孕前体重指数及孕期体重增长对妊娠结局的影响

目的　探讨孕前体重指数及孕期体重增长对妊娠结局的影响。　方法　将 1998年 6月至1999年 6月间在我院行产前检查并住院分娩的 32 2 5例足月单胎初产妇按孕前体重指数分为低于标准体重、标准体重和高于标准体重三组 ,并随访其妊娠结局。　结果　 (1)高于标准体重组孕产妇的妊娠并发症发生率 (32 .1% ) ,明显高于标准体重组 (18.0 % )和低于标准体重组 (2 0 .0 % ) ,具有统计学意义(P值均 <0 .0 5 ) ,而低于标准体重组和标准体重组孕产妇间的妊娠并发症发生率则差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。(2 )新生儿体重与三组孕妇的孕期体重增长具有直线相关关系 (相关系数 r分别为 0 .5 96 ,0 .32 8和 0 .2 49,P值均 <0 .0 1)。(3)低于标准体重组和标准体重组孕妇孕期体重增长≥ 18kg时 ,妊娠高血压综合征的发病率明显增加 (10 .5 % ) ;而高于标准体重组孕妇孕期体重增长≥ 9kg时 ,其妊娠高血压综合征发病率就显著增加 (2 0 .2 % )。　结论　 (1)孕前体重指数及孕期体重增长是妊娠并发症发生的重要影响因素。(2 )孕妇的体重增长对新生儿的体重有重要的影响作用 ;3.孕前体重指数不超过2 4,孕期体重增长适宜者 ,可获得良好的妊娠过程和结局。     

Risk Factors for Maternal Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain in Twin Pregnancies

Objective This retrospective cohort study analyzes risk factors for abnormal pre-pregnancy body mass index and abnormal gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies. Methods Data from 10 603/13 682 twin pregnancies were analyzed using uni- and multivariable logistic regression models to determine risk factors for abnormal body mass index and weight gain in pregnancy. Results Multiparity was associated with pre-existing obesity in twin pregnancies (aOR: 3.78, 95% CI: 2.71 – 5.27). Working in academic or leadership positions (aOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.45 – 0.72) and advanced maternal age (aOR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95 – 0.98) were negatively associated with maternal obesity. Advanced maternal age was associated with a lower risk for maternal underweight (aOR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 – 0.99). Unexpectedly, advanced maternal age (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96 – 0.99) and multiparity (aOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.41 – 0.88) were also associated with lower risks for high gestational weight gain. Pre-existing maternal underweight (aOR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.07 – 2.24), overweight (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.39 – 1.86), obesity (aOR: 3.09, 95% CI: 2.62 – 3.65) and multiparity (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.23 – 2.18) were all associated with low weight gain. Women working as employees (aOR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.73 – 0.98) or in academic or leadership positions were less likely to have a low gestational weight gain (aOR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64 – 0.93). Conclusion Risk factors for abnormal body mass index and gestational weight gain specified for twin pregnancies are relevant to identify pregnancies with increased risks for poor maternal or neonatal outcome and to improve their counselling. Only then, targeted interventional studies in twin pregnancies which are desperately needed can be performed. Key words: gestational weight gain, twin pregnancy, obesity, overweight, underweight     

The Effect of Gestational Weight Gain by Body Mass Index on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of gestational weight gain on maternal and neonatal outcomes in different body mass index (BMI) classes.MethodsWe compared maternal and neonatal outcomes based on gestational weight gain in underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40.00) women. The study group was a population-based cohort of women with singleton gestations who delivered between April 1, 2001, and March 31, 2007, drawn from the Newfoundland and Labrador Provincial Perinatal Program Database. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses (controlling for maternal age, parity, smoking status, partnered status, and gestational age) were performed and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated.ResultsOnly 30.6% of women gained the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy; 52.3% of women gained more than recommended, and 17.1% gained less than recommended. In women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI, excess weight gain was associated with increased rates of gestational hypertension (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08–1.49), augmentation of labour (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.18), and birth weight ≥ 4000 g (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.10–1.34). In overweight women, excess weight gain was associated with increased rates of gestational hypertension (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.10–1.55) and birth weight ≥4000 g (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.15–1.47). In women who were obese or morbidly obese, excess weight gain was associated with increased rates of birth weight ≥4000 g (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.07–1.34) and neonatal metabolic abnormality (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.00–1.70). In morbidly obese women, poor weight gain was associated with less use of epidural analgesia (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.12–0.95). In women who were of normal weight, overweight, or obese, the rate of adverse outcome (Caesarean section, gestational hypertension, birth weight < 2500 g or birth weight ≥4000 g) was lower in women with recommended weight gain than in those with excess weight gain. Adverse outcomes were reduced in nulliparous morbidly obese women who had poor weight gain (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.04–0.83).ConclusionThe effects of gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcome depend on the woman’s pre-pregnancy BMI. Pregnancy weight gains of 6.7–11.2 kg (15–25lb) in overweight and obese women, and less than 6.7 kg (15lb) in morbidly obese women are associated with a reduction in the risk of adverse outcome.     

