接触CS2工人的神经行为改变及生物学监测

为探讨长期接触中、低浓度ＣＳ２的神经行为学影响及生物学监测指标，应用ＷＨＯ－ＮＣＴＢ，测定ＣＳ２接触工人的神经行为功能。收集工人班末尿，高效液相色谱法测定尿中２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）含量。结果表明：（１）长期接触ＣＳ２（几何均数为３１．７８ｍｇ／ｍ３）可影响神经行为，主要表现为记忆、感知、协调及运动稳定性降低，但注意力／反应速度无显著变化；（２）在该接触浓度下，尿ＴＴＣＡ含量明显增加，存在接触－反应关系；（３）神经行为学（效应指标）与尿ＴＴＣＡ含量间具有较好的相关性。神经行为测试可作为接触ＣＳ２工人的早期影响的检测指标，尿ＴＴＣＡ含量可以反映工人的接触水平。     

接触二硫化碳男工血清性激素水平及尿代谢物含量分析

为探讨长期接触二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）的粘胶纺丝男工血清性激素及尿２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）水平,应用放射免疫法测定接触工人血清性激素水平及用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中ＴＴＣＡ含量。以多功能气体红外监测仪定点连续监测车间ＣＳ２浓度为（１４．４０±４．６２）ｍｇ／ｍ３（６．０１～２５．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３）,平均接触工龄为１０．４年。结果显示（１）接触组血清促卵泡激素〔ＦＳＨ：（１０．９４±７．３５）ＩＵ／Ｌ）〕明显高于对照组〔（７．５０±５．０７）ＩＵ／Ｌ〕;催乳素〔ＰＲＬ（５．７２±４．１８）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕则显著低于对照组〔（６．８９±４．６２）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕;血清促黄体激素（ＬＨ）、睾丸酮（Ｔ）等两组间均无统计学显著差异。但随着暴露工龄延长,ＨＬ含量明显下降。班的轮换不影响性激素水平。（２）在该接触浓度下工人班末尿ＴＴＣＡ为（１．０７２±１．０１３）ｍｇ／ｇ肌酐,随尿ＴＴＣＡ排出量增加,血清ＦＳＨ含量明显下降,存在接触－反应关系。本研究表明,现有接触水平对男工内分泌系统功能已造成一定损害。     

尿2－硫代噻唑烷－4－羧酸用于二硫化碳作业工人生物监测研究

本文应用高效液相色谱法对ＣＳ＿２作业工人班前、班后尿及对照组尿２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）进行了测定。结果发现ＣＳ＿２作业工人班后尿ＴＴＣＡ明显高于对照组，有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＣＳ＿２作业工人班后尿ＴＴＣＡ明显高于工作班前，亦有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。高浓度接触组工人尿ＴＴＣＡ高于低浓度接触组工人尿ＴＴＣＡ，说明作业工人ＣＳ＿２的接触量与尿ＴＴＣＡ含量之间有相关性。作者认为汞ＴＴＣＡ可用于二硫化碳接触的生物监测。     

吸入CS2与尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸含量的关系

吸入ＣＳ２与尿２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸含量的关系高艳华徐晓芳梁友信傅慰祖２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）是ＣＳ２的特异性代谢产物，其特异性及敏感度较高，目前已被公认是反映ＣＳ２接触的较好的生物学监测指标［１～３］。关于非接触者尿中是否含有ＴＴＣＡ...     

嗜银蛋白在矽肺纤维化过程中的意义

目的探索ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ１细胞（具有肺泡巨噬细胞特性的人血单核细胞株）上清液对中国仓鼠肺成纤维（ＣＨＬ）细胞核仁组成区相关的嗜银蛋白（ＡｇＮＯＲｓ）形成及其增殖的关系。方法通过５个系列浓度（０、５０、１００、２００和５００μｇ／ｍｌ）的ＳｉＯ２刺激ＴＨＰ１细胞培养上清液作用于ＣＨＬ细胞,采用综合改良ＡｇＮＯＲｓ染色技术,观察其ＡｇＮＯＲｓ形成并计数;四唑盐（ＭＴＴ）比色法检测ＣＨＬ细胞的增殖。结果随ＳｉＯ２浓度增大,ＣＨＬ细胞ＡｇＮＯＲｓ颗粒均数、颗粒分散度以及ＭＴＴ分析Ａ５７０ｎｍ值均相应增大,呈良好的剂量反应关系,并和ＳｉＯ２尘的肺泡巨噬细胞（ＰＡＭ）的细胞毒性指数呈高度负相关（ｒ＝－０．９６８,Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＳｉＯ２刺激的ＴＨＰ１细胞上清液可以引起肺成纤维细胞ＡｇＮＯＲｓ含量的改变,并与成纤维细胞的增殖和ＳｉＯ２尘ＰＡＭ细胞毒性相一致。     

