喉癌患者血清一氧化氮水平的变化及其意义

目的 :通过 4 0例喉鳞癌患者血清一氧化氮 (NO)浓度的测定 ,研究一氧化氮在喉鳞癌中的表达及其临床意义 ,探讨一氧化氮在喉癌肿瘤免疫方面的作用。方法 :采用硝酸还原酶法测定健康人和喉癌患者血清NO-3 和NO-2 之和反应体内一氧化氮水平。检测了 4 0例不同临床分期的喉鳞癌患者及 30例健康体检者。结果 :喉鳞癌患者血清一氧化氮含量显著高于健康人 ,前者为 (12 2 4 5± 4 1 2 3) μmol/L ,后者仅为 (6 8 6 4± 17 36 ) μmol/L(P <0 0 0 1) ,喉癌患者术后 2周的血清一氧化氮含量 (91 32± 33 82 ) μmol/L ,与术前组 (12 3 74± 4 3 35 ) μmol/L比较 ,明显降低 (P <0 0 0 1) ,有淋巴结转移组 (115 2 1±2 5 4 1) μmol/L显著低于无淋巴结转移组 (12 9 4 3± 2 3 5 6 ) μmol/L(P <0 0 5 )。 结论 :喉鳞癌患者血清一氧化氮含量显著高于健康人 ,它可能在分子水平上参与了喉癌的发生发展。     

食管癌患者手术前后血清同型半胱氨酸水平检测的临床意义

目的 探讨食管癌患者手术前后血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化及其临床意义.方法 采用循环酶法检测168例食管癌患者和50名对照者外周血Hcy水平.结果 食管癌组外周血Hcy水平明显高于对照组[(19.6±6.1)μmol/L比(13.0±2.3) μmol/L,P=0.001];食管癌患者术后第5天、术后1个月、3个月血清Hcy水平显著低于术前[(17.0±8.5)、(15.8±6.4)、(12.8±5.6) μ.mol/L比(20.6±9.1)μmol/L,均P＜ 0.05)];术后3个月血清Hcy水平接近于对照组;T4患者血清Hcy水平高于其他T分期组[(29.5±1.7) μ.mol/L比(18.5±6.9)、(18.8±8.0)、(20.6±8.8) μmol/L,均P＜0.001];肿瘤长度＞5 cm组血清Hcy水平明显高于＜3 cm、3～5 cm组[(23.6±9.6) μmol/L比(18.1±6.3)、(19.6±6.6) μmol/L,P=0.036、P=0.021];淋巴结转移与否食管癌患者的血清Hcy水平差异无统计学意义[(20.2±9.3) μmol/L比(20.3±7.6) μmol/L,P=0.897],脉管阳性组血清Hcy水平低于阴性组[(16.7±3.4) μmol/L比(21.1±8.9) μmol/L,P=0.007].结论 血清Hcy水平与食管癌的进展密切相关.     

骨肉瘤及其周围肌肉组织中NOS和NO的测定及其意义

目的　研究骨肉瘤及其周围肌肉组织中一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性与一氧化氮 (NO )含量之间的关系。方法　采用分光光度法对 37例骨肉瘤组织 ,分别测定其中NOS活性和NO含量 ,同时分别测定肿瘤周围正常肌肉组织中NOS活性和NO含量 ,然后进行相应的统计学分析。结果　肿瘤组织和肿瘤周围正常肌肉组织中NOS活性分别为 ( 0 .15± 0 .0 5 )U /mg蛋白质和( 1.88± 0 .2 7)U /mg蛋白质 ,两者比较有非常显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,NO含量平均分别为 ( 46.43± 2 5 .98) μmol/L和 ( 49.0 8±1.5 0 ) μmol/L ,两者差异不明显 ;转移性瘤组织与非转移性瘤组织中NOS活性分别为 ( 0 .16± 0 .0 4)U /mg蛋白质和 ( 0 .13±0 .0 6)U /mg蛋白质 ,两者差异不明显 ,NO含量分别为 ( 36.44± 2 7.2 1) μmol/L和( 5 6.43± 2 0 .82 ) μmol/L ,两者比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;转移性瘤周围正常肌肉组织与非转移性瘤周围正常肌肉组织中的NOS活性分别为 ( 1.2 3± 0 .34 )U /mg蛋白质和 ( 2 .5 4±0 .5 5 )U /mg蛋白质 ,两者比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,NO含量分别为 ( 40 .72±1.5 4) μmol/L和 ( 5 7.46± 2 .18) μmol/L ,两者比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　骨肉瘤组织中的NO是由肿瘤组织及肿瘤周围组织共同产生     

急性白血病患者血浆H2S水平测定临床意义分析

目的:探讨急性白血病(AL)患者血浆内源性H2S水平变化及意义.方法:初治AL住院患者62例,健康体检者20例.应用敏感硫电极法测定其血浆中的H2S浓度水平,比较AL患者急性发病期、临床缓解期与健康对照组之间和不同分型之间的差异.结果:AL患者血浆中的H2S浓度水平急性发病期组[(29.00±8.36) μmol/L]较临床缓解期组[(44.53±5.98) μmol/L]和健康对照组[(47.66±6.13) μmol/L]明显降低,差异有统计学意义,P=0.000;临床缓解期组血浆中的H2S浓度水平比较健康对照组,差异无统计学意义,P=0.058,但H2S浓度明显低于健康对照组;急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的H2S含量为(28.98±8.77) μmol/L,急性髓系白血病为(28.16土6.04)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义,P=0.88.结论:气体信号分子H2S生成下降可能在AL的发病过程中发挥重要作用.     