Changes in Eating Behaviours Throughout Pregnancy: Associations with Gestational Weight Gain and Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index

ObjectiveMost pregnant women gain weight above recommended levels, and this weight gain affects mothers’ and children's health. Factors influencing gestational weight gain (GWG) are numerous and include eating behaviours. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between eating behaviours and GWG while considering pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI).MethodsFifty-three (n = 53) women were recruited at 9.4 ± 0.6 gestational weeks. At each trimester, they completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, which evaluates disinhibition, dietary restraint, and susceptibility to hunger. Using a weight gain curve, trimester-specific GWG was calculated with interpolated weights. Total GWG was calculated as the difference between maternal weight before delivery and self-reported pre-pregnancy weight (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2).ResultsWomen were aged 31.5 ± 3.5, and 81.1% had a university degree. The proportion of women who gained weight within recommendations was 21%, 28%, and 26%, at each trimester, respectively, and 38% for total pregnancy. Overall, dietary restraint score was lower in the third trimester in comparison with the first (6.1 ± 4.1 vs. 7.2 ± 4.6; P = 0.049), whereas no difference was observed for disinhibition or susceptibility to hunger. Our data suggest that variations in eating behaviours throughout pregnancy were similar among women who exhibited total GWG below, within, or above recommendations (P_trim × GWG = NS) (NS: not significant; trim: trimester). Similar observations were reported when women were compared according to their pre-pregnancy BMI (P_trim × BMI = NS).ConclusionMaintaining high levels of restraint may be challenging considering the increase in hunger, which could explain the decrease observed in dietary restraint scores. Changes in eating behaviours were not associated with total GWG or pre-pregnancy BMI.     

Gestational Weight Gain of Pregnant African American Adolescents Affects Body Mass Index 18 Years Later

ObjectiveTo determine if gestational weight gain (GWG) in adolescents is associated with long‐term weight increases 12 years and 18 years after delivery of a first child and the differential effects of weight gain during pregnancy that is inadequate, the appropriate amount, and excessive based on the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations.DesignSecondary data analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial.SettingMemphis, Tennessee.ParticipantsTwo hundred ninety‐eight (298) primiparous low‐income Black women who were adolescents at the time of their first pregnancies.MethodLinear regression was used to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) at 12 and 18 years postdelivery and GWG, parity, prepregnancy BMI, and smoking.ResultsThe total sample experienced a significant BMI increase from prepregnancy to 12 years and 18 years postdelivery. More than 50% of the women had a BMI increase greater than 10 kg/m². By 18 years postdelivery, 85% were overweight or obese. Prepregnancy BMI and GWG had a positive significant effect on BMI 12 and 18 years later, whereas smoking had a negative effect. Those who gained excessive weight based on the IOM recommendations had a significantly higher BMI compared with those who gained appropriately.ConclusionGestational weight gain had long‐term effects on BMI in a minority adolescent population. Excessive pregnancy weight gain is likely to contribute to long‐term weight retention, especially if adolescents are overweight or obese when they become pregnant with their first children. Intervention during pregnancy to limit GWG has the potential of limiting long‐term negative health consequences that result from overweight and obesity in minority women.     

