消极完美主义问卷的编制

目的 编制一份测量完美主义者的消极认知、情绪、行为等心理特征的问卷.方法 在理论分析和访谈的基础上,收集描述完美主义者的消极心理特征的项目,并结合佛罗斯特多维完美主义心理量表的部分项目,组成初步问卷;通过对大学生人群的施测和对数据进行因素分析,得到反映完美主义消极特征的心理问卷,并对该问卷的信度、效度进行检验.结果 消极完美主义问卷由5个维度构成,各维度的内部一致性系数(Cronbach's α)为0.75～0.82,重测信度为0.61～0.81,5个因子的累积贡献率为49.9%.结论 本研究所编制的消极完美主义问卷具有较好的心理测量学特性,有临床实用价值.     

大学生完美主义问卷的修订

目的:结合Hewitt和Flett的完美主义心理问卷和临床经验,对Frost完美主义问卷(FMPS)进行修订。方法:由350名大学生被试对项目增订后的问卷进行填写,采用探索性因素分析对问卷的因素进行检验。结果:问卷包含50个项目,四个维度(分量表),分别是担心出错、个人标准、条理性和父母要求。因素分析表明,四个维度解释总方差的42.31%,各维度的项目载荷在0.37～0.79之间。分量表分半信度为0.73～0.88,同质性信度为0.80～0.91,重测信度为0.68～0.80(P<0.01)。与FMPS相比,修订问卷增加了15个项目,合并了FMPS的两个维度,使得问卷结果统计和对结果的解释更为简洁。结论:修订后的大学生完美主义问卷具有令人满意的信效度,适合在大学生人群中使用。     

和谐完美主义量表的初步编制

目的编制一份测量和谐完美主义者合理认知与行为的量表。方法在理论分析与访谈的基础上，结合中国青少年、大学生完美主义量表的项目进行数据搜集和管理，运用内容分析、残差规整以及因素分析最终确定和谐完美主义的项目与维度，并进行了信度、效度检验。结果和谐完美主义心理由合理信念、自我提升、完美动机、自省、悦纳他人5个维度构成，各维度的内部一致性系数为0.75～0.88，重测信度为0.71～0.86，累积方差贡献率为61.57%。结论和谐完美主义量表具有较理想的信效度，较适合本土学生应用。     

中国大学生人际关系完美主义量表在1562名高中生中的试用

目的测定中国大学生人际关系完美主义量表在高中生中的实用性。方法对1562名高中生被试的测试结果进行探索性和验证性因素分析等统计处理。结果量表包含35个项目,4个维度(分量表),分别是自我导向、他人导向、他—他导向、社会导向。因素分析结果表明,4个维度可解释总方差的51.43%,各维度的项目载荷在0.33～0.79之间。量表的同质性信度为0.70～0.82,重测信度为0.71～0.83(P<0.01)。验证性因素分析指标χ2、RMSEA、NFI、CFI、GFI均达到较理想的统计学要求。结论中国大学生人际关系完美主义量表在高中生群体中具有较理想的信效度,适合其使用。     

积极完美主义问卷的编制

目的:编制一份积极完美主义问卷.方法:在理论分析和访谈基础上,收集描述完美主义者的积极心理特征的项目.编制初步问卷并构想维度.通过对407名大学生施测初步问卷并对数据进行探索性因素分析,确定问卷的维度和项目.对另外309名大学生施测定稿问卷和效标问卷,对问卷信度、效度进行检验.结果:积极完美主义问卷由积极的自我期望、积极的条理性和积极的自我评价三维度构成,各维度内部一致性系数(Cronbach's α)分别为0.87、0.76和0.79,间隔两周的重测信度分别为0.79、0.84和0.81,三因子的累积贡献率为50.2%.验证性因素分析结果表明三因子模型有较好的拟合指数(χ2/df=1.71,GFI=0.89,CFI=0.92,IFI=0.92,RMSEA=0.048).问卷总分与焦虑、抑郁存在显著负相关.结论:本研究编制的积极完美主义问卷有较好的心理测量学特性.     

