Comparison of three-day temafloxacin with seven-day ciprofloxacin treatment of urinary tract infections in women.

BACKGROUND. Temafloxacin is a new broad-spectrum arylfluoroquinolone antimicrobial with an extended serum half-life. METHODS. In this large, multicenter, double-blind clinical trial, 404 women with acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) were randomized to receive temafloxacin 400 mg once daily for 3 days, or ciprofloxacin 250 mg twice daily for 7 days. Clinical and microbiologic evaluations were repeated at 4 to 5 days after initiation of treatment, at the end of therapy, and at 5 to 9 days posttreatment. One hundred fifteen patients who received temafloxacin and 105 patients who received ciprofloxacin met the eligibility criteria for efficacy evaluation. The predominant urinary pathogens were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. No pretherapy isolate was resistant to either study drug. RESULTS. Bacteriologic eradication was observed in 112 (97%) of 115 women treated with temafloxacin and 101 (96%) of 105 women treated with ciprofloxacin. Clinical cure rates at 5 to 9 days posttreatment were 90% (the remaining 10% improved) with temafloxacin and 95% (the remaining 5% improved) with ciprofloxacin. Adverse effects associated with treatment occurred in 24 (12%) women who received temafloxacin and 31 (15%) women who received ciprofloxacin. Headache (2% with temafloxacin and 2% with ciprofloxacin), nausea (3% with temafloxacin and 6% with ciprofloxacin), and somnolence (4% with temafloxacin and 3% with ciprofloxacin) were reported most often. Only three and five patients who were treated with temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively, discontinued treatment because of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, a 3-day treatment regimen using a single daily 400-mg dose of temafloxacin was found to be as effective as a 7-day course of ciprofloxacin in women with acute uncomplicated UTI.     

High sensitivity of Escherichia coli to antimicrobial agents used for first-line treatment of urinary tract infections; results of an examination of feces of healthy subjects in Friesland

OBJECTIVE: To determine the basic sensitivity of Escherichia coli in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands, to antimicrobial agents used by general practitioners to treat urinary tract infections. DESIGN: Inventory. METHOD: Fifty general practitioners in the province were asked in 1999 to have faeces submitted by patients who had not been using antibiotics for at least one month. E. coli was isolated from the faeces using an elective medium. The proportions of resistance were compared with those of strains isolated in urine sent for examination to Friesland Public Health Laboratory by a clinic, outpatient department, general practice or nursing home. RESULTS: The sensitivities were tested of 240 strains from 240 healthy subjects (73 males and 167 females; mean age 47 years (range 0-84)). The proportions of strains resistant to the agents tested were as follows: nitrofurantoin: 0.8%, trimethoprim: 10%, co-trimoxazole: 10%, amoxicillin: 15%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 0.4%. Forty-eight per cent of the strains showed intermediate susceptibility to amoxicillin, 63% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The resistance was lower than in isolates submitted for examination from general and specialist practices. CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial agents mentioned are still useful for treatment of urinary tract infections in the general practice.     

Choice of antibiotics in uncomplicated cystitis; application of 'system of objectified judgement analysis' (SOJA) method

OBJECTIVE: To determine the drug of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. METHOD: Drug selection was performed by means of the so-called 'system of objectified judgement analysis' (SOJA) method by a working group of 11 persons. The following selection criteria were used: pharmacokinetics, interactions, probability of hitting (the probability that the microorganism is sensitive to the antibiotic), development of resistance, specific use in urinary tract infections, efficacy, side effects, dosage-frequency, duration of treatment, cost and documentation. The following drugs were included in the study: amoxicillin (with or without clavulanic acid), nitrofurantoin, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and fosfomycin trometamol. RESULTS: Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin slow release showed the highest scores. The main selection criteria that determined the selection of a drug were especially specific use in urinary tract infections, development of resistance, probability of hitting and cost. CONCLUSION: Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin slow release best fulfill the requirements for drugs in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis. No comparative studies have been performed with the 3-day treatment of uncomplicated cystitis with nitrofurantoin slow release or with trimethoprim. Fluoroquinolones play no important part in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis, mainly because of the risk of development of resistance.     