Evaluating Body Mass Index–Specific Trimester Weight Gain Recommendations: Differences Between Black and White Women

Introduction: We compared the gestational weight gains of black and white women with the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations to better understand the potential for successful implementation of these guidelines in clinical settings. Methods: Prenatal and birth data for 2760 women aged 18 to 40 years with term singleton births from 2004 through 2007 were abstracted. We examined race differences in mean trimester weight gains with adjusted linear regression and compared race differences in the distribution of women who met the IOM recommendations with chi‐square analyses. We stratified all analyses by prepregnancy body mass index. Results: Among normal‐weight and obese women, black women gained less weight than white women in the first and second trimesters. Overweight black women gained significantly less than white women in all trimesters. For both races in all body mass index categories, a minority of women (range 9.9%‐32.4%) met the IOM recommended gains for the second and third trimesters. For normal‐weight, overweight, and obese black and white women, 49% to 80% exceeded the recommended gains in the third trimester, with higher rates of excessive gain for white women. Discussion: Less than half of the sample gained within the IOM recommended weight gain ranges in all body mass index groups and in all trimesters. The risk of excessive gain was higher for white women. For both races, excessive weight gain began by the second trimester, suggesting that counseling about the importance of weight gain during pregnancy should begin earlier, in the first trimester or prior to conception.     

Maternal Lean Body Mass and Birth-Weight

Summary: Maternal lean body mass at booking was estimated according to a formula employing the body mass index and maternal age in a sample of 511 women who booked in the first trimester of pregnancy. The significance of this parameter in comparison with established predictors of birth-weight such as maternal weight, height, smoking, parity, gestational age and sex of the infant was examined using bivariate correlations and multiple regression analysis. Maternal lean body mass was found to be the most important determinant of birth-weight for gestation percentile. Cigarette smoking had a negative effect on birth-weight which was independent of maternal physique. The effect of maternal size on birth-weight is largely mediated through constitutional and genetic factors rather than nutrition.     

Body Mass Index and spontaneous miscarriage

Objective

We compared the incidence of spontaneous miscarriage in women categorised as obese, based on a Body Mass Index (BMI) >29.9 kg/m², with women in other BMI categories.

Study design

In a prospective observational study conducted in a university teaching hospital, women were enrolled at their convenience in the first trimester after a sonogram confirmed an ongoing singleton pregnancy with fetal heart activity present. Maternal height and weight were measured digitally and BMI calculated. Maternal body composition was measured by advanced bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Results

In 1200 women, the overall miscarriage rate was 2.8% (n = 33). The mean gestational age at enrolment was 9.9 weeks. In the obese category (n = 217), the miscarriage rate was 2.3% compared with 3.3% in the overweight category (n = 329), and 2.3% in the normal BMI group (n = 621). There was no difference in the mean body composition parameters, particularly fat mass parameters, between those women who miscarried and those who did not.

Conclusions

In women with sonographic evidence of fetal heart activity in the first trimester, the rate of spontaneous miscarriage is low and is not increased in women with BMI > 29.9 kg/m² compared to women in the normal BMI category.     

Association of Early Menarche with Adolescent Health in the Setting of Rapidly Decreasing Age at Menarche

Study ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the association between age at menarche (AAM) and adverse health indicators in adolescent girls.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingPopulation-based survey data.ParticipantsA total of 319,437 female participants aged 12-18 years from the Korea Youth Risk Behaviour Web-based Survey.Interventions and Main Outcome MeasuresWe assessed associations between AAM (categorized as ≤10, 11, and ≥12) and health indicators (poor self-rated health, high psychological stress, unhappiness, sexual initiation, and pregnancy). Covariates were individual-level (bodyweight, living with family, parent's education, household wealth, and presence of parents and siblings) and community-level factors (year of birth, single-sex education and level of school, urbanization level of school area, year of survey, and regional deprivation). Odds ratios (ORs) for each adverse health indicator were examined by each AAM group using multivariable regression analyses. For pregnancy, we calculated relative risks (RRs) using a log-binomial regression model.ResultsAge at menarche was <12 in 42% of our study population. Nearly one-half of the girls born in the early 2000s went through menarche before the age of 12 years, whereas only one-third of girls born in the early 1990s went through menarche before the age of 12 years. Girls who experienced menarche at age ≤10 or age 11 years were more likely to show self-rated poor health (AAM ≤ 10: OR, 1.28; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.22-1.34; AAM = 11: OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.12-1.21), high stress (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14-1.23, and OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14), and sexual initiation (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 2.05-2.38, and OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.23-1.41) compared to those with AAM ≥12 years when data were adjusted for all covariates. AAM ≤10 years was associated with consistently higher odds for poor health than AAM ≥12 years. The ORs of sexual initiation increased with earlier AAM. Risk of pregnancy was similar across AAM groups when individual- and community-level covariates were controlled for.ConclusionEarly menarche, defined as <12 years, can be still a useful indicator in adolescent health interventions to identify high-risk groups in the setting of declining AAM.     