二硫化碳慢性接触对儿茶酚胺类代谢的影响

采用综合累积暴露指数（ＩＣＥ），将工人接触ＣＳ２浓度和接触期限结合起来定量评价暴露强度，并检测尿中２－硫代噻唑烷－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）和儿茶酚胺类神经递质代谢产物的含量。结果显示：接触组尿中ＴＴＣＡ增高，存在剂量－效应关系；高接触组高香草酸（ＨＶＡ）和香草扁桃酸（ＶＭＡ）排泄减少。这两种儿茶酚胺代谢产物与ＣＳ２浓度及工龄虽未显示有显著意义的相关，但与ＩＣＥ及ＴＴＣＡ之间却呈现统计学上的相关关系，表明长期接触ＣＳ２对儿茶酚胺类神经递质代谢有一定的干扰作用。     

对苯二甲酸作业人群尿液生化反应的研究

目的　探讨对苯二甲酸（ＴＰＡ） 作业人群尿酶和尿液离子水平的变化。方法　对１０７ 名工人进行个体采样并测定空气和尿中ＴＰＡ 浓度。留取１２７ 名ＴＰＡ 作业工人当日工前、工后尿样和７１ 名对照尿样,对尿样中γ谷氨酰转肽酶（γＧＧＴ） 、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ） 、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ） 、Ｎ乙酰βＤ氨基葡糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ） 活力和尿ｐＨ 值、Ｎａ ＋ 、Ｋ＋ 、Ｃｌ－ 、Ｃａ２ ＋ 、ＮＨ４ ＋ 、ＰＯ４３ － 和ＳＯ４２ － 离子浓度进行分析。结果尿ＴＰＡ 水平与空气ＴＰＡ 浓度存在相关关系。接触组尿Ｎａ ＋ 、Ｃｌ－ 、Ｃａ２ ＋ 、ＮＨ４ ＋ 和ＳＯ４２ － 离子浓度显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;指标聚类统计分析结果显示：尿ＴＰＡ 与尿ＮＨ４ ＋ 相关系数最大（ ｒ ＝ ０ ．２１２ ５ ,Ｐ＝ ０ ．０１９ ８） ,两者之间存在剂量依赖关系;对接触组和对照组作逐步判别分析,筛选出Ｃａ２ ＋ 、ＮＨ４ ＋ 和ＮＡＧ３ 项最有价值的指标。结论　ＮＨ４ ＋ 排泄增多可引起机体负氮平衡,以尿ＮＨ４ ＋ 水平作为接触ＴＰＡ的生物学效应指标,并辅以Ｃａ２ ＋ 和ＮＡＧ 两项指标可监测ＴＰＡ 对接触人群肾功能的早期影响     

二硫化碳作业工人血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶水平初探

应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对某化纤厂６４名二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）作业工人血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ）水平进行测定，结果显示接触ＣＳ２浓度高于１０ｍｇ／ｍ３及≤１０ｍｇ／ｍ３的工人血清ＣｕＺｎＳＯＤ水平均显著高于对照组（３８１．１８，３１２．５０和２３９．１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０００１），呈一定剂量－效应关系。以装拆、纺丝等工段工人的血清ＳＯＤ水平增高为著。此外，应注意甄别年龄混杂因素对测定结果的影响。     