原发性肝癌血清一氧化氮的研究

目的　探讨原发性肝癌血清一氧化氮 (NO)含量变化及其临床意义。方法　检测 2 1例中晚期原发性肝癌患者及 36例健康对照者血清亚硝酸盐水平间接反应血清NO的含量 ,前者与所测量瘤体最大径进行相关分析。结果　原发性肝癌患者血清NO(12 .34± 3 .0 6 μmol/L)明显高于健康对照组 (9.6 6± 1.5 2 μmol/L) (P <0 .0 1)。原发性肝癌患者血清NO与肿瘤直径呈正相关关系 (r =0 .5 132 ,P =0 .0 174)。结论　NO在原发性肝癌的发生发展中起重要作用 ,肝癌患者血清NO水平测定对肝癌诊断、治疗及预后的评价具有一定的意义。     

金雀异黄素诱导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的研究

目的 探讨金雀异黄素（genistein,GEN）诱导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的分子机制.方法 用0、5、10、20 μmol/L GEN处理MDA-MB-231 细胞24 h.采用CCK-8、Hoechst 33342染色和流式细胞仪测定不同浓度GEN对 MDA-MB-231细胞增殖和凋亡的影响.采用Western blotting检测不同浓度GEN处理前后MDA-MB-231细胞中Fas相关死亡域蛋白（FADD）、活性半胱天冬酶8（cleaved caspase-8）、Fas、FasL蛋白表达水平.采用实时RT-PCR分析不同浓度GEN处理前后MDA-MB-231细胞中Fas、FasL基因表达水平.多组均数比较采用方差齐性检验后进行单因素方差分析.结果 在GEN作用24 h后,0、5、10和20 μmol/L组对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖的抑制率分别为（3.00±1.41）%、（14.02±1.57）%、（27.5±1.52）%、（48.90±1.44）%.与0 μmol/L组相比,5、10和20 μmol/L组呈浓度依赖性增加（F=528.119,P=0.000）.两两比较显示：各浓度组之间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.0、5、10和20 μmol/L组诱导MDA-MB-231细胞的早期凋亡率分别为（3.40±0.40）%、（9.34±1.34）%、（19.26±0.93）%、（27.41±1.12）%.与0 μmol/L组相比,5、10和20 μmol/L组呈浓度依赖性增加（F=379.573,P=0.000）.两两比较显示：各浓度组之间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.Western blotting结果显示,与0 μmol/L组相比,其他浓度组经GEN处理的MDA-MB-231细胞FADD、cleaved caspase-8、FasL蛋白表达升高（F=368.621、456.744、419.129,P均=0.000）,Fas蛋白表达差异无统计学意义（F=0.800,P=0.528）;与10（μmol/L组相比,20 μmol/L组FasL蛋白表达降低有统计学意义（F=92.235,P=0.001）.实时RT-PCR结果显示,与0 μmol/L组相比,其他浓度组经GEN处理的MDA-MB-231细胞FasL mRNA表达升高（F=646.983,P=0.000）,Fas mRNA表达差异无统计学意义（F=1.556,P=0.274）;与10 μmol/L组相比,20 μmol/L组FasL mRNA表达降低有统计学意义（F=52.562,P=0.020）.结论 GEN通过上调Fas/FasL途径中FasL基因表达诱导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡.     

神经节苷脂GM3对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡和血管内皮生长因子表达的影响

目的 研究外源性神经节苷脂GM3对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖、凋亡和VEGF表达的影响.方法 不同浓度GM3干预HeLa细胞24 h后,MTT法检测细胞增殖变化,流式细胞学技术检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR技术检测细胞VEGF mRNA表达水平,Western blot技术检测细胞VEGF蛋白水平.结果 (1) GM3浓度分别为2、10、50和250 μmol/L时,HeLa细胞生长抑制率分别为9.8％、32.9％、50.7％和78.6％,半数抑制浓度(IC50)为49.8 μmol/L.(2) GM3浓度分别为10、50和250 μmol/L时,HeLa细胞凋亡率分别为(4.9±0.4)％、(15.1±0.3)％、(24.4±0.7)％.(3)当GM3浓度高于10 μmol/L时,HeLa细胞VEGF mRNA表达水平以及VEGF蛋白表达水平均显著下降(P＜0.05).结论 外源性神经节苷脂GM3能呈浓度依赖性抑制人宫颈癌HeLa细胞增殖,促进HeLa细胞凋亡,下调HeLa VEGF mRNA水平和蛋白水平,提示GM3可能通过调节肿瘤细胞凋亡和肿瘤血管生成而发挥双重抗肿瘤作用.     

