特发性股骨头缺血坏死动脉病变与发病机制探讨

目的 观察特发性股骨头缺血坏死(ANFH)股骨头内的病理变化，分析小动脉损伤在发病机制中的作用。方法 持发性ANFH患者的股骨头共34个，采用苏木素—伊红(HE)染色、脂肪、微血栓和弹力纤维染色方法，观察股骨头内各部位的坏死和修复及小动脉损伤情况。结果 34个股骨头从头内到支持带中均有动脉损伤，小动脉较为普遍，内膜破坏、中膜变性和平滑肌细胞变性坏死，动脉中还出现管壁上的或骨髓内的变性坏死组织，还可见到破碎的小动脉。结论 小动脉损伤是ANFH的重要病理变化，在ANFH发病和发展中可能起到至关重要的作用。     

特发性股骨头缺血坏死的病理变化及发病机制探讨

目的：观察特发性股骨头缺血坏死（ANFH）的病理变化，探讨脂肪栓子及微血栓，分坏死原因。方法：34个特发性ANFH的股骨头，采用苏木素－伊红、脂肪、微血栓和弹力纤维染色方法，光镜下观察股骨头内各部位的坏死和修复情况，确定脂肪栓子和微血栓的形态和分布状态。结果：坏死股骨头内骨髓细胞减少，脂肪组织增多，脂肪细胞肥大。血管中有大量脂肪栓子和微血栓，19个股骨头内发现脂肪栓子，21个发现微血栓，在1例中显示骨髓内脂肪滴正从静脉破裂口进入静脉内。结论：脂肪栓塞是ANFH的重要原因，骨髓脂肪滴进入血管可能起动了ANFH并维持其发展。     

骨密度测量评价股骨头无菌坏死的应用研究

目的探讨骨密度测量在评估股骨头无菌坏死病情程度和治疗效果中的应用价值。方法运用NORLAND EXCELL双能骨密度测量仪对临床筛选的128例正常人，47例股骨头无菌坏死的患者进行骨密度测量，测量数据包括骨密度值（BMD）、骨矿含量（BMC），对异常组治疗前后的BMD和BMC进行对比研究。结果44例股骨头无菌坏死患者的BMD、BMC较正常人减低（P〈0．05），经治疗后患者BMD、BMC均有升高。结论通过骨密度值的分析比较，BMD与股骨头无菌坏死程度具有显著相关性，通过骨密度测量可间接反映临床治疗效果。     

干细胞移植改善股骨头坏死缺血状态122例临床观察

目的探讨经动脉自体骨髓干细胞（BMSC）和外周血干细胞（PBSC）移植改善股骨头坏死缺血状态的临床疗效。方法2004年7月至2006年12月对122例（211髋）成人缺血性股骨头坏死（ANFH）患者施行自体BMSC或PBSC移植治疗,按国际分期标准（ARCO）分期,设自身前后对照方法进行疗效观察。BMSC组90例和PBSC组32例在DSA下行股骨头供血动脉干细胞移植术,移植后第3、6、12、24个月进行髋关节Harris评分做疗效评价,6个月复查股骨头供血动脉造影观察血管新生情况。每间隔6个月复查影像学变化。结果122例患者随访3～24个月（平均10．2个月）,髋关节疼痛缓解104例（85．1％）,关节功能改善76例（62．0％）,90例（73．9％）行走间距延长。干细胞移植术后6个月,15例患者股骨头供血动脉造影检查见供血动脉较移植前明显增多、增粗,血流速度增快;12～24个月20例股骨头区可见骨质病变获得改善。结论经动脉自体BMSC和PBSC移植方法简便,安全有效,对缺血性股骨头无再次损伤,患者依从性好,是治疗缺血性股骨头坏死的一种新途径。     

Intraosseous arterial architecture in nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Microangiographic and histologic study.