Incidence of urinary tract infection following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy at a tertiary-care medical center in Lebanon.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) following transrectal ultrasound guided needle biopsy of the prostate (TRUBP) and the bacteriology of these infections. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of the charts and records of all patients who underwent TRUBP between June 1, 2002, and August 31, 2003. SETTING: American University of Beirut Medical Center, a tertiary-care center in Lebanon. PATIENTS: Two hundred seven patients underwent TRUBP. All received prophylactic antibiotics. One hundred twenty (58%) received ciprofloxacin alone, whereas 87 (42%) received both ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Sixty-one patients (29.5%) had an enema prior to the procedure, whereas 146 (70.5%) did not. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (6.3%) were admitted with UTI. All had rigors and fever on admission. Symptoms appeared at a mean of 2.7 days and the mean hospital stay was 9.2 days. The mean duration of antibiotic treatment was 23.2 days. Ten (77%) of the patients had positive bacteriology. Urine cultures were positive in 8 (61.5%) of the patients and blood cultures in 6 (46.2%). All positive cultures grew Escherichia coli resistant to ciprofloxacin, with 5 isolates producing extended-spectrum betalactamases. CONCLUSIONS: TRUBP continues to be associated with significant infectious complications, especially UTI. Given the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance mainly among the Enterobacteriaceae, antimicrobial prophylaxis practices should be reevaluated and the universal administration of quinolones alone or in combination with aminoglycosides should be reconsidered.     

Diagnostic Value of Urine Strip Testing for White Blood Cells: an Implication for Screening in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an important health problem affecting millions of people each year. A significant high incidence of UTI can be seen in individuals with disabilities, especially those with paralysis due to spinal cord injury. Dip stick screening tests may offer promise as an early warning system of UTI since they are easy to perform and can be self-administered. Here, we report our experience of the diagnostic value of the urine strip test for white blood cell count in medical laboratory practice. The sensitivity of urine strip test was 100%, the specificity 92.2%, the positive predictive value 33.8% and the negative predictive value 100%. False positive was 7.8% and false negative 0%. This can confirm the needs for further examination in cases with positive urine strip screening test. Hence, the usage of urine strip examination as a screening tool for pyuria, an early sign of UTI among people with disabilities is recommended.     

老年女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的 了解老年女性2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者合并尿路感染(UTI)的病原菌分布和药敏率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供指导.方法 对2006年8月-2010年7月106例老年女性T2DM患者送检标本进行尿培养病原学鉴定及药敏试验.结果 病原菌中革兰阴性菌占58.5％,以大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性菌占33.0％,以肠球菌属为主;真菌占8.5％;大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、环丙沙星和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率＞65.0％;肠球菌属对磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、红霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率＞ 80.0％,对万古霉素的耐药率达到9.1％.结论 老年女性T2DM患者UTI的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,但有下降趋势,肠球菌属和假丝酵母菌属的检出率在上升,病原菌对万古霉素耐药性的增加需高度重视,临床医师应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物.     

'Urinary tract infections'--revised CBO guideline. Dutch Institute for Quality Assurance

Recently the 'Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de gezondheidszorg CBO' (Dutch Institute++ for Health Care Improvement) published revised guidelines on urinary tract infections. In children less than one year old clinical signs of urinary tract infection are non-specific and the diagnosis should be ruled out by laboratory investigations: a nitrite test, followed by inspection of the urinary sediment for leucocytes and bacteria if the test is negative. If one of the investigations is positive an urinary culture is made and antimicrobial therapy is started as for pyelonephritis. The child should be referred to a paediatrician to examine the urinary tract for anatomical abnormalities with a view to possible preventive measures regarding renal function loss. Boys older than one year with urinary tract infections should be managed in the same way as younger children. In older girls examination of the urinary tract is indicated after recurrent infection. In adult women with complaints of urinary tract infection causes like vaginitis, pyelonephritis and genital herpes should be excluded. Urine is examined (nitrite test, if negative followed by urinary sediment) to confirm the diagnosis. A urine culture is not indicated. First-choice treatment for uncomplicated infection is trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin. Persistent infection may be treated blind with a second antimicrobial drug. Recurrent infection can be prevented by changing behaviour, antimicrobial prophylaxis or oestrogen cream in postmenopausal women. If a man with micturition complaints also suffers from pain in the perineum, the lower back or the lower abdomen or during ejaculation, a distinction should be made between bacterial prostatitis, non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. Uncomplicated urinary infections can be treated with trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin. Urinary catheters are a risk for infection and their use should be restricted in number and duration. Catheter care should follow the guidelines of the Workgroup Infection Prevention. Urinary cultures should only be made in the presence of signs of infection if there is an indication for antimicrobial therapy.     

