梅毒血清和脑脊液2145例阳性检测结果分析

目的通过分析梅毒患者的血清和脑脊液检测结果,了解当前梅毒感染的现状,探讨进行临床检测的意义。方法采用非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清初筛试验(RPR,VDRL)和梅毒螺旋体抗原血清确证试验(TPPA,FTA-ABS)检测7049例性病门诊就诊者标本(血液6609例和脑脊液440例)中的螺旋体抗体,并分析检测结果。结果梅毒阳性者2145例,阳性率为30.43%,其中血标本阳性1989例,脑脊液标本阳性156例;一期梅毒为208例(9.70%),二期梅毒225例(10.49%),三期梅毒36例(1.68%),神经梅毒7.27%,胎传梅毒2.89%,隐性梅毒1458例(67.97%)。在2145例梅毒阳性患者的标本中,男性1021例,女性1124例,阳性率差异有显著性(P0.05)。梅毒以30～49岁发病率较高。结论正确的认识和解读梅毒血清学检测的临床意义,对于指导其在临床中的合理应用非常重要。     

梅毒硬下疳实验室检查策略初探

目的回顾几种梅毒实验室检测方法在硬下疳患者中的梅毒检出率,分析各检测指标间的相互关系,探讨其临床意义。方法每个患者同时进行暗视野检测(DF)、快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)和梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)检测抗体。对实验数据进行统计分析和检验。结果456例患者检测的敏感性分别为DF72.8%,TPPA83.6%,RPR62.7%(配对χ2检验,P<0.001)。结论为了提高一期梅毒的检出率,对疑似梅毒硬下疳的患者,应同时进行3种方法检查。     

An IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgM antibodies to treponemes in patients with syphilis.

A new IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with the 19S(IgM) fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (19S(IgM)FTA-ABS) test for detecting IgM antibodies to treponemes. Serum samples from 180 people, 109 with various stages of untreated syphilis, 45 with treated syphilis, and 26 non-infected, were investigated. In all diagnostic groups of syphilis the reactivity of the IgM capture ELISA was similar to that of the 19S(IgM)FTA-ABS test except in untreated neurosyphilis, for which the IgM capture ELISA was significantly less sensitive. The IgM capture ELISA was very sensitive in congenital (100%, 5/5) and primary (82%, 18/22) syphilis, but less sensitive in secondary (60%, 12/20), latent (53%, 16/30), neurosyphilis (34%, 11/32), and treated (11%, 5/45) syphilis. False positive IgM capture ELISA results were not found in five people who gave false positive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) reactions or in 21 neonates born to mothers adequately treated for syphilis before or during pregnancy. This indicated that the IgM capture ELISA was very specific. The course of antitreponemal IgM reactivity after treatment of early infectious syphilis was followed up in six patients. The quantity of IgM antibody declined in nearly all patients after treatment, but still remained detectable in five patients up to six months after treatment. In contrast, non-treponemal antibodies measured by the VDRL test disappeared in four out of six patients within five months from starting treatment. In conclusion, the IgM capture ELISA may be useful for easy and sensitive detection of IgM antibodies to treponemes in patients with congenital and primary syphilis. A positive test result in these cases indicates that patients should receive treatment if they have not been treated recently. The test is not, however, recommended to replace the VDRL test to monitor patients treated for syphilis.     

梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体对梅毒早期诊断和治疗的评价

目的：为评价梅毒血清特异性抗体在梅毒早期诊断及治疗后的意义。方法：采用蛋白印迹法(Western blottinG,WB)、快速血浆反应素(RPR)试验、梅毒颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)3种方法．对67例梅毒及其中经治疗后随诊18～24个月的21例患者作血清检测。对5年来诊治的临床一期、二期梅毒血清抗体的变化进行分析。结果：20例一期梅毒WB检测出现不同抗体谱条带,其中均有相对分子质量为47000的条带,RPR试验及TPPA部分为阴性。经治疗后随诊18-24个月的21例梅毒患者．18个月内检测时WB9．52％阴转,24个月时28．57％阴转;TPPA阴转的情况同WB;RPR滴度随疗后时间的增加而逐渐下降．6个月内28．57％阴转,24个月85．71％阴转：结论：相对分子质量为47000、17000的条带对早期梅毒的诊断既敏感又特异：部分一期和二期梅毒患者在经过有效治疗后2年,梅毒抗体可以完全消失;RPR试验可用于梅毒治疗期间的疗效判定。     

Syphilis in Swaziland: a serological survey.