丙烯腈尿中代谢物—腈乙基巯基尿酸的测定

建立了柱前荧光衍生—高效液相色谱法测定丙烯腈（ＡＣＮ）在人尿中的代谢物—Ｓ－２－腈乙基巯基尿酸［Ｎ－乙酰－Ｓ－２－腈乙基半胱氨酸（ＣＥＭＡ）］。尿中ＣＥＭＡ的酸性水解产物Ｓ－２－羧乙基半胱氨酸（ＣＥＣ）与邻苯二甲醛反应生成强荧光物质。该衍生物经Ｃ１８柱分离后，用荧光检测器检测。方法检测限为３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，尿中ＣＥＭＡ浓度为５０、２００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时批内平均相对标准偏差为２．９％，尿加标平均回收率为９４％。ＡＣＮ现场工人的尿样经高效液相色谱—质谱联机（ＨＰＬＣ—ＭＳ）分离鉴定，确证尿中巯基尿酸结构为ＣＥＭＡ。正常人尿中未检出该化合物。该方法应用于３４例ＡＣＮ现场工人尿中ＣＥＭＡ的测定，浓度范围在３～３１６７μｍｏｌ／Ｌ     

对苯二甲酸接触工人尿酶及微球蛋白的变化

选择１２７名ＴＰＡ作业工人进行动式个体采样,并留取１２７名ＴＰＡ作业工人当日工前工后尿样和７０名对照工人的工前尿。对尿样中γ谷氨酰转肽酶（ＧＧＴ）、碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）、Ｎ乙酰βＤ氨基葡糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）活性以及尿ＴＰＡ、α１微球蛋白（α１ＭＧ）、β２微球蛋白（β２ＭＧ）水平进行分析。结果显示,ＴＰＡ接触组尿ＧＧＴ、ＡＬＰ、ＬＤＨ、ＮＡＧ活性以及尿α１ＭＧ、β２ＭＧ水平与对照组相比无显著差别,而５～ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｏｌ．Ｃｒ尿ＴＰＡ负荷组工人尿β２ＭＧ与对照组相比有明显升高（Ｐ＜００５）,尿β２ＭＧ与尿ＴＰＡ负荷量呈现一定的剂量依赖关系。尿ＴＰＡ水平对尿酶活性、α１ＭＧ均未产生明显影响。不同累积接尘量和不同工龄的工人尿酶和微球蛋白无明显差异。提示ＴＰＡ对肾实质可造成一过性可逆性影响,尚不能说明肾实质受到器质性损伤。     

饮酒对尿2 -硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸排泄的影响

目的观察饮酒对二硫化碳(CS2)接触者及非接触者尿2-硫代噻唑烷4羧酸(TTCA)排泄的影响。方法(1)男性非接触CS2志愿者10人,一次饮用38。白酒150ml或250ml,高效液相色谱法观察其尿TTCA排泄动态;(2)CS2作业男工152人,非接触者60人,分别收集班末尿和晨尿进行TTCA测定并进行问卷调查;同时进行个体空气采样和CS2浓度气相色谱法测定。结果非接触者一次饮白酒150ml后3h尿TTCA水平达峰值,12h后降至饮前水平(餐前0．5h,饮酒后1、3、12h中位数分别为0．045、0．068、0．099、0．046mg/gCr,n=10);TTCA水平随饮白酒剂量的增加而增高,饮0、150、250ml白酒者TTCA水平(中位数)分别为0．036、0．064、0．609mg/gCr(n=5,饮后3h)。CS2浓度为≤10．0、10．1～50．0、>50．0mg/m3时,CS2接触者TTCA有随CS2浓度增高而上升的趋势;对照组中饮白酒和啤酒者TTCA水平似高于不饮者,而接触组TTCA水平则随饮酒指数的增加而呈降低趋势。结论大量饮酒可影响尿TTCA水平,在进行CS2生物监测时,应避免在大量饮酒后12h内采集尿样,以避免饮酒对监测结果的干扰作用。     

