病理改变相一致,β-CIT DAT功能显像有助于PD的早期诊断和病情监测。     

运动疲劳对大鼠底丘脑TH和D_2DR表达的影响

目的:探讨底丘脑在运动疲劳的中枢神经调控中的作用。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,采用免疫组化染色法观察大鼠游泳运动疲劳后底丘脑酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺2型受体(D2DR)阳性细胞表达水平的变化。结果:实验组大鼠底丘脑TH阳性细胞染色较浅,阳性纤维减少,面密度值显著低于对照组(P<0·05);实验组D2DR阳性细胞染色稍有加深,表达数目增加,阳性细胞光密度值及面密度值均显著高于对照组(P<0·01,P<0·05)。结论:运动疲劳可导致底丘脑TH表达明显降低,D2DR表达显著增强。     

早期运动训练通过增强小鼠脑线粒体呼吸功能预防MPTP神经毒性作用

目的:探讨早期运动训练能否通过增强脑线粒体呼吸功能预防MPTP对中脑多巴胺能神经元的损伤。方法:32只雄性小鼠(8~9周龄)随机分为安静组、运动组。运动组连续5周,每天一次中等强度(12米/分,20分钟)跑台训练。然后以上两组再各自随机分成两组,分别注射生理盐水或中等剂量MPTP(30mg/kg×2次),最后分为安静+生理盐水、运动+生理盐水、安静+MPTP、运动+MPTP四组,每组8只。各组分别于药物注射后第二周进行脑线粒体能量测试,免疫组织化学方法观察中脑黑质酪氨酸氢化酶(TH)阳性细胞数量。结果:运动+MPTP组脑线粒体态3呼吸速率显著高于安静+MPTP组(P<0.01),运动+盐水组和安静+盐水组脑线粒态3呼吸速率无显著差异(P>0.05),运动+MPTP组TH阳性细胞数显著多于安静+MPTP组(P<0.01)。结论:早期运动训练能通过增强脑细胞线粒体呼吸功能,减少MPTP对中脑多巴胺能神经元损伤。     

偏侧帕金森病猴模型的影像学对比研究

目的 探讨实验性帕金森病（Parkinson disease,PD）的影像学表现及比较不同影像学检查对诊断PD的价值。方法 经一侧颈内动脉注射1-甲基-4-苯基-1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶（MPTP），制作8只偏侧PD猴模型。均于术前及术后行CT，MI和单光子发射计算机体层摄影术（葡萄糖代谢显像）检查。结果 所有动物均成功制成偏侧PD模型。多巴胺转运蛋白显像见术侧纹状体放射性核素摄取较术前明显减低，亦明显低于对侧，葡萄糖代谢显像见PD组术侧纹状体，丘脑平均标准摄取值低于对侧及健康猴，而对侧较健康猴无明显减低，局部脑血流显像显示偏侧PD猴无局部脑血流灌注异常，MRI上正常老年猴基底节区可无异常信号，也可见苍白球呈双侧对称性窄条状低信号。但无壳核低信号，术后第3个月PD猴壳核及苍白球新出现低信号或苍白球原窄条状低信号区扩大。术前，术后MRI均未见黑质区信号异常及脑萎缩征象，CT未见异常。结论 多巴胺转运蛋白显像及葡萄糖代谢显像均能早期显示实验性PD纹状体多巴胺转运蛋白下调或纹状体与丘脑葡萄糖代谢减低。MRI能发现PD基底节区信号减低，但相对较晚。PD局部脑血流显像及CT未能发现异常。     

多巴胺转运蛋白PET成像诊断帕金森病

目的探讨多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)显像诊断帕金森病的价值.材料和方法对18例正常人、31例晚期帕金森病(PD)患者分别进行11C-β-CFT PET显像,采用感兴趣区(ROI)及统计参数图(SPM)进行分析,比较正常组与PD组之间的差异.结果ROI显示PD组尾状核及壳核各区域DAT摄取明显低于对照组,重侧基底节DAT减少较对侧明显,重侧的尾状核头、体及壳核前、中、后的区域内CFT摄取值分别为轻侧的94.6%、87.0%、89.6%、91.8%、95.4%.SPM图像显示DAT减低区域主要集中在两侧尾状核、壳核区域,以壳核中后部减低为著,重侧DAT减低区域明显大于轻侧.结论11C-β-CFT PET显像能够客观显示帕金森病DAT不对称性代谢改变的区域,有助于帕金森病的诊断和疗效评价.SPM分析为一种更全面、准确的统计方法.     

五子衍宗丸对帕金森病小鼠脑组织中神经营养因子及凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的 观察五子衍宗丸对帕金森病(PD)小鼠脑内黑质纹状体神经营养因子分泌和脑组织中细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响。方法 建立神经毒素MPTP诱导的PD小鼠模型，通过行为步态实验、爬杆实验及脑黑质纹状体区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元的病理学检测，观察五子衍宗丸的治疗效果；采用免疫荧光、RT-qPCR和Western blotting法检测小鼠黑质纹状体中脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)、睫状神经营养因子(CNTF)及细胞凋亡相关基因Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9表达水平的变化。结果 与PD模型组比较，五子衍宗丸治疗可明显减少PD小鼠四肢向前运动的平均摆动时间(P<0.05)和爬杆时间(P<0.001)，增高TH阳性细胞数和TH蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)；五子衍宗丸治疗后，PD小鼠黑质纹状体中BDNF、GDNF蛋白和CNTF及Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平明显增高(P<0.05)，而Bax、caspase-3和caspase-9表达水平明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 五子衍宗丸具有治疗PD的潜力，其...     