Detection of antimicrobial activity in urine for epidemiologic studies of antibiotic use.

Antibiotic resistance is the inevitable consequence of the selective pressure of antimicrobial drug use and the adaptive plasticity of the microorganisms. Excessive and irrational use of antimicrobial drugs is a problem in all countries. It is particularly troublesome in developing countries where there is a heavy burden of infectious diseases. This study was designed to determine whether detection of antimicrobial activity in the urine might be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of the interaction between antibiotic use and resistance in developing countries. A laboratory marker is necessary because the history of antimicrobial drug use may be unreliable. Serial specimens or spontaneously voided urine were obtained from healthy volunteers given a single oral dose of commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Urine was also obtained from hospitalized patients the morning after the last dose of an antimicrobial drug and from untreated controls. Assays were performed with standard American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) stains of Bacillus stearothermophilus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrobial activity could not be detected in pretreatment urine. After a single oral dose, the beta lactam antibiotics and erythromycin could be detected for about 12 to 24 hours, whereas clindamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin could be detected for 48 or more hours. In hospitalized patients, receiving multiple drugs, the following were the sensitivity and specificity for detection of antimicrobial activity: for B. stearothermophilus, 100.0% and 85.9%, respectively; for S. pyogenes, 94.9% and 94.9%, respectively; and for E. coli, 71.8% and 98.7%, respectively. The combination of E. coli and Streptococcus pyogenes exhibited a sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 94.9%. Detection of antimicrobial activity in urine is a promising method to determine antimicrobial drug use in epidemiologic studies, particularly in populations in which drug use history is unreliable.     

社区获得性与医院获得性泌尿道感染病原菌及耐药性

目的分析社区获得性和医院获得性泌尿道感染病原菌构成和耐药性差异。方法回顾性调查2013年1月—2014年6月某院960例泌尿道感染住院患者的临床资料和尿标本微生物送检信息,分析其感染病原菌构成和耐药性差异。结果社区感染403例,医院感染557例;社区获得性和医院获得性泌尿道感染病原菌均以革兰阴性菌(G-)为主,分别占78.16%和66.97%。社区获得性和医院获得性泌尿道感染病原菌构成比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.68,P0.001)。社区感染与医院感染大肠埃希菌耐药率比较:哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨曲南、美罗培南、厄他培南、庆大霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑耐药率差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);除氨曲南外,大肠埃希菌对上述抗菌药物的耐药率医院感染均高于社区感染。医院感染屎肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星的耐药率均高于社区感染的屎肠球菌,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论社区获得性和医院获得性泌尿道感染病原菌构成和耐药率方面存在一定差异,应结合病原菌构成特点和耐药菌的变化规律,选择适宜的治疗药物,防止和减少耐药菌产生,提高临床治疗效果。     

Urinary Symptoms in Adolescent Females: STI or UTI?

PurposeTo determine if urinary symptoms or urinary tract infections (UTI) were associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI) and which history, clinical, and laboratory findings could distinguish these infections in symptomatic women.MethodsA cross-sectional sample of 296 sexually active females aged 14–22 years attending a hospital-based teen health center or emergency department were recruited. Genitourinary symptoms, medical and sexual history, and urinalysis results were recorded. STI was defined as a vaginal swab positive for Trichomonas vaginalis or urine nucleic acid amplification test positive for Neisseria gonorrheae or Chlamydia trachomatis. A urine culture with >10,000 colonies of a single pathogen was considered a positive UTI.ResultsIn the full sample, prevalence of UTI and STI were 17% and 33%, respectively. Neither urinary symptoms nor UTI was significantly associated with STI. Further analyses are reported for the 154 (51%) with urinary symptoms: Positive urine leukocytes, more than one partner in the last three months and history of STI predicted STI. Urinalysis results identified four groups: (1) Normal urinalysis—67% had no infection; (2) Positive nitrites or protein—55% had UTI; (3) Positive leukocytes or blood—62% had STI; and (4) Both nitrites/protein and leukocytes/blood positive—28% had STI and 65% had UTI. Those without a documented UTI were more likely to have trichomoniasis than those with a UTI, and 65% of those with sterile pyuria had STI, mainly trichomoniasis or gonorrhea.ConclusionsAdolescent females with urinary symptoms should be tested for both UTI and STIs. Urinalysis results may be helpful to direct initial therapy.     