Sera from 536 adults and children in Swaziland were examined for their reactivity in the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA) tests. None of 130 sera from children was reactive in either test; 8.6% of sera from 185 healthy adults were reactive in the RPR test and 33% in the TPHA test; 24.5% of 220 sera from patients with genital ulcers were RPR-positive and 45.9% TPHA-positive. The RPR positivity rates were not related to age, but the percentage of RPR-negative, TPHA-positive sera increased with age in both the healthy adults and the patients with genital ulcers. Thus venereal syphilis appears to be responsible for these high positivity rates. Estimates of the yearly incidence of syphilis are identical for both groups--approximately 1.4%, an unusually high figure.     

Clinical value of the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test.

In 1,129 patients attending the Department for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, the serum was examined by three screening tests (VDRL slide, RPCF, and TPHA) and twelve cases of syphilis (1 per cent. of patients attenting the clinic) were discovered. Six of these patients were considered to have latent syphilis (5 acquired, 1 congenital) and were detected only by the TPHA; all six cases were confirmed by the FTA-ABS, The TPHA failed to detect three of the remaining six cases (2 primary and 1 very early, the latter in a contact of a patient with primary syphilis). All six cases were, however, detected by the VDRL. In seven cases, the TPHA was positive in the absence of other evidence of present or previous syphilis. In these cases the FTA-ABS was also negative. The clinical application of the TPHA test in the detection of syphilis is discussed.     

评价螺旋体乳胶快速反应实验检测梅毒血清的特异性和敏感性

梅毒的诊断依靠临床及实验室检查。目前实验室常规进行快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR),是一种筛查试验;用死的或活的梅毒螺旋体来检测抗梅毒螺旋体抗体,包括荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验(FTA-ABS)和梅毒螺旋体血球凝集试验(TPHA),这两者是确诊试验。除极早期梅毒外,各期梅毒均能得到诊断。心拟脂试验(如RPR)可检测到感染3～5周后的抗体,敏感性高,但缺乏特异性,可导致假阳性结果(如自身免疫性疾病等)。螺旋体试验(FTA-ABS,TPHA)敏感     

IgM rheumatoid factor removal and performance of the FTA-ABS (IgM) test in congenital syphilis.

OBJECTIVE--To determine the performance of the FTA-ABS (IgM) test in congenital syphilis after eliminating interference by IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) and preventing competitive inhibition by IgG. DESIGN--The FTA-ABS (IgM) test was carried out before and after RF removal (achieved by immunoprecipitation of the IgG) in infants with congenital syphilis and controls. SETTING--Newborns delivered in the Peninsula Maternal and Neonatal Services in Cape Town and infants presenting at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. SUBJECTS--Infants with congenital syphilis aged 0-4 months were divided into those with clinical signs at presentation and those who were asymptomatic at delivery. In addition, patients without congenital syphilis but with similar clinical signs at presentation were investigated as were control infants. OUTCOME MEASURE--The diagnosis of congenital syphilis was based on the criteria suggested by Kaufman et al (1977). RESULTS--Amongst symptomatic infants with congenital syphilis the FTA-ABS (IgM) test was positive in 34 (92%) of 37 cases prior to abolishing the RF effect and in 29 (78.4%) of 37 cases afterwards (p = 0.19). In 12 cases of congenital syphilis who were asymptomatic at birth, 10 had positive FTA-ABS (IgM) tests before RF removal and only three had positive tests afterwards (p = 0.006). False positive tests were not found amongst 15 symptomatic infants whose clinical features mimicked those of the infants with congenital syphilis. Among 51 healthy infants the test had a false-positive rate of 2% in newborns and 13% in older infants. The false positive reactions were eradicated by IgG precipitation. CONCLUSIONS--Following IgG and RF removal there was an improvement in the specificity of the FTA-ABS (IgM) test but this was at the expense of a loss of sensitivity, particularly in asymptomatic newborns. For newborns, if the FTA-ABS (IgM) test was positive, the patient was likely to require treatment for congenital syphilis, regardless of whether the result was due to the presence of RF or specific IgM.     