二硫化碳接触工人尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸排泄规律的研究

目的　探讨二硫化碳 (CS2 )接触工人尿 2 硫代噻唑烷 4 羧酸 (TTCA)的排泄规律 ,为制定CS2 短时接触生物监测提供实验依据。方法　将受试对象分为 3组进行实验 :(1) 14名非CS2 接触者在某CS2 车间暴露 2h后收集不同时段尿液 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化 ;(2 )某CS2 车间 15名CS2 接触工人三班倒休息 4 8h后上班 ,连续收集 3d班前、班中、班末尿 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化 ;(3)收集 4 0名长期接触CS2 工人班末尿 ,分析其TTCA浓度变化与工人接触CS2 的 8h时间加权平均浓度 (PC TWA)的关系。结果　第 1组研究结果显示 ,接触CS2 4h后 (此时已停止接触 2h)尿中TTCA含量达到最高值 [(1.0 3± 0 .72 )mg/gCr];第 2组研究结果显示 ,班前尿TTCA含量极低 [(0 .37± 0 .2 8)mg/gCr],与班中尿 [上班后 4h(1.2 3± 0 .71)mg/gCr]及班末尿 [(1.31± 0 .78)mg/gCr]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,而班中尿TTCA值与班末尿相比 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;第 3组研究结果显示 ,班末尿TTCA值与工人PC TWA之间有直线关系 [Y(TTCAmg/gCr) =1.16 36X(CS2 mg/m3) - 5 .4 116 ]。结论　班末尿TTCA值可作为CS2 接触工人的生物监测指标。     

接触二硫化碳工人辨色错误得分水平及尿代谢物含量分析

目的为探讨长期接触CS2工人色觉功能及尿2-硫代塞唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)水平.方法应用FM100-HUE方法检测工人辨色能力,高效液相色谱测定工人班末尿中TTCA含量.结果CS2暴露组接触CS2时间加权平均浓度为15.53±6.29mg/m3.常规眼科检查未见特异损伤;FM100-HUE检查男、女工主要在5年～工龄段总错误得分水平、绿色及蓝色区带得分水平均显著高于同工龄段对照组(P＜0.05).暴露组女工尿TTCA含量低于男工(P＜0.01);15年工龄以上工人尿TTCA含量显著增高;10～15年工龄段男工尿TTCA含量与绿色区带的错误得分水平有一定相关性(P＜0.05).结论CS2对作业工人辨色力有一定影响,提示FM100-HUE辩色检查可作为低浓度CS2对视觉系统毒作用敏感的健康监测指标.     

Relation between the iodine azide test and the TTCA test for exposure to carbon disulphide.

Exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) in a viscose plant was measured by personal monitoring and by application of the iodine azide test and quantification of 2-thio-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic-acid (TTCA) in urine samples. A relation was found between the rise in urinary TTCA concentration during the workshift and the exposure index E1. The correlation (r) between the exposure index and the atmospheric concentrations of CS2 in workroom air below 100 mg CS2/m3 was 0.59 (n = 9). The correlation between the increase in TTCA concentrations during the workshift and the atmospheric CS2 concentrations was found to be higher when urine samples at the end of the workshift with creatinine concentrations below 1 mg/ml and above 3 mg/ml were disregarded (from r = 0.61; n = 20 to r = 0.84; n = 14). A high correlation was found (r = 0.86; n = 13) when the end of workshift urine samples were analysed, provided that their creatinine concentrations are not beyond the limits given above.     

Relation between the iodine azide test and the TTCA test for exposure to carbon disulphide

Exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) in a viscose plant was measured by personal monitoring and by application of the iodine azide test and quantification of 2-thio-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic-acid (TTCA) in urine samples. A relation was found between the rise in urinary TTCA concentration during the workshift and the exposure index E1. The correlation (r) between the exposure index and the atmospheric concentrations of CS2 in workroom air below 100 mg CS2/m3 was 0.59 (n = 9). The correlation between the increase in TTCA concentrations during the workshift and the atmospheric CS2 concentrations was found to be higher when urine samples at the end of the workshift with creatinine concentrations below 1 mg/ml and above 3 mg/ml were disregarded (from r = 0.61; n = 20 to r = 0.84; n = 14). A high correlation was found (r = 0.86; n = 13) when the end of workshift urine samples were analysed, provided that their creatinine concentrations are not beyond the limits given above.     

Assessment of exposure to carbon disulfide in viscose production workers from urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid determinations.