What is the predictive value of urinary symptoms for diagnosing urinary tract infection in women?

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine the probability of correctly diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) from urinary symptoms and signs, studying their sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio (LR) when clinical history, signs and reactive strip test results are taken into account. METHODS: An epidemiological analysis with a diagnostic and clinical orientation was carried out in a primary health care setting. The subjects comprised 343 women > or =14 years of age who consulted their family physician for incident urinary tract symptoms. A guided medical examination was carried out using a check-list formulary, reactive strip test, urine culture and the clinical course of all patients. RESULTS: The pre-test probability of having UTI among patients with incident urinary symptoms is 0.484 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.431-0.536]. Positive LRs for UTI are: painful voiding 1.31 (95% CI 1.12-1.54), urgency 1.29 (95% CI 1.12-1.50), urinary frequency 1.16 (95% CI 1.06-1.28) and tenesmus 1.16 (95% CI 1.02-1.32). The probability of UTI is reduced by the presence of genital discomfort, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, positive lumbar fist percussion and perineal discomfort. Nitrites on the urine reactive strip test increase the probability of UTI by >5 times, moderate pyuria increases it by >1.5 times, and the presence of both findings does so by >7 times. CONCLUSIONS: In women with urinary symptoms, a thorough clinical examination, together with performance of a reactive strip test during the office visit, improves the chances of detecting UTI.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者下呼吸道感染病原体分布及耐药性

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）患者下呼吸道感染病原体分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2011年1-12月入住某院呼吸科的200例AECOPD患者进行痰培养和药敏试验,采用WHONET5.3软件分析药敏结果。结果200例AECOPD患者,85例（42.50%）痰培养阳性,检出革兰阴性（G-）杆菌66株（77.65%）,革兰阳性（G+）球菌16株（18.82%）,真菌3株（3.53%）;居前6位的病原体分别为铜绿假单胞菌(36.47%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.76%)、流感嗜血杆菌(10.58%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(9.41%)、肺炎链球菌（9.41%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（8.24%）。铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗菌药物的耐药性较严重,其中对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢替坦、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、呋喃妥因的耐药率达100.00%,对头孢曲松的耐药率高达93.55%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑林和呋喃妥因的耐药率＞75%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林及呋喃妥因具有较高的耐药率（＞60%）;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林和复方磺胺甲口恶唑的耐药率＞65%。7株金黄色葡萄球菌中,5株为耐甲氧西林株。结论AECOPD患者下呼吸道感染病原体以G-杆菌为主,且耐药较严重,治疗时应选择对G-杆菌敏感的抗菌药物,同时应警惕耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌及真菌感染。     

French results of the ARESC study: clinical aspects and epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in female patients with cystitis. Implications for empiric therapy

Objective

Uncomplicated cystitis is one of the most frequent community infections. We report the French results of the international ARESC study on the clinical aspects, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens.

Patient and methods

Female patients between 18 and 65 years of age, with symptoms of uncomplicated cystitis, were investigated clinically with urinalysis and urine culture. Uropathogens were identified and their susceptibility was tested with nine antimicrobials.

Results

Four thousand and four hundred patients were included, 871 in France, forming the largest national cohort. Urine culture was positive (cfu ≥ 10⁴/ml) in 550 (63.1%); 533 (96.9%) presented with a single bacterium infection. 488 uropathogens, collected from 479 patients, were analyzed. The most frequent were: Escherichia coli (83.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.3%), Proteus mirabilis (3.1%), enterococci (1.2%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.0%). E. coli was highly susceptible to fosfomycin (99.0%) (97.1%), nitrofurantoin (97.3%), and ciprofloxacin (98.3%). The lowest susceptibility rates were found for ampicillin (60.9%) and cotrimoxazole (87.8%). Fosfomycin (97.8%), ciprofloxacin (98.3%), and nitrofurantoin (91.5%) had the highest susceptibility rate. The lowest susceptibility rates were observed with ampicillin (61.4%) and cotrimoxazole (86.5%).

Conclusions

Fosfomycin, pivmecillinam (not available in France), and nitrofurantoin have preserved their in vitro activity and are suitable for empiric therapy. Cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole) and fluoroquinolones are not usually recommended as first intention drugs for the empiric therapy of uncomplicated cystitis, because of increasing resistance rates.     

