香烟烟气致遗传毒性的研究

本文报告用SOS/Umu原位法测定8种国产香烟和3种进口香烟烟气的致遗传毒性,均获得阳性结果,并有明显剂量反应关系。致遗传毒性物质同时存在于香烟烟气的气相和颗粒相中,二者比例约为1.5:1。香烟中焦油含量增加可使致遗传毒作用增强。滤咀具有降低香烟烟气致遗传毒性的作用,但不同滤咀类型对香烟烟气的遗传毒变性影响不大。加入香精可使香烟烟气致遗传毒性大大增强。     

香烟烟雾成分分析及其对DNA生物氧化能力研究

目的 从分子生物学水平上探讨香烟烟雾对DNA的生物氧化能力。方法 以DNA加合物8－羟基脱氧鸟苷（8－OHdG）作为DNA氧化损伤的生物学标志物,用高压液相色谱－电化学检测法对香烟烟雾染毒后的DNA中8－OHdG进行定量。通过气质联用法（GC－MS）对香烟烟雾进行有机分成分析,用原子吸收法（AAS）对其进行无机元素分析。结果 香烟烟雾颗粒物和挥发性有机物可不同程度地引起DNA基损伤产生8－OHdG,并分别检出有机污染物157种和78种,无机元素5种。香烟烟雾对DNA的生物氧化能力主要是由于存在大量有机污染物,其中的醌类、多酚等化合物具有自氧化作用,在体外可产生大量的活性氧自由基,并在金属的催化作用下进攻DNA的碱基,形成加合物8－OHdG。结论 香烟烟雾对DNA具有氧化能力,香烟烟雾具有直接的遗传毒性效应。     

水螅再生实验快速检测香烟烟雾提取物的致畸性

随着新化学物质种类的不断增多，被报道对人体或实验动物有致畸性的化学物质也不断增多。工业生产、家庭生活使环境中存在着很多有害化学物，要在短时期内检测一些化学物质的致畸性，哺乳动物系统的实验由于费时费力，不易采用，近年来国内外发展了多种短期生物学致畸实验。作为化学物致畸性检测的预筛检实验，如哺乳动物系统的大鼠植入后胚胎体外培养试验及非哺乳动物系统的杜氏扁虫(Pngesia)再生实验．     

S市水质有机物成分分析及遗传毒性研究

分别采集S市两处自来水厂入口处源水与自来水各120L,经XAD－2树脂柱收集其中的有机物,采用GC／MS定性与定量分析有机物成分,同时采用Ames与小鼠骨髓微核试验从基因水平与染色体水平检测其遗传毒性,结果源水与自来水均检出多种有机物,自来水中有机物种类较源水为少。遗传毒性试验表明源水与自来水有不同程度的致突变性,且自来水较源水为强,两种试验结果之间有一定的相关性,说明S市水质受到一定程度的有机物污染,氯化消毒可使水质遗传毒性增加,其机理可能与氯化消毒副产物有关。     

香烟烟雾提取物对RAW264.7细胞增殖、自噬的影响及机制

目的研究香烟烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)对RAW264. 7细胞增殖、自噬的影响及其机制。方法以RAW264. 7细胞作为实验对象,实验分为对照组、阳性对照组(剥夺血清)和CSE组(2%、3%、4%、5%CSE)。利用增强型CCK-8试剂盒测定CSE对RAW264. 7细胞增殖的毒性作用,Western blot实验、mRFP-GFP-LC3细胞荧光斑点计数进行CSE影响RAW264. 7细胞自噬及其机制的研究。结果 CCK-8结果显示,与对照组比较,处理时间为24 h,CSE组吸光度值(0. 671±0. 03、0. 746±0. 10、0. 584±0. 07、0. 588±0. 05)显著下降,显示CSE有效抑制了RAW264. 7细胞的增殖,且差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。Western blot实验结果显示,与对照组相比,CSE组LC3B蛋白表达量增加且最高表达量在6 h(6. 612±0. 35)、12 h(4. 383±1. 99)和24 h(5. 781±0. 78)均不同,P62蛋白表达量下降且最低表达量在6 h(1. 815±0. 08)、12 h(0. 274±0. 06)和24 h(0. 414±0. 06)也不同,Pm TOR(1. 744±0. 15)、P-AKT(0. 376±0. 03)蛋白表达量下降,差异具有统计学意义(P<0. 05),而Beclin1蛋白表达量无明显变化,差异无统计学意义。mRFP-GFP-LC3细胞荧光斑点计数结果显示,CSE组绿色荧光斑点(GFP)显著减少,红色荧光斑点(mRFP)稳定不变,mRFP-GFP结合后显示为黄色和红色斑点。结论CSE对RAW264. 7细胞的增殖具有毒性作用,且通过AKT/m TOR信号通路诱导RAW264. 7细胞产生自噬。     

