保留乳房治疗早期青年乳腺癌

目的 :探讨早期青年乳腺癌保留乳房治疗的可行性与治疗效果。方法 :对 31例早期青年乳腺癌患者行保留乳房手术 ,术后常规放疗 ,腋淋巴结阳性者辅以CMF或CAF方案化疗 ,雌、孕激素受体阳性者给予TAM治疗。结果 :随访 11个月～ 9年 ,中位 4 1个月。术后局部复发率 3.2 % ,3年生存率94 4 % ,5年生存率 85.7% ,美容效果满意率 87.0 %。结论 :对早期青年乳腺癌行保留乳房治疗是安全的 ,术式以乳腺区段切除并全腋淋巴结清除更为合理 ,术后常规放疗可降低复发率 ,该治疗保留了乳房外形 ,满足了患者的精神和生理的需要。     

乳腺癌保乳治疗的现状和展望

本文介绍早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的现状和进展,主要从乳腺癌病理生理特点、保乳治疗与根治性手术的等效性、保乳手术的技术要求、前哨淋巴结活检、局部复发的相关风险因素和术后放疗等几个方面加以探讨。随着乳腺癌早期发现比例的逐渐提高和医患观念的更新,乳腺癌保乳治疗的应用前景将更加广阔。     

Breast-conserving therapy and modified radical mastectomy for primary breast carcinoma: a matched comparative study

Background

To compare two types of therapy for primary breast carcinoma, breast-conserving therapy (BCT) and modified radical mastectomy (MRM), in a matched cohort study.

Methods

A series of 1,746 patients with primary breast cancer treated with BCT or MRM in a single Chinese institute between January 2000 and February 2009 were analyzed retrospectively to compare their outcomes with respect to the incidence of local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis, and survival. The patients were matched with regard to age at diagnosis, spreading to axillary lymph nodes, hormone receptor status, the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and maximal tumor diameter. The match ratio was 1:1, and each arm included 873 patients.

Results

The median follow-up period was 71 months. The 6-year disease-free survival (DFS) and 6-year distant disease-free survival (DDFS) rates differed significantly between two groups. The 6-year local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) rates were 98.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.973-0.989] in the BCT group and 98.7% (95% CI: 0.980-0.994) in the MRM group (P=0.182), respectively. DFS rates in BCT and MRM groups were 91.3% (95% CI: 0.894-0.932) and 86.3% (95% CI: 0.840-0.886) (P<0.001), respectively, whereas the DDFS rates in BCT and MRM groups were 93.6% (95% CI: 0.922-0.950) and 87.7% (95% CI: 0.854-0.900) (P<0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

BCT in eligible patients is as effective as MRM with respect to local tumor control, DFS and DDFS, and may result in a better outcome than MRM in Chinese primary breast cancer patients.     

Patients with early breast cancer benefit from effective axillary treatment

Summary We have reviewed the available clinical data on the benefit of axillary treatment in patients with early breast cancer. The results of these studies suggest that perhaps 5–10% of patients are cured by effective axillary treatment. We conclude that effective axillary treatment should still be considered an essential aspect of primary treatment.     

Impact of axillary lymph node dissection on breast cancer outcome in clinically node negative patients

BACKGROUND:

The regional lymph node control and survival impact of axillary dissection in breast cancer has been the subject of multiple randomized trials, with various results. This study reviews and conducts a meta‐analysis of contemporary trials of axillary dissection in patients with early stage breast cancer.

METHODS:

A systematic MEDLINE review identified 3 randomized trials published between January 2000 and January 2007 of axillary dissection versus no dissection in clinically lymph node negative early stage breast cancer patients. A fourth trial of axillary radiotherapy versus no axillary treatment was also identified and included in this review. Meta‐analyses were performed for survival, axillary recurrence, metastatic disease, and ipsilateral breast recurrence.

RESULTS:

All trials reported a higher rate of axillary recurrence (1.5%‐3%, median follow‐up 5‐15 years) in the absence of axillary dissection or radiotherapy. Overall survival was similar with and without definitive axillary treatment in 3 of the 4 trials, with an increased rate of nonbreast cancer‐related death in the observation arm of the fourth trial. Meta‐analyses found no significant difference in overall survival (odds ratio [OR] 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74‐3.24), metastases (OR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.29), or ipsilateral breast recurrence (OR 1.11; 95% CI, 0.68‐1.83) associated with axillary treatment. A significantly lower rate of axillary recurrence was seen after lymphadenectomy (OR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11‐0.73, P<.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Axillary dissection does not confer a survival benefit in the setting of early stage clinically lymph node negative breast cancer. Although the rate of axillary failure was increased in the absence of dissection, the absolute risk was found to be extremely low. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.     