统计参数图和ROI联合应用在多巴胺转运蛋白PET显像分析中的价值

目的 探讨联合应用统计参数图(SPM)和感兴趣区(ROI)方法在帕金森病(PD)患者多巴胺转运蛋白(DAT)PET图像分析中的价值.方法 临床确诊的41例PD患者,其中23例早期(Hoehn-Yahr Ⅰ～Ⅱ级),年龄(56.2±8.1)岁;18例晚期(Hoehn-Yahr Ⅲ～Ⅳ级),年龄(59.1±7.6)岁.健康对照组12名,年龄(58.84±7.2)岁.分别进行18F-N-(3-氟丙基)-2β-甲酯基-3β-(4'-碘苯基)去甲基托烷(FP-β-CIT)PET显像,对所获得的脑PET图像分别进行ROI及SPM分析.结果 应用ROI方法,与健康对照组相比,在23例早期PD患者中,尾状核、前壳核和后壳核的DAT分别减少29.1%、53.2%和76.0%;18例晚期PD患者的尾状核、前壳核和后壳核的DAT分别减少48.0%、65.5%和83.5%.SPM分析可直观显示,早期和晚期PD双侧壳核DAT较健康对照组减少,尤其是患肢的对侧壳核和后壳核区域.结论 PD患者纹状体内18F-FP-CIT的摄取显著降低,尤以患肢的对侧壳核最为明显;联合应用SPM和ROI方法有助于DAT PET图像的综合分析.     

T2?值在健康成年人脑铁含量与年龄的相关性分析

目的：采用3.0T ESWAN 定量测量健康成年人额叶白质区及灰质核团的 T2?值,探讨额叶白质区及灰质核团与年龄的相关性。方法收集年龄20~85岁的157例健康成年人进行 MRI 常规及 ESWAN 扫描,按其年龄段分为6组。A 组：20~29岁;B 组：30~39岁;C 组：40~49岁;D 组：50~59岁;E 组：60~69岁;F 组：≥70岁。经后处理在 T2?图像上分别测量左右侧额叶白质区、红核、黑质网状带、黑质致密带、尾状核头、壳核、苍白球和丘脑的 T2?值,分析 T2?值与年龄的相关性。结果健康成年人在黑质网状带、苍白球的T2?值最低,额叶白质区的T2?值最高。红核、壳核、苍白球、尾状核头和丘脑的T2?值在部分年龄段间有统计学意义(P <0.05),有一定规律性。而黑质网状带、黑质致密带、额叶白质区的 T2?值在不同年龄段间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。红核、黑质网状部、黑质致密部、壳核、苍白球、尾状核头的 T2?值与年龄呈明显负相关(r 值=-0.258、-0.229、-0.231、-0.584、-0.320、-0.437, P 值均<0.001),而丘脑、额叶白质区的 T2?值与年龄呈正相关(r 值=0.319、0.161,P <0.001及0.05)。结论ESWAN 能清晰显示脑内核团的结构,准确评估脑内的铁含量和随年龄变化的规律。     

Mdivi-1对帕金森病大鼠多巴胺能神经元损伤的保护作用研究

目的 研究线粒体分裂引发帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）大鼠模型中多巴胺能神经元损伤作用及线粒体分裂抑制剂1（mitochondrial division inhibitor 1,Mdivi-1）对神经元损伤的保护作用机制。方法 将大鼠随机分成对照组(生理盐水组)、模型组、美多巴组和Mdivi-1组,采用6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine,6-OHDA)注射大鼠单侧纹状体的方法建立PD动物模型,利用阿朴吗啡（apomorphine,APO）引起的大鼠旋转实验和转棒实验来观察行为学变化。利用免疫组化方法评估酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylasez,TH）在中脑黑质中阳性细胞比例以及纹状体中TH阳性纤维数量,采用ELISA法检测大鼠黑质和纹状体中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）及一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）的含量。结果与对照组相比,PD模型组大鼠在APO诱发第3周和6周后旋转圈数均显著增加,同时转棒上停留时间均显著缩短;大脑黑质TH阳性细胞数和纹状体中TH阳性纤维数目显著减少;组织内SOD、GSH Px、CAT的活性显著降低,而NOS 活性显著升高,MDA和NO含量升高,而GSH含量则降低。美多巴及Mdivi-1处理3周和6周后均可显著改善PD大鼠的相关行为学症状,并增加黑质TH阳性细胞数和纹状体中TH阳性纤维数目,同时增加组织内SOD,GSH-Px,CAT,GSH含量,降低NOS 活性,减少MDA和NO含量。结论 Mdivi-1对6-OHDA诱导PD大鼠的多巴胺能神经元损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化能力有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.