Age at Menarche and Its Association with Excess Weight and Body Fat Percentage in Girls in the Southwestern Region of the Brazilian Amazon

Study ObjectiveTo analyze age at menarche and its association with excess weight and body fat percentage.DesignSchool-based cross-sectional survey.SettingSouthwestern region of the Brazilian Amazon.ParticipantsThe sample was made up of 727 girls, in the 8- to 16-year age range, divided into 3 groups: early, normal, and late menarche, from public and private schools, selected through proportional stratified random sampling.Interventions and Main Outcome MeasuresBioimpedance was used to measure body fat percentage and body mass index, applying the Global School-Based Student Health Survey questionnaire to categorize behavior variables. Age at menarche was determined using the status quo method. Sexual maturity was assessed through self-assessment according to criteria described by Tanner.ResultsOverall age at menarche was 11.52 (±1.35), early 10.48 (±0.78), normal 12.39 (±0.50) and late 14.27 (±0.51) years. Prevalence of excess weight and body fat was 28.3% (206/727) and 44.3% (322/727), among those with menarche. There was a positive association between excess weight and body fat with age at early menarche (P = .000 and .015).ConclusionAge at menarche among girls from the Amazon region is similar to that of industrialized countries. Prevalence of excess weight and body fat was high, and there was evidence of an association between age with early menarche and excess weight. Trends in age at menarche and stage of sexual maturation should be monitored with related factors, to adopt obesity control strategies from an early age.     

妊娠期高血压、子痫前期及子痫与孕前和孕期体质量及其他因素的相关性研究

目的:探讨妊娠期高血压、子痫前期及子痫与孕前体质量指数(BMI)和孕期体质量增长及其他因素的相关性。方法:本研究纳入2013年1月1日至2014年12月31日在四川大学华西第二医院住院分娩的孕妇共10422例,其中患病组(患妊娠期高血压、子痫前期及子痫)349例,未患病组(未患妊娠期高血压、子痫前期及子痫)10073例。采用Logistics回归分析孕前、孕期体质量及其他因素与妊娠期高血压、子痫前期及子痫的相关性及不同BMI分类与其的相关性。结果:Logistics回归分析示,对于所有孕妇,年龄、孕前BMI过高(包括孕前超重、孕前肥胖)、多胎妊娠、辅助生殖技术受孕、慢性高血压及妊娠期高血压疾病史是妊娠期高血压、子痫及子痫前期的独立危险因素,孕前偏瘦为其保护性因素。通过BMI分层以后,对于孕前BMI正常的孕妇,年龄、BMI、孕期总体质量增长、多胎妊娠、辅助生殖技术、慢性高血压、妊娠期高血压疾病史是3种疾病的独立危险因素;对于孕前超重的孕妇,其危险因素只包括孕前BMI、辅助生殖技术受孕和慢性高血压。结论:孕前BMI过高、多胎妊娠、辅助生殖技术受孕、妊娠期高血压疾病史使妊娠期高血压、子痫及子痫前期的发生风险明显增加;孕前BMI、辅助生殖技术受孕和慢性高血压可能增加孕前体质量正常和超重孕妇妊娠期高血压、子痫及子痫前期的发生风险;孕期体质量增长与妊娠期高血压、子痫及子痫前期的发生关系不明显。     

Lifestyle Factors Related to Postpartum Weight Gain and Body Image in Bottle- and Breastfeeding Women

Objective: To explore the relationship of lifestyle variables to postpartum weight gain and body image attitudes of bottle- and breastfeeding women.
Design: Mail survey of new mothers at approximately 4 months postpartum.
Setting: Southwestern community.
Participants: One hundred one bottle-feeding women (69% white, 20% Hispanic, 11 % other) and 106 breastfeeding women [76% white, 19% Hispanic, 5% other) without diabetes. Bottle- and breastfeeding women did not differ on gestational weight gain or weight gain sustained postpartum.
Main outcome Measures: Postpartum weight gain (relative to prepregnancy weight) and body image attitudes.
Results: Feeding method (breast or bottle) was not associated with postpartum weight gain in the sample as a whole. Bottle-feeding mothers with higher postpartum gains exercised less, had higher fat intake habits, and were more dissatisfied with body image than mothers with lower gains. Breastfeeding mothers with higher and lower gains did not differ on any lifestyle factors. Overall lifestyle and psychologic skill in managing emotions were related negatively to postpartum body image dissatisfaction in both groups of women.
Conclusions: Breastfeeding women did not differ from bottle-feeding women in sustained postpartum weight gain. In bottle-feeding women, lifestyle factors were associated with levels of weight gain. Lifestyle-focused programs for weight management would potentially benefit these women.     

Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index on the Retinal Microvasculature in Pregnancy

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the effects of maternal body mass index (BMI) and pregnancy weight gain on the retinal microvasculature among pregnant women. METHODS:: We studied 814 pregnant women aged 18-46 years who were recruited as part of the Growing Up in Singapore Toward Health Outcomes study, an ongoing birth cohort study from two government hospitals in Singapore since 2009. Recalled prepregnancy weight was recorded, and maternal anthropometric measurements of weight and height were performed at 26 weeks of gestation together with retinal photography. RESULTS:: In multiple linear regression models, each standard deviation increase of 26-week pregnancy BMI (4.57) was associated with narrower retinal arteriolar caliber (by 1.58 micrometers, P<.001), wider venular caliber (by 1.28 micrometers, P=.02), and increased retinal venular tortuosity (P=.01). Compared with mothers with normal weight, obese mothers (prepregnancy BMI greater than 30.0) had narrower retinal arteriolar caliber (118.81 compared with 123.38 micrometers, P<.001), wider retinal venular caliber (175.81 compared with 173.01 micrometers; P<.01), and increased retinal venular tortuosity (129.92 compared with 121.49×10; P<.01). Pregnant women whose BMI-specific weight gain from prepregnancy to 26 weeks of gestation was above Institute of Medicine recommendations had narrower retinal arteriolar caliber (120.68 micrometers) than women with ideal (121.91 micrometers) and less than ideal weight gain (123.17), respectively (Ptrend=.05). CONCLUSION:: These data indicate that greater prepregnancy BMI and pregnancy BMI are associated with adverse retinal microvascular measures, suggesting that maternal obesity has an effect on her microcirculation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:: III.     

孕妇体质量及其他因素与分娩巨大儿的相关性研究

目的:探讨孕妇孕前和孕期体质量及有关因素与分娩巨大儿的相关性,为其预防提供指导。方法:选择2013年1月1日至2014年12月31日在四川大学华西第二医院住院分娩符合纳入标准的孕产妇10044例,其中分娩巨大儿466例,非巨大儿9578例。采用Logistics回归分析孕妇体质量及其他因素(妊娠期糖尿病、分娩巨大儿史、多胎妊娠等)与分娩巨大儿的相关性及不同BMI分类与分娩巨大儿的相关性。结果:(1)孕前BMI、孕期总体质量增长、妊娠期糖尿病及既往分娩过巨大儿是分娩巨大儿的独立危险因素(P0.05);多胎妊娠是分娩巨大儿的保护因素(P0.05)。(2)通过BMI分层后,对于孕前BMI正常者,孕期体质量增长过少和多胎妊娠是分娩巨大儿的保护因素(P0.05);孕期总体质量增长、孕期体质量增长过多、有巨大儿分娩史是分娩巨大儿的独立危险因素(P0.05)。对于孕前体质量过轻者,孕期总体质量增长和孕期体质量增长过多是分娩巨大儿独立危险因素(P0.05)。对于孕前超重的孕妇,孕期总体质量增长和妊娠期糖尿病是分娩巨大儿独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:孕前BMI过高、孕期体质量增长过多、发生妊娠期糖尿病及既往分娩巨大儿史均可使再次妊娠发生巨大儿的风险明显增高;孕前不同BMI孕妇其分娩巨大儿的危险因素有不同,孕期体质量增长过多可能增加孕前偏瘦和体质量正常孕妇巨大儿的发生风险。     

A Rare Pelvic Mass: Osteosarcoma of the Body of the Uterus

A rare, enormous, unresectable, osteosarcoma of the uterus is reported. This obstructed ureters, enclosed rectum, bladder, aorta and vena cava, and metastasized to peritoneum, lungs and liver causing death of the patient by renal and pulmonary failure.