Survival of women after breast conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer

Background. Increasing numbers of older women with breast cancer are receiving breast-conserving surgery (BCS). However, substantial numbers of them are not receiving either axillary dissection or adjuvant irradiation. Objective. To determine whether failure to perform axillary dissection or irradiation is associated with decreased survival in women with early-stage breast cancer. Method. We studied 26,290 women aged 25 in 1988-1993 from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data and 5,328 women aged 65 in 1991-1993 from SEER-Medicare linked data, who had early-stage breast cancer and received BCS. Results. Twenty seven percent of women aged 25 receiving BCS did not receive axillary dissection, most of whom (74%) were age 65. Women receiving BCS with axillary dissection had lower 7-year breast cancer-specific mortality than did those without dissection (hazard ratio=0.53, 95% confidence interval: 0.44–0.63). We found an interaction between receipt of axillary dissection and radiotherapy on survival of older women after BCS. Women who received either axillary dissection or radiotherapy experienced similar survivals to those who received both axillary dissection and radiation, while women who received neither treatment experienced poorer survival (hazard ratio=1.76, 1.23–2.52), after controlling for demographics, tumor size and comorbidity. Conclusions. Women who receive neither axillary dissection nor radiation therapy after BCS experience an increased risk of death from breast cancer. The lack of improvement in the past two decades in survival of older women with breast cancer may be explained in part by the increasing use of treatments that do not address potential tumor in axillary nodes.     

早期乳腺癌保守性手术后放射治疗进展

保守性手术已成为早期乳腺的主要治疗方式,而放射治疗是乳腺癌保乳综合治疗中一个不可缺少的组成部分,是防止局部复发的根本保证。因此,术后放射治疗很关键。     

Proton-to-photon comparative treatment planning guidelines for the Australian context

Proton-to-photon comparative treatment planning is a current requirement of Australian Government funding for patients to receive proton beam therapy (PBT) overseas, and a future requirement for Medicare funding of PBT in Australia. Because of the fundamental differences in treatment plan creation and evaluation between PBT and conventional radiation therapy with x-rays (XRT), there is the potential for a lack of consistency in the process of comparing PBT and XRT treatment plans. This may have an impact on patient eligibility assessment for PBT. The objective of these guidelines is to provide a practical reference document for centres performing proton-to-photon comparative planning and thereby facilitate national uniformity.     

中央区乳腺癌的保乳治疗

目的 探讨中央区乳腺癌保乳治疗的可行性。方法 对157例肿瘤位于乳房中央区的Ⅰ～Ⅱ期及新辅助化疗后的Ⅲ期原发性乳腺癌患者,行局部扩大切除并腋窝淋巴结清扫手术,其中18例切除乳头乳晕区。手术前,93例接受2～6周期的新辅助化疗。手术后,全部患者的患乳接受放射治疗。结果 接受新辅助化疗的患者,临床有效率为87．1％（81／93）,术后病理学完全缓解率15．1％（14／93）。全部患者成功施行保乳治疗后,经随访6～53个月（中位随访23个月）,仅1例局部复发。保乳治疗后对患侧乳房外观的评价：88例优秀,48例良好,21例一般,总体优良率86．6％。结论 位于中央区的Ⅰ～Ⅱ期原发性乳腺癌患者,同样适合实施保乳治疗,近期疗效满意,远期效果有待长期随访观察。     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗后的心理状况研究

[目的]探讨早期乳腺癌女性患者保乳治疗后的心理状况变化.[方法]对2002年1月至2003年12月间就诊的66例早期女性乳腺癌患者施行了保留乳房局部治疗和辅助全身治疗,在术后1年以问卷方式对66例患者的心理状态进行调查分析,并随机抽取符合相似条件的66例同期行改良根治术后患者进行心理情况对照研究.[结果]随访1年所有病例均无局部复发,66例保乳病例美容效果评价良好60例,一般6例.有9例(13.64%)保乳术后患者存在不同程度不同形式的心理障碍,而对照组有53例(80.30%),两组差异有非常显著性意义(P＜0.01).其中对肿瘤复发的恐惧感,保乳组6例,对照组5例,两组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).[结论]乳房切除术后的女性患者较普遍存在心理缺失,以保乳治疗代替改良根治术治疗早期女性乳腺癌,不但能取得满意的美容效果,而且能在很大程度上维护患者的心理健康.     