Influence of genital herpes on results of fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test.

Both the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTS-ABS) test and Venereal Disease Laboratory (VDRL) test for syphilis were performed routinely on 113 men with histories of genital ulcerations. The difference in negative VDRL and borderline FTS-ABS results between patients with and without herpes simplex virus in their genital ulcers and no evidence of previous or untreated syphilis was not statistically significant. Furthermore, use of the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory rather than a screening test eliminates false-positive, borderline, or reactive results in patients with non-syphilitic ulcers.     

Influence of genital herpes on results of fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test.

Both the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTS-ABS) test and Venereal Disease Laboratory (VDRL) test for syphilis were performed routinely on 113 men with histories of genital ulcerations. The difference in negative VDRL and borderline FTS-ABS results between patients with and without herpes simplex virus in their genital ulcers and no evidence of previous or untreated syphilis was not statistically significant. Furthermore, use of the FTA-ABS test as a confirmatory rather than a screening test eliminates false-positive, borderline, or reactive results in patients with non-syphilitic ulcers.     

3种梅毒非特异性试剂检测脑脊液的结果分析

目的通过用3种试剂对患者脑脊液进行梅毒非特异性试验结果的分析,优选出神经梅毒的诊断试剂。方法使用VDRL1,VDRL2和RPR试剂同时对140例梅毒患者脑脊液标本进行梅毒非特异性试验。结果 140例脑脊液标本,检出TPPA阳性且VDRL或RPR定性阳性的合计26例,VDRL2和VDRL1,VDRL2和RPR定性实验结果比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论用脑脊液检查进行神经梅毒的诊断和鉴别诊断时,RPR不能代替VDRL,且VDRL2优于VDRL1,建议使用VDRL试剂2。     

Evaluation of specific antibodies for early diagnosis and management of syphilis

For many years, tests for cardiolipin antibodies Tp15, Tp17, Tp45, Tp47, and other specific Treponema pallidum antibodies, have been used to diagnose syphilis, but the timing and rates of antibody detection differ in primary and secondary syphilis. Our objective was to determine the value of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, T. pallidum passive particle agglutination (TPPA) assay and Western blotting (WB) in the diagnosis of early syphilis, by studying 67 patients (20 with primary and 47 with secondary syphilis) over a recent 5-year period. All patients were tested before and 21/67 were tested after treatment. Western blotting showed that while there was a difference within the study group in terms of the number of bands detected, all patients with primary syphilis demonstrated the 47-kDa antibody, but RPR and TPPA were negative in some patients. Eighteen to 24 months after treatment, 21/67 patients were tested by WB and TPPA; antibodies to T. pallidum became undetectable within 24 months after treatment in 29% of patients. By RPR, 29% patients had negative titers within 6 months of treatment, and 86% returned to normal within 24 months. We conclude that detection of specific 47-kDa T. pallidum antibodies can be used to diagnose primary syphilis. By RPR, antibodies disappear in 6-24 months after treatment in many patients, suggesting that a change in titer may be an indicator of treatment success.     