The follow-up of environmental carbon disulfide (CS2) exposure and urinary excretion of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) among 20 operatives over a 4-day working week in two viscose producing factories confirmed earlier observations that TTCA is a sensitive and reliable indicator of exposure to CS2. Exposure to as low as 0.5-1.0 ppm (1.6-3.2 mg/m3) of CS2 (8-hour time-weighted average [TWA]) was associated with detectable amounts of TTCA in end-of-shift urine. Moreover, the excretion of TTCA, relative to estimated CS2 uptake, appeared surprisingly constant in the studied work force. Approximately 3% (range 2-6.5%) of absorbed CS2 was detected in urine as TTCA. The proportional TTCA excretion did not show dose dependency in the estimated CS2 dose range which varied by about 20-fold. TTCA elimination exhibited both a fast (T 1/2 6 hour) and a slow (T 1/2 68 hour) phase. The slow elimination is compatible with a high lipid solubility and reversible protein binding of CS2. Consequently, urinary excretion of TTCA, relative to CS2 exposure, increased by about a third during the workweek. Urinary TTCA concentration of 4.5 mmol/mol creatinine in a postshift sample corresponded to a TWA exposure to 10 ppm CS2 towards the end of the working week.     

粘胶工人尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸浓度与神经传导速度的相关性研究

目的 探讨尿中－2硫代噻唑烷－4－羟酸（TTCA）含量作为内暴露指标在我国二硫化碳（CS2）接触工人神经系统功能职业健康监护方面的实际应用价值。方法 应用高效液相色谱法测定工人8h班末尿TTCA含量,选取尿中TTCA＜5mg/gCr者作为研究对象;应用常规方法测定工人腓总神经和腓肠神经传导速度及腓总神经F波最短潜伏期;用SAS软件包进行多元回归统计分析。结果 暴露组与对照组比较,工人神经传导速度的相关指标存在组间差异：暴露组运动神经元端及近端动作电位波幅降低（偏回归系数分别为－1．0985、－0．9557）,F波最短潜伏期延长（偏回归系数为1．6830）。结论 就周围神经系统功能而言,尿TTCA含量作为我国CS2接触工人的一项敏感的内暴露指标。     

Evaluation of occupational exposure to carbon disulphide by blood, exhaled air, and urine analysis

This paper compares three analytical methods that may be considered for monitoring workers who are exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2). An estimate of the uptake of CS2 was assessed by the measurement of "bound" CS2 in blood, CS2 in expired alveolar air, and 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine. The concentration of TTCA in end-of-shift urine samples was related to exposure and appears to be a good measure of uptake of CS2.     

Carbon disulphide

The reported investigations on the uptake of carbon disulphide (CS₂) and the excretion of its metabolite 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) were based on results from 403 personal air samples (352 passive and 51 active samples) and 362 TTCA determinations in biological material measured during a field study on the adverse effects due to CS₂ exposure. The external exposure ranged from below the detection limit (0.2 ppm) to 66 ppm and the urinary TTCA excretion from below the detection limit (0.16 mg./1) to 33.4 mg/1. The excretion of TTCA in postshift urine related to creatinine and volume showed a linear correlation to the CS₂ air concentration. On the basis of these results the influence on the internal exposure of physical work load, dermal exposure and individual parameters (age, Brocaindex, disturbed skin barrier) was evaluated. Correlations between the TTCA values in the postshift urine and the individually measured CS₂ concentrations were carried out separately for individual departments and persons with and without indications of a disturbed skin barrier. In order to be able to judge the individual internal exposure related to external exposure, a personal quotient was formed from the TTCA level in the urine and the CS₂ air concentration measured on the same day (relative interal exposure RIE index = TTCA mg/g creatinine/CS₂ in ppm). On investigating interindividual differences, higher relative internal exposures were found in persons with a heavy physical work load and more intensive skin contact. It could be shown for a large group of persons exposed to CS₂ that a pathological skin condition leads to an increase in the dermal penetration rate of hazardous substances. By means of the RIE index it could be shown that the TTCA excretion related to the individual external exposure increases significantly with a decreasing Broca index, which must be taken into consideration with greatly overweight persons and exposures in the range of the currently valid threshold limit values. The interindividual differences in internal exposure found at the same ambient air concentration emphasize the importance of biological monitoring for individual health protection and the setting of biological threshold limit values.Dedicated to Professor G. Zehnert on the occassion of his 65th birthday