Controversies and consensus in the diagnosis, work-up and treatment of gastric lymphoma: An international survey

Background: Variations in diagnostic criteria and staging procedures in cancer patients have important consequences for patient selection and often preclude meaningful comparison of published series. In gastric lymphoma, these effects will play a role, since diagnostic criteria are controversial. Moreover, staging procedures and therapeutic choices are influenced by insights from different clinical specialisms.Methods: To review the management of gastric lymphoma, formatted questonaires were mailed to leading institutes with a special interest in this field in Europe, the United States and Japan.Results: Nineteen centers aggreed to contribute. Minimum histological criteria varied among pathologists with a notable influence of the classification system used in the different countries. Detailed evaluation of the lymphoma distribution in the gastric wall and routine staging of the GI-tract differed between groups leaded by medical oncologists and gastro-enterologists. This results in basically different patient selections and bias in treatment outcome. Similar effects were recorded for the role of gastric resection and radiotherapy.Conclusions: This study gives insight in the basis of the decisions that result in different approaches in the management of gastric MALT-NHL and in the effects for patient selection and treatment results and may help in the design of future clinical trials.     

Controversies and challenges in the current management of nasopharyngeal cancer

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is uncommon worldwide, but poses a significant public health burden in endemic regions. Primary treatment for nonmetastatic disease is by radiation therapy, which has evolved from simple 2D-planning techniques to intensity-modulated radiation therapy. The role of systemic therapy has also become more prominent, with concurrent cisplatin-based chemoradiation the current standard of care for locally advanced disease based on multiple Phase III studies. Based on these advances, the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma appears to have improved significantly over the past two decades. Nevertheless, there are areas of substantial uncertainty and divergent views in the optimal treatment strategy. Distant metastases have become the dominant mode of treatment failure with the excellent local control provided by intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Recent studies have focused on this challenge of treating micrometastases while keeping toxicities manageable. Radiation therapy techniques continue to be refined to maintain consistently high locoregional tumor control while decreasing the probability of acute and late toxicities. This article discusses some of the current issues confronting the multidisciplinary team managing this disease.     

Variation in the Use of Boost Irradiation in Breast-Conserving Therapy in the Netherlands: The Effect of a National Guideline and Cofounding Factors

Aims

To determine the variation in radiation therapy boost use in a nationwide study following adjustment of a national guideline in 2011, as well as to address the relationship to patient, tumour and radiation therapy institutional factors.

胰腺癌辅助治疗的争议与共识

胰腺癌预后较差,即使接受了根治性切除术,术后复发和转移风险仍然很高。因此胰腺癌术后的辅助治疗至关重要,主要策略包括化疗或同期联合放化疗。然而就目前所公布的几项Ⅲ期临床研究而言,尚不足以确立一套业界公认的胰腺癌术后辅助治疗的规范流程。北美学者依据胃肠道肿瘤研究协作组（GI Tumor Study Group,GITSG）及美国肿瘤放射治疗协作组（Radiation Therapy Oncology Group,RTOG）的多项随机临床研究结果,推荐联合放化疗;而欧洲学者则根据ESPAC-1和CONKO—001研究结果,推荐采用单纯化疗。有关吉西他滨在辅助治疗方面是否优于氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）尚待ESPAC-3研究结果证实。本文回顾了该领域主要临床研宄结果,提出就获完整切除的胰腺癌患者而言,术后接受6个月的标准剂量的吉西他滨辅助化疗（CONKO—001）或参照RTOG-9740研究的术后辅助放化疗策略,均是可取方案,但最佳策略仍需待大样本临床研究结果。     