中国青少年完美主义量表在827名大学生中的应用

目的测定中国青少年完美主义量表在大学生中的实用性。方法对827名大学生被试的测试结果进行探索性和验证性因素分析等统计处理。结果量表项目聚合为6个维度(分量表),分别是完美期待、个人高标准、担心错误、条理性、自省和父母要求。6个维度可解释总方差的53.37%,各维度的项目载荷在0.43～0.86之间。分量表的分半信度为0.72～0.88,同质性信度为0.80～0.91,重测信度为0.76～0.90(P<0.01),与SCL-90的相关为0.41～0.60。验证性因素分析指标χ2、RM-SEA、NFI、CFI、GFI分别为4782.631、0.067、0.804、0.863、0.870。结论中国青少年完美主义量表在大学生群体中具有较理想的信效度,适合其使用。     

三维完美主义量表的编制和信效度检验

目的 根据Hewitt的理论编制三维完美主义量表,检验其信度、效度.方法 174名大学生回答新编项目,采用探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析确定量表结构与项目保留,选用内部一致性系数检验量表的信度.结果 因素分析表明因素结构与量表编制的理论构想一致,最后确定量表为3个维度、25项,各维度及总量表的α值在0.67～0.83之间.结论 三维完美主义量表具有很好的项目区分度、信度、效度.     

青少年上网污名问卷的编制及其应用

目的:编制青少年上网污名知觉问卷和内化污名问卷。方法:借鉴已有的污名问卷结构,以访谈的方法收集信息,形成问卷条目。通过专家评定法对问卷进行修改后,对1166名初一到高二学生进行施测。结果:探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,最终确定"青少年上网污名知觉问卷"包含标签、刻板印象、身份受损、社交孤立和歧视体验五个维度,"青少年上网内化污名问卷"为单维度问卷。对信度和效度的分析表明问卷具有良好的信度和效度。青少年上网污名的性别和年级差异显著。结论:编制的青少年上网污名问卷具有良好的测量学指标,女生污名程度高于男生,污名知觉和内化污名程度随年级升高而增高。     

青少年担忧倾向性问卷的编制

目的:编制一份适合我国青少年的担忧倾向性问卷(WTQ-CA),并验证其信效度。方法:依照"我担忧测验"获得担忧倾向性结构,综合考虑人格倾向性特征,编制了59个项目的初始问卷。分别从福建、江西的普通中小学和大学抽取600名、1400名学生作为预测样本和正式施测样本,收回有效问卷582份、1265份。从正式施测样本中抽取60名学生间隔2周后进行再测,收回有效问卷59份。用预测样本进行项目分析和探索性因素分析,正式施测样本进行验证性因素分析、信度分析和效标效度检验,选用宾州担忧问卷中文版(Ch-PSWQ)、状态-特质焦虑问卷(STAI)、自评抑郁量表(SDS)、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)和Frost完美主义问卷(FMPS)为效标。结果:探索性因素分析抽取了学习担忧、关系担忧、健康担忧、未来盲目性和缺乏信心5个因素,共32个项目,累计方差解释率为54.25%;验证性因素分析验证了结构的有效性,各拟合指数分别是χ2/df=3.58,RM SEA=0.06,SRM R=0.05,NNFI=0.87,CFI=0.90;总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.92,各维度的α系数在0.67～0.83之间;总问卷的重测信度为0.74,各维度重测信度在0.68～0.79之间;问卷与各效标间的相关系数在0.14～0.58(均P0.001)。结论:青少年担忧倾向性问卷具有良好的心理测量学特征,适用于我国青少年担忧倾向性的相关研究。     

青少年依恋问卷初步编制

目的:初步编制青少年依恋问卷并探讨其信效度.方法:参照成人依恋访谈提纲编制青少年依恋模式访谈提纲,根据访谈结果编制依恋问卷,对初一到高三共700名学生施测.采用因素分析、信度分析和效标效度等方法考察问卷的信效度.结果:青少年依恋的结构可由焦虑性和亲和性两个维度说明(α系数分别为0.69和0.75).各个项目的因子负荷介于0.42～0.74.结论:青少年依恋问卷具有较好的信度和结构效度,可以用于我国中学生依恋关系的研究.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.