4种饮用水中有机提取物的遗传毒性研究

目的探讨不同水质饮用水对人群健康的影响.方法采用单细胞凝胶电泳试验和微核实验检测自来水、纯净水、净化水以及凉开水中有机提取物的遗传毒性.结果 4种水的有机提取物对DNA的损伤程度为自来水＞凉开水＞净化水＞纯净水;致染色体损伤的程度为凉开水＞自来水＞净化水＞纯净水.结论从有机物污染角度看饮用纯净水较其它3种水更好,但由于纯净水是一种低pH值、极低硬度、极低水平矿物元素的软水,其对人体的综合健康效应有待于进一步研究.     

香烟烟雾提取物对MIN6细胞JNK及p38MAPK表达影响

目的 探讨体外香烟烟雾提取物（CSE）对胰岛MIN6细胞形态及活力的影响,及对胞内丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPKs）信号转导通路ERK、JNK、p38MAPK表达的影响。方法 体外培养MIN6细胞至生长对数期后,设不同浓度CSE（20、50、100和200 μg/mL）实验组,同时设对照组,48 h后,镜下观察MIN6细胞形态学改变,并应用CCK-8法检测CSE对MIN6细胞的增殖抑制率;同时应用蛋白印迹法（WB）检测细胞内ERK、JNK、p38MAPK蛋白及磷酸化程度。结果 与对照组比较,100和200 μg/mL剂量下的细胞形态出现明显异常,胞核固缩,细胞呈梭形样改变;与对照组比较,MIN6细胞活力出现下降,20、50、100、200 μg/mL各组细胞活力分别为（97.32±2.67）%、（94.67±5.33）%、（87.71±12.3）%和（74.23±25.8）%;与对照组相比,ERK、JNK、p38MAPK蛋白表达变化不大,但随着CSE剂量的增加,p-JNK和p-p38MAPK磷酸化程度明显增加（与对照组相比,P<0.05）,并呈一定的剂量-效应关系。结论 CSE能够导致MIN6细胞形态异常、抑制其细胞增殖活力,其机制可能与JNK和p38MAPK信号通路的激活相关。     

上海市某区部分餐厅环境烟草烟雾浓度调查

[目的]对上海市某区8家餐厅的环境烟草烟雾浓度在《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》(简称《控烟条例》)实施前后进行比较,旨在评价《控烟条例》在餐厅的实施效果,为该条例今后的进一步修订提供参考. [方法]采用目的抽样方法,在2008年4月《控烟条例》实施前和2010年12月《控烟条例》实施后选取8家餐厅分别进行基线调查和随访监测,采用AM510个体气溶胶监测仪检测空气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)浓度以代表环境烟草烟雾污染状况. [结果]《控烟条例》实施前后餐厅室内PM2.5浓度分别为147.76、125.15μg/m3,室内PM2.5浓度峰值分别为363.20、272.00μg/m3.《控烟条例》实施前后餐厅室内外PM2.5浓度差值分别为80.44、70.53μg/m3,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). [结论]《控烟条例》实施前后,餐厅室内PM2.5浓度没有明显变化.部分餐厅大厅内尚无有效控烟措施,环境烟草烟雾暴露问题比较严重,必须采取严格有效禁烟措施减少环境中因吸烟所致的烟雾污染.     