鼻咽癌患者血清VEGF、Endostatin和TSGF水平的相互关系

目的　探讨在鼻咽癌(NPC)患者血循环中血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、内皮抑素(endostatin)和肿瘤相关物质群(TSGF)水平间的相互关系。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测14 0例NPC患者(治疗前组63例,完全缓解组41例,复发组3 6例)和40例健康人血清VEGF和Endostatin水平,采用光电比色法同步测定血清TSGF含量,并比较这些指标变化的相关性。结果　与健康对照组VEGF为(180 .9±14 7.7)ng/L ,Endostatin为(2 5 0 .9±2 5 4.4) μg/L ,TSGF为(5 3 .5±5 .2 )U /mL比较,NPC治疗前组、完全缓解组和复发组血清VEGF水平分别为[(2 96.5±183 .6)ng/L ,P <0 .0 1;(2 78.7±169.6)ng/L ,P <0 .0 5 ;(3 69.3±3 15 .6)ng/L ,P <0 .0 1] ;Endostatin水平分别为[(2 95 .6±5 0 .2 ) μg/L ,P <0 .0 1;(3 0 8.9±47.4) μg/L ,P <0 .0 1;(3 16.4±3 9.2 ) μg/L ,P <0 .0 1] ;TSGF水平分别为[(5 6.6±10 .3 )U /mL ,P >0 .0 5 ;(5 4.2±6.4)U /mL ,P >0 .0 5 ;(70 .6±15 .1)U /mL ,P <0 .0 1]。血清VEGF、Endostatin和TSGF水平均随着NPC临床病情进展而呈上升趋势,测定值间呈正相关关系(VEGF与Endostatin :γ=0 .0 5 4,P >0 .0 5 ;VEGF与TSGF :γ=0 .2 5 1,P <0 .0 1;Endostatin与TSGF :γ=0 .0 67,P >0 .0 5 )。结论NPC患     

沙利度胺对骨髓瘤细胞IL-6及其传导途径的影响

目的　探讨沙利度胺治疗难治复发性多发性骨髓瘤 (MM)的有效机制。方法　用双抗夹心法 (ELISA)动态检测MM患者血清白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )水平 ,流式细胞仪检测瘤细胞表面IL 6受体 (IL 6R)的表达 ,RT PCR半定量法检测IL 6Rβ亚单位mRNA的表达。 结果　口服 2 0 0mg/d沙利度胺前 ,MM患者血清IL 6水平为 5 6 4.8± 319.4ng/L ,瘤细胞表面IL 6R阳性率为 33.6 % ;口服 2 0 0mg/d沙利度胺后第 14天 ,IL 6水平为 5 6 0 .3± 414.8ng/L ,瘤细胞表面IL 6R阳性率为 31.8% ,分别与口服沙利度胺前比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >均 0 .0 5 )。口服 40 0mg/d沙利度胺第 14,2 8,42 ,5 6 ,84天 ,IL 6水平分别为 5 16 .7± 131.9、42 6 .7± 180 .4、387.9± 187.4、35 0 .1± 85 .5和 2 12 .3± 92 .5ng/L ,瘤细胞表面IL 6R阳性率分别为 2 8.5 %、2 4.3%、2 1.3%、12 .6 %和 10 .1% ,均分别低于口服 2 0 0mg/d沙利度胺前IL 6水平或瘤细胞表面IL 6R阳性率 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;口服 2 0 0mg/d沙利度胺前及口服第 14天的IL Rβ亚单位mRNA比值分别为 7.8和 6 .9,二者差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;口服沙利度胺 40 0mg/d第 14,2 8天IL Rβ亚单位mRNA的比值分别为 5 .3和 2 .7,与口服 2 0 0mg/d沙利度胺前的比较 ,差异有显著性 (P     

鼻咽癌患者血清血管内皮生长因子水平的临床意义

目的　分析血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)在鼻咽癌 (NPC )患者血循环的含量及其临床意义。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA )测定 14 0例NPC患者 (治疗前组 63例 ,完全缓解组 41例 ,复发组 3 6例 )和 40例健康人血清VEGF水平。结果　NPC患者治疗前、完全缓解和复发组血清VEGF水平分别为 ( 2 96.5± 183 .6)ng/L、( 2 78.7± 169.6)ng/L和 ( 3 69.3± 3 15 .6)ng/L ,均显著高于健康对照组的 ( 180 .9± 14 7.7)ng/L(分别为P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1) ;血清VEGF水平随着NPC进展有上升趋势 ,尤其是发生远处转移者 ;高水平VEGF的患者更易发生肿瘤复发转移。结论　NPC患者血清VEGF水平上升 ,与肿瘤的侵袭有密切关系     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.