儿童性病63例临床分析

目的 了解儿童性病的构成传播途径。方法 使用病原体培养、抗原检测、5%冰醋酸发白试验、病理、RPP、TPHA结合临床诊断，并进行详细分析。结果 63例患者中NGU27例，GU21例，淋菌性眼炎4例，GU合并NGU1例，CA8例，GH1例，SY1例，以女性儿童多见，主要由家庭成人传染。结论 儿童性病主要病种是NGU、GU、CA，与成人性病构成相近；控制成人是预防儿童性病的关键。     

Syphilis serology and HIV infection in Harare, Zimbabwe

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of serological tests in detecting syphilis in a factory worker cohort and examine the impact of concurrent HIV infection on serological tests for syphilis. METHOD: Reactions to non-treponemal and treponemal antigens were tested using sera from a cohort of 3401 factory workers in Harare, Zimbabwe. The participants consented to regular testing for syphilis, by VDRL, and HIV using two ELISAs. All sera from men who were VDRL positive, and a random sample of VDRL negative sera, were tested by RPR, TPHA, and where appropriate FTA-Abs. From the results, men were defined as having no syphilis, active syphilis, incident syphilis, historic syphilis, or giving biological false positive reactions. RESULTS: 709 sera were examined from 580 men. There were 78 cases of active syphilis in the cohort, giving a prevalence of 2.3%, and the seroincidence was 0.25 per 100 person years of follow up. The prevalence of HIV in the cohort was 19.8%. There was a strong association between syphilis, whether active, incident or historic, and HIV seropositivity. With both HIV positive and negative sera the negative predictive values of VDRL and RPR were > 99.9% while the positive predictive value for VDRL (30%) was lower than for RPR (39%). Biological false positive reactions were detected in 0.5% of the cohort, with in most cases a transient rise in VDRL titres up to < 1/16. Higher false positive titres occurred in five men, each of whom was HIV positive. CONCLUSIONS: The VDRL is reliable in detecting possible cases of syphilis even in a community with a high prevalence of heterosexually transmitted HIV. There is need, however, for confirmatory tests. The prevalence of syphilis in this cohort is very low in comparison with other countries in southern Africa, but is consistent with recent data from Harare. Despite a strong association between syphilis and HIV it was clear that syphilis could not be counted as a major factor fueling the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe.     

129例未经治疗的早期梅毒患者脑脊液检测结果的分析

目的:探讨未经治疗的早期梅毒脑脊液各项检测的意义及其对神经梅毒的诊断价值。方法:对129例未经治疗的早期梅毒患者脑脊液进行细胞计数和蛋白定量、VDRL、FTA-ABS、RPR、TPPA检测以及RT-PCR检测TP,并分析不同RPR滴度组及不同RT-PCR结果组脑脊液异常率的差异。结果:脑脊液细胞或蛋白异常者30例(23.26%),VDRL阳性2例(1.55%),FTA-ABS阳性3例(2.33%),RPR阳性5例(3.88%),TPPA阳性10例(7.75%),RT-PCR阳性32例(24.81%)。2例(1.55%)确诊为神经梅毒。血清RPR滴度≤1∶16组与≥1∶32组患者CSF异常率差异有统计学意义(2=8.37,P=0.004)。脑脊液RT-PCR检测阳性与阴性组脑脊液异常率差异有统计学意义(2=4.49,P=0.034)。结论:血清RPR滴度≥1∶32者脑脊液异常率较高,临床中应引起重视。单纯对于未经治疗的早期梅毒而言,用PCR检测脑脊液中TP含量的方法对神经梅毒的诊断不具有明显价值。     

Comparison of cardiolipin and treponemal tests in the serodiagnosis of yaws.

Results of the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), T. pallidum immobilisation (TPI), and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests on sera of 661 children from a region where yaws is hypoendemic are compared. For 107 (16.2%) out of 661 sera the FTA-ABS test was the only one showing reactivity; in these instances the test was weakly reactive (intensity of fluorescence scored as +) and the children had no history and no signs or symptoms of treponemal disease. A solitary, weakly reactive FTA-ABS test result seems to have no clinical significance in these cases. The FTA-ABS test can be used as a confirmatory test for yaws instead of the TPI test, if only the results of sera showing an intensity of fluorescence scored as ++ or more are considered to be positive. There appeared to be no significant differences in the results of the VDRL, RPR, and TPHA tests as screening tests for yaws when the TPI or FTA-ABS tests were used as reference tests.     