烟草烟雾吸入对大鼠体内维生素C含量的影响

为探讨烟草烟雾吸入维生素Ｃ含量的影响，采用烟草烟雾吸入的法对大鼠模拟实验９０天，结果发现，吸烟组比对照组肺内维生素Ｃ含量明显降低，吸烟强化组比吸烟组大鼠血浆，肺，心，肝，肾组织中的维生素Ｃ含量降低明显，而脑组织中维生素Ｃ含量无明显变化，这说明烟草烟雾能降低体内维生素Ｃ的含量。造成抗脂质过氧化的能力减弱，而加速机体衰老，易引发各种癌症。     

Tobacco Smoke and Formation of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)Valine in Human Hemoglobin

Human exposure to ethylene oxide (EtO) occurs mainly through inhalation of polluted air in occupational workplaces and/or via tobacco smoke. A significant biochemical reaction of EtO converts the terminal valine of hemoglobin into N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HOEtVal). In the present study, the extent of HOEtVal formation in 360 healthy adults who were not occupationally exposed to EtO was measured with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer in the electron-capture negative chemical ionization mode. This parameter was correlated with smoking habits and urinary cotinine concentration, exhibiting a positive relationship between HOEtVal and the number of cigarettes smoked (r ² = .4416). Urinary cotinine measurements also correlated with HOEtVal and the number of cigarettes smoked. This positive correlation between urinary cotinine and HOEtVal (r ² = .3893) provides a new perspective on the early stages of carcinogenic processes.     

Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Open and Semi-Open Settings: A Systematic Review

Background: Some countries have recently extended smoke-free policies to particular outdoor settings; however, there is controversy regarding whether this is scientifically and ethically justifiable.Objectives: The objective of the present study was to review research on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in outdoor settings.Data sources: We conducted different searches in PubMed for the period prior to September 2012. We checked the references of the identified papers, and conducted a similar search in Google Scholar.Study selection: Our search terms included combinations of “secondhand smoke,” “environmental tobacco smoke,” “passive smoking” OR “tobacco smoke pollution” AND “outdoors” AND “PM” (particulate matter), “PM_2.5” (PM with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm), “respirable suspended particles,” “particulate matter,” “nicotine,” “CO” (carbon monoxide), “cotinine,” “marker,” “biomarker” OR “airborne marker.” In total, 18 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria.Results: Almost all studies used PM_2.5 concentration as an SHS marker. Mean PM_2.5 concentrations reported for outdoor smoking areas when smokers were present ranged from 8.32 to 124 µg/m³ at hospitality venues, and 4.60 to 17.80 µg/m³ at other locations. Mean PM_2.5 concentrations in smoke-free indoor settings near outdoor smoking areas ranged from 4 to 120.51 µg/m³. SHS levels increased when smokers were present, and outdoor and indoor SHS levels were related. Most studies reported a positive association between SHS measures and smoker density, enclosure of outdoor locations, wind conditions, and proximity to smokers.Conclusions: The available evidence indicates high SHS levels at some outdoor smoking areas and at adjacent smoke-free indoor areas. Further research and standardization of methodology is needed to determine whether smoke-free legislation should be extended to outdoor settings.     

Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke among Infants in Southern Thailand: A Study of Urinary Cotinine

We performed a survey to assess the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in 1-year-old infants in Thailand. Of the 725 infants, it was reported that 73.3% had household smoking and 40.7% had detectable urinary cotinine. Twenty-five infants (3.4%) had urinary cotinine in the range of adult heavy smokers. The prevalence of ETS exposure was significantly higher in infants with a father whose education was ≤ grade 6 than in those with father’s education >6 years (44.0% vs. 36.0%, p = 0.039). Data on the exposure to ETS among infants will provide prevalence information and identify population subgroups at increased risk for exposure.     

Effectiveness of Clean Indoor Air Ordinances in Controlling Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Restaurants

Clean indoor air (CIA) ordinances in Toledo, Ohio, and Bowling Green, Ohio, regulate smoking in restaurants to protect patrons and employees. Yet complete protection is questionable because the ordinances allow for smoking in certain dining sections. Two restaurants were studied in each city, one smoking and one nonsmoking. Levels of contaminants related to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)—determined by personal and area air monitoring—in the nonsmoking restaurants were comparable to levels in a control environment. However, levels of ETS-related contaminants in the smoking restaurants, including designated nonsmoking sections, were significantly higher than levels in the control environment. ETS-related contamination of the nonsmoking sections in the smoking restaurants is attributable to direct openings between the smoking and nonsmoking sections. Reasonable protection of employees and patrons against ETS-related contaminants requires strict enforcement of CIA ordinances. Full protection is achievable only with 100% smoke-free policies.     