216例女性乳腺癌保乳手术及综合治疗的临床分析

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect and associated techniques of breast-conserving therapy on patients with clinical stage Ⅰand stage Ⅱ breasl cancer.Methods:216 female patients with breast cancer underwent breast-conserving therapy from December 1993 to October 2004.Their data were analyzed retrospectively.The breast-conserving therapy consisted of lumpectomy or quadrant removal of the breast,postoperative radiotherapy.chemotherapy and endocrine therapy.of them.209 patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection.Results:There were no operative complications.216patients were followed-up 3 to 147 months.the medial follow-up time was 78 months.The local recurrence rate was 1.85%.Two patients died and one of them was not related with breast cancer.Presence or absence of fibrosis,shape of breast,asymmetry,pigmentation and handle were taken into consideration for cosmetic evaluation by the patients and experienced breast surgeon.Breasts were scored cosmetically asexcellent and good in 199 patients.the rate of satisfactory was92.13%.Conclusion:Breast-conserving therapy for early breast cancer is a safe and effective therapy.It has less trauma and less complications and can also raise the quality of life in the patients.But we must obey the strict indications and reasonable techniques.     

Breast-conserving surgery and combined therapy for women breast cancer： a report of 216 cases

Objective： To explore the therapeutic effect and associated techniques of breast-conserving therapy on patients with clinical stage Ⅰ and stage Ⅱ breast cancer. Methods： 216 female patients with breast cancer underwent breast-conserving therapy from December 1993 to October 2004. Their data were analyzed retrospectively. The breast-conserving therapy consisted of lumpectomy or quadrant removal of the breast, postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Of them, 209 patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Results： There were no operative complications. 216 patients were followed-up 3 to 147 months, the medial follow-up time was 78 months. The local recurrence rate was 1.85%. Two patients died and one of them was not related with breast cancer. Presence or absence of fibrosis, shape of breast, asymmetry, pigmentation and handle were taken into consideration for cosmetic evaluation by the patients and experienced breast surgeon. Breasts were scored cosmetically as excellent and good in 199 patients, the rate of satisfactory was 92.13%. Conclusion： Breast-conserving therapy for early breast cancer is e safe end effective therapy. It has less trauma end less complications and can also raise the quality of life in the patients. But we must obey the strict indications and reasonable techniques.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗的Meta分析

目的:评价早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放射治疗(HOFRT)的疗效及安全性。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、SCI、EMBASE、中文科技期刊全文数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、数字化期刊全文数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库,并辅以手工检索和其他检索。纳入比较早期乳腺癌保乳术后大分割放疗与常规放射治疗(CRT)的临床对照试验,根据Cochrane系统评价手册5.0.0质量评价标准进行质量评价,使用RevMan5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入5个研究(8010例),Meta分析显示:与CRT相比,HOFRT后3年总生存率有差异［RR=1.03（95%CI:1.01-1.06）］,而5、10年总生存率方面无差异［RR=1.02（95%CI:0.99-1.06）、RR=1.02（95%CI:0.95-1.09）］;5年绝对美容满意率、无复发生存率及无病生存率方面无差异［RR=1.05（95%CI:0.95-1.16）、RR=0.97(95% CI:0.41-1.10)、RR=1.00(95%CI:0.95-1.05)］;5年局部复发率、腋窝及锁骨上窝复发率、对侧乳腺癌、第二肿瘤发生率及远处转移率无差异［RR=0.91(95%CI:0.69-1.19)、RR=0.87（95%CI:0.53-1.44)、RR=0.71(95%CI:0.43-1.15)、RR=0.87(95%CI:0.59-1.29)、RR=0.88(95%CI:0.58-1.34)］;5年1级、2级以上放射性皮炎发生率无差异［RR=0.74(95%CI:0.52-1.06)、RR=0.94(95%CI:0.46-1.96)］;5、10年乳房萎缩、乳房硬化及乳房水肿发生率,Meta分析结果分别为RR=0.91(95%CI:0.58-1.43)、RR=0.87(95%CI:0.79-0.96),RR=0.87(95%CI:0.74-1.02)、RR=0.88 (95%CI:0.78-1.00),RR=0.64(95%CI:0.51-0.79)、RR=0.65(95%CI:0.52-0.81),即HOFRT与CRT后5年乳房萎缩及5、10年乳房硬化发生率无统计学差异（P=0.69、P=0.08、P=0.05）,10年乳房萎缩及5、10年乳房水肿的发生率有统计学差异（P＜0.0001、P=0.005、P=0.0001）;5年肋骨骨折、肺纤维化及缺血性心脏病的发生率无差异［RR=1.04(95%CI:0.62-1.75)、RR=1.14(95%CI:0.64-2.03)、RR=0.71(95%CI:0.43-1.18)］;5、10年手臂水肿、毛细血管扩张及肩膀僵硬的发生率,Meta分析结果分别为RR=0.67(95%CI:0.36-1.23)、RR=0.67(95%CI:0.26-1.68)、RR=0.61(95%CI:0.41-0.91),RR=0.72(95%CI:0.56-0.95)、RR=0.94(95%CI:0.46-1.91)、RR=0.70(95%CI:0.42-1.15),即HOFRT与CRT后5、10年手臂水肿、肩膀僵硬的发生率无统计学差异（P=0.19、P=0.39,P=0.86、P=0.16）,HOFRT与CRT后5、10年毛细血管扩张的发生率有统计学差异（P=0.01、P=0.02）。结论:与CRT相比,HOFRT组3年生存率较好,10年乳房萎缩及5、10年乳房水肿的发生率及5、10年毛细血管扩张的发生率低,而在3、5、10年无复发生存率、无病生存率、局部复发率、对侧乳腺癌发生率、第二肿瘤的发生率及远处转移率等方面差异无统计学意义。HOFRT是一种可行的治疗方式,明显缩短了疗程,可减轻不良反应发生率,提高了患者的生活质量。由于纳入的研究数量较少且选择入组条件严格,今后尚需要开展高质量的随机对照试验以作进一步的论证。     