Monitoring antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates from the community--a spotter practice model

Awareness of the rise in antimicrobial resistance has led to recommendations for better prescribing guidelines, based on accurate laboratory sensitivity data. However, concerns have been raised of possible biases in sampling leading to skewed resistance rates results, and so a range of different enhanced surveillance models have been proposed. This study compared the differences between routine results from unselected primary care urine samples with results from samples from spotter practices. Five hundred and eighty-eight out of 2,288 urine samples received from three spotter practices were culture positive. Of the 510 isolates tested against a panel of commonly prescribed antibiotics, levels of resistance to ampicillin were 32.5%, and to trimethoprim 18.0% (p < 0.05). By comparison, of 40,026 urine specimens submitted by other practices, 9,382 were culture positive and the percentage antibiotic resistant was higher--36.3% to ampicillin and 22.6% to trimethoprim. Routinely submitted laboratory samples may overestimate the true levels of antibiotic resistance in the community. A spotter practice-model is an effective and viable way of collecting unbiased data.     

Discrepancies between various methods in susceptibility testing and epidemiological analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolates

The susceptibility of 25 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) clinical isolates to four different antimicrobials (trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazole, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin) were investigated by disk diffusion, E-test and commercial Sensititre and PASCO broth microdilution techniques. Discrepancies between the results of broth microdilution and the other methods studied were characterized as very major, major and minor errors. Using the broth microdilution as the reference method, 24% of the isolates were found susceptible to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, 24% to ceftazidime, 0% to piperacillin/tazobactam and 12% to ciprofloxacin. Good correlation was observed between the two broth microdilution Sensititre and PASCO for all antibiotics tested. Disc diffusion and E-test generated inconsistent results for all agents except trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. A great genomic diversity was demonstrated within the S. maltophilia strains tested. Although our results confirm that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had some in vitro activity against S. maltophilia, further clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical efficacy of these compounds for the treatment of S. maltophilia infections, since no randomized controlled trials have been carried out and no correlation between the clinical response and susceptibility testing results has been reported. Furthermore, the high genomic diversity observed in the S. maltophilia strains indicates the need for careful epidemiological evaluation especially in nosocomial outbreaks.     

Molecular epidemiology of multi-resistant Escherichia coli.

In this case-control study multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates were characterized on a molecular level and risk factors for their development were identified. Thirty-two multi-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from the urine of 13 patients attending a renal clinic for chronic urinary tract infection (UTI) and from different sites of 11 terminally ill patients with nosocomial infections hospitalized on five different wards. All 32 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and produced beta-lactamase. All strains contained plasmids of 2-110 MDa of which a 50 MDa and a 100 MDa plasmid were present in 81% of the strains. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis demonstrated 17 genotypes among 32 strains which indicates a polyclonal outbreak with some geographic clustering. Monitoring of patients over the study period showed that either the resident genotype remained the same and that these retained strains underwent changes in their plasmid contents, or that they were replaced by a different genotype after several months of therapy for chronic UTI.Univariate analysis indicated that multi-resistant E. coli develop in the presence of long-term selective ciprofloxacin pressure at a dosing regimen of 250 mg bid for more than 20 days and that treatment with a broad spectrum antimicrobial for more than three days favours the selection of multi-resistant E. coli in the flora of terminally ill patients with multiple disorders.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes food isolates from different cities in Colombia

One hundred eight Listeria monocytogenes food isolates from four cities in Colombia and previously confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility. Isolates were evaluated against 17 antimicrobials contained in the MICroSTREP plus(?)3 panel (MicroScan system). Susceptibility found for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol was 100%, whereas it was 98% for other antimicrobials such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 97% for azithromycin, 92% for vancomycin, 90% for erythromycin, 86% for tetracycline, 84% for penicillin, 70% for ciprofloxacin, 57% for rifampin, 56% for meropenem, and 32% for clindamycin. Natural resistance to cephalosporins was confirmed in all cases, and 16% of isolates were nonsusceptible to penicillin. Using Staphylococcus spp. or Enterococcus spp. breakpoints, 48% of isolates displayed multidrug resistances, and the major resistance phenotypes were against rifampin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and erythromycin. Colombian food isolates displayed high resistance to clindamycin, meropenem, rifampin, and ciprofloxacin (30%-65%), and the primary drugs of choice against listeriosis remain effective for most of isolates (84%).