Performance of the rapid plasma reagin and the rapid syphilis screening tests in the diagnosis of syphilis in field conditions in rural Africa

OBJECTIVES: To assess the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test performance in the field and to evaluate a new rapid syphilis test (RST) as a primary screen for syphilis. METHODS: 1325 women of reproductive age from rural communities in the Gambia were tested for syphilis seropositivity using a RPR 18 mm circle card and a RST strip. Within 1 week a repeat RPR and a TPHA test were carried out using standard techniques in the laboratory. RESULTS: Comparing field tests to a diagnosis of "active" syphilis defined as laboratory RPR and TPHA positive, the RPR test was 77.5% sensitive and 94.1% specific; the RST was 75.0% sensitive and 95.2% specific. The RST was easier to use and interpret than the RPR test especially where field conditions were difficult. In this setting with a low prevalence of syphilis in the community (3%), the chance of someone with a positive test being confirmed as having serologically active syphilis was less than 50% for both tests. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriateness of syphilis screening using RPR testing in antenatal clinics and health centres should be questioned if there is a low prevalence in the population, conditions for testing are poor, and resources limited. There is still an urgent need for an appropriate rapid syphilis test for field use.     

脑脊液异常的102例梅毒并发HIV感染患者临床分析

目的:分析梅毒并发HIV感染患者的临床表现、颅脑核磁共振成像、实验室检查、治疗和预后。方法:收集该院2014年8月——2017年11月收治的102例脑脊液检查异常的梅毒患者,将其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:102例梅毒患者中男97例,女5例;平均发病年龄(45±3)岁。所有患者HIV初筛及确证试验均为阳性,确诊神经梅毒者51例,排除神经梅毒者51例。所有患者血清快速血浆反应素试验(RPR)及梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)均为阳性。脑脊液检查:35例RPR阳性,98例TPPA阳性,56例梅毒螺旋体(TP)-IgM试验为阳性,29例蛋白定量升高,10例WBC计数≥1.0×10⁹/L。51例确诊神经梅毒患者中,一期及二期梅毒并发HIV发展为神经梅毒患者比例为14.7%,平均时间为9个月。结论:一期或二期梅毒并发HIV患者比早期梅毒未经治疗或未治疗彻底的患者更易引起神经梅毒,脑脊液TP-IgM阳性率较高,早期梅毒并发HIV感染患者建议行脑脊液TP-IgM检查。     

Comparison of cardiolipin and treponemal tests in the serodiagnosis of yaws.

Results of the Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Treponema pallidum haemagglutination (TPHA), T. pallidum immobilisation (TPI), and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests on sera of 661 children from a region where yaws is hypoendemic are compared. For 107 (16.2%) out of 661 sera the FTA-ABS test was the only one showing reactivity; in these instances the test was weakly reactive (intensity of fluorescence scored as +) and the children had no history and no signs or symptoms of treponemal disease. A solitary, weakly reactive FTA-ABS test result seems to have no clinical significance in these cases. The FTA-ABS test can be used as a confirmatory test for yaws instead of the TPI test, if only the results of sera showing an intensity of fluorescence scored as ++ or more are considered to be positive. There appeared to be no significant differences in the results of the VDRL, RPR, and TPHA tests as screening tests for yaws when the TPI or FTA-ABS tests were used as reference tests.     

Serological tests for syphilis in Saudi Arabia.

A total of 6684 sera were initially screened for syphilis by the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA). Reactive sera from either or both these tests were tested for confirmation by the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorbed (FTA-ABS) test. VDRL biological false positive reactors were detected in 0.5% of the total sera examined, with 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively, obtained in pregnant women and blood donors. Eight sera (0.1%) were found to be positive in the TPHA test alone. An overall positivity of 2.7% for syphilis was detected, with a 0.85% positivity in antenatal patients. Infection with T pallidum seemed to be more common in men than in women (1.6:1) and predominated in the age group 20-39 years. Serological testing of sera from 26 mother and infant pairs allowed one case of congenital syphilis to be detected by FTA-ABS (IgM) and identified VDRL biological false positivity in seven infants.