Management of women with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) confronts patients and clinicians with optimal treatment decisions. This multidisciplinary study investigates therapeutic modalities of DCIS in daily practice and provides recommendations on how to increase quality of care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All women (n = 116) with unilateral DCIS recorded in the Geneva Cancer Registry from 1995 to 1999 were considered. Information concerned patient and tumor characteristics, treatment and outcome. Factors linked to therapy were determined using a case-control approach. Cases were women with treatment of interest and controls other women on the study. RESULTS: Most DCIS cases (62%) were discovered by mammography screening. Ninety (78%) women had breast-conserving surgery (BCS), 18 (16%) mastectomy and seven (6%) bilateral mastectomy. Eight (7%) patients had tumor-positive margins, 18 (16%) lymph node dissection and two (1.7%) chemotherapy. Twenty-five per cent of women with BCS had no radiotherapy, three had radiotherapy after mastectomy. Less than 50% underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy. Method of discovery, multifocality, tumor localization, size and differentiation were linked to the use of BCS or lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Because of important disparities in DCIS management, recommendations are made to increase quality of care, in particular to prevent axillary dissection or bilateral mastectomy and to increase the use of radiotherapy after BCS.     

腺癌保乳术后调强放疗与三维适形放疗的疗效比较

目的 比较乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗(IMRT)与三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)的疗效、不良反应及对基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂-1(TIMP-1)的影响.方法 选择96例接受乳腺癌保乳术的女性患者,按照随机数字表法将患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各48例.对照组予以3D-RCT,观察组予以IMRT,处方剂量均为50 Gy/25次.比较两组的照射剂量、不良反应、美容效果及治疗前后的血清MMP-9和TIMP-1水平.结果 观察组计划靶区(PTV)的V105%、V110%及V115%明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01),观察组患侧肺脏及左侧病灶者心脏接受的照射剂量明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01);观察组的皮肤反应率为12.5%(6/48),低于对照组的29.2%(14/48),差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);观察组美容优良率为97.9%(47/48),高于对照组的83.3%(40/48),差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).放疗后,两组患者的MMP-9及MMP-9/TIMP-1均较本组治疗前降低,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 与3D-CRT相比,IMRT的PTV适形度和剂量均匀性较好,可降低危及器官的受照剂量,皮肤反应较少且美容效果好,值得临床推广.     

The valve of chemotherapy in the treatment of testicular dysembryoplastic tumors.

Chemotherapy appears to be of help in treating dysembryoplastic testicular tumors. It seems better to treat first by surgery (lymphadenectomy) if possible, then (a) if no nodes are involved or only one has been discovered by microscope examination, with chemotherapy for one year; or (b) if two or more nodes are involved, with irradiation of the nodes and chemotherapy. Even if lymphadenectomy is not possible, one course of chemotherapy followed by cobalt and more chemotherapy can bring results in some cases.