上海市市区婴儿环境烟草烟雾暴露的现况调查

目的了解上海市市区目前婴儿的环境烟草烟雾(ETS)暴露情况和婴儿父亲在其妻子怀孕期间吸烟行为的变化。方法在2005年6月—2006年8月期间,通过采用整群抽样的方法,从上海市遵义、斜土和田林3个社区中抽取所有在研究当时为5～8月龄婴儿(包括户籍和非户籍人口)的母亲为研究对象,通过调查员询问和自填2种方式进行问卷调查。采用SPSS11.5统计软件对资料进行单因素统计分析。结果38.2%的婴儿母亲在孕期有ETS暴露,其被动吸烟率为24.8%;21.3%的婴儿在出生后有ETS暴露,其被动吸烟率为11.2%。母亲孕期被动吸烟与家中同住状态和母亲孕期的工作状态有关,ETS暴露来源以同事、丈夫、朋友和陌生人为主,暴露场所以家里和工作场所为主;婴儿出生后被动吸烟与其母亲文化程度有关,ETS暴露来源主要是婴儿父亲,暴露场所以家中最高。婴儿父亲在其妻子整个怀孕期间的吸烟行为改变率为38.3%,19.1%的父亲减少烟量,19.7%戒烟,12.8%完全戒烟。结论婴儿父亲们开始意识到ETS暴露对胎儿健康的影响,在妻子怀孕期间自发地进行吸烟行为改变,提示孕期可能是婴儿和孕妇ETS暴露干预的最佳时期。工作场所也是母亲孕期ETS暴露的重要场所,在工作环境控烟应成为干预孕期ETS暴露的重要措施。     

Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Perceptions of German Realschule Students

Realschule (secondary level) students from two schools in Munich,Germany were surveyed as to their knowledge, attitudes and preventiveefforts regarding exposure to environmental tobacco smoke andthe associated health risks. Differences in knowledge, attitudesand preventive efforts were examined in relation to gender,smoking behavior of the individual, father, mother, siblingsand friends. Knowledge, attitudes and preventive efforts allvaried significantly according to smoking behavior of the respondent.Attitudes and preventive efforts were also closely associatedwith the smoking behavior of the mother and the female peergroup, whereas this strong association was not evident in relationto smoking behavior of the father and the male peer group. Similarly,smoking behavior of daughters was significantly associated withsmoking behavior of mothers, but there was no correspondingassociation between smoking behavior of sons and fathers. Thestudents tended to not be very assertive in their preventiveefforts. They did not avoid the presence of smokers, nor didthey generally ask others not to smoke in their presence. Healtheducation programs for adolescents must involve parents (particularlymothers) and peers, and should stress the right of the individualto a nonsmoking environment.     

环境香烟烟雾和缺碘对大鼠微量元素代谢的联合作用

采用析因实验设计,以尿碘含量显着减低(P<0.05)为标志的环境香烟烟雾(ETS)和碘缺乏(ID)双因素大鼠模型观察对微量元素的影响.结果发现:产生协同效应有Se、I和Zn含量在甲状腺降低,Se和Zn含量在肝脏降低,而I和Cu含量增加,血中I含量下降.ETS因素使甲状腺I、Se和Zn含量均降低,肝脏Se和Cu含量下降,I含量增高,大脑Se和Zn含量降低;ID因素使甲状腺I、Se和Zn含量降低,肝Se和Li含量降低.Cu和Zn含量增加.提示:ETS和ID联合作用,可引起多种微量元素代谢障碍,以Se和I贮备下降和利用异常变化为主.因此,补碘效果不明显时,应究其原因     

Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Home: Comparison of Urine Cotinine and Parental Reports

The authors examined the relationship between parent-reported estimates of children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the home and children's urinary cotinine levels. Data were collected from a largely ethnic minority, low-income, urban sample of households in which a child had asthma and at least 1 household member smoked. Information about level of household smoking restriction, parental smoking status, and number of cigarettes smoked per day accounted for approximately 45% of the variance in cotinine concentration. Detailed information about the duration of household smoking or children's ETS exposure added no additional significant information. Questionnaires eliciting detailed information about smoking habits and children's ETS exposure may be no better at predicting children's urinary cotinine levels than simpler surveys that inquire about smoking restrictions in the home, parental smoking status, and number of cigarettes smoked at home per day.