To determine the vascular architecture of nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH), 38 femoral heads procured from 31 ANFH patients were studied by microangiographic and histologic methods. Microangiography showed that the head was consistently stratified into three zones: the normal vascular, the reparative vascular, and the avascular. Microangiographic abnormalities were closely correlated with the histologic changes in each zone. The extent of the necrotic area proved to depend on the extent and number of involved intraosseous nutrient arteries. Circumscribed necrosis accompanied interruption of the lateral epiphyseal arteries in their intra-capital portion. Extensive necrosis resulted from multiple vascular involvement, which included not only the lateral epiphyseal arteries, but also the superior and inferior metaphyseal arteries. Histologic examination of different levels of the nutrient arteries revealed many intraosseous pathologic vascular changes in apposition to the ischemic episode of the femoral head. Interruption of the blood supply causing ANFH occurs in the intracapital arteries probably because of vascular wall damage, and the extent of necrosis depends on the number of the involved nutrient arteries and their proximity to the intracapital site of origin.     

酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对股骨头坏死修复作用的实验研究

目的探讨酸性成纤维细胞生长因子（acidic fibroblast growth factor，aFGF）对股骨头坏死的修复作用。方法将48只成年健康新西兰大白兔用液氮冷冻法造成左侧股骨头坏死头模型，然后将其随机分为实验组和对照组、实验组术后第6、9、14d局部注射aFGF，对照组注射生理盐水。术后2、4、8周分别处死各8只动物，观察有关指标。结果所有动物股骨头坏死模型建立成功，X线检查结合计算机相对骨密度分析、组织学观察及骨密度（BMD）测定：术后第2周，两组无显著差异，4、8周时，实验组均表现出较明显的纤维组织增生和成骨细胞增生作用，新骨形成多于对照组。结论aFGF对液氮冷冻成年兔股骨头坏死模型的修复有促进作用。     

股骨头缺血性坏死骨质含量与VEGF、bFGF、BMP-2 mRNA表达的相关性研究

目的坏死骨的血管再生及骨修复能力与VEGF、bFGF与BMP-2多种生长因子关系密切,通过观察股骨颈骨折、创伤性及非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head,ANFH)的股骨头局部上述因子的表达变化,并与其组织病理学的骨质含量指标进行相关性分析,为进一步探讨ANFH的发病机制及临床针对不同病因进行个性化治疗提供实验依据。方法取59例人工全髋关节置换术患者自愿捐赠的股骨头标本进行观察。创伤性ANFH 22例(A组),Ficat分期:Ⅲ期13例,Ⅳ期9例。非创伤性ANFH 19例(B组),Ficat分期:Ⅲ期11例,Ⅳ期8例;其中激素性10例,酒精性7例,原因不明2例。新鲜股骨颈骨折18例(C组)。3组患者性别、年龄等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。采用双能X线骨密度仪测量股骨头负重区骨密度;大体观察组织病理学改变,HE染色光镜及扫描电镜下观察其病理变化,计算空骨陷窝百分比及骨小梁面积百分比,并采用原位杂交技术分别对其VEGF、bFGF、BMP-2 mRNA表达进行检测。结果 A、B组骨密度均低于C组,B组低于A组,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B组股骨头形态不规则,光镜下见坏死区骨小梁稀疏、不完整,有大量空骨陷窝;健存区A组有较多纤维组织增生,B组髓腔内脂肪细胞增生、肥大。扫描电镜示A、B组大多骨细胞脂肪变性、坏死,骨基质内见脂肪细胞增生。C组均呈正常股骨头结构。A、B组空骨陷窝百分比均高于C组,骨小梁面积百分比均低于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B组间仅空骨陷窝百分比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A组与B组VEGF、BMP-2、bFGF mRNA阳性染色面积百分比及吸光度(A)值均明显低于C组(P<0.05);A组BMP-2、bFGF mRNA两指标均较B组高(P<0.05),但VEGF mRNA A、B组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。上述各因子表达强度与骨密度、骨小梁面积百分比成正相关,而与空骨陷窝百分比成负相关。结论创伤性ANFH的股骨头修复能力强于非创伤性ANFH,创伤性与非创伤性ANFH股骨头局部VEGF、bFGF、BMP-2 mRNA表达均降低。     

介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死及疗效评价

自1995年8月-1997年6月作者采用经旋股内、外动脉超选插管溶通术治疗股骨头缺血性坏死65例(76侧),经6个月—20个月随访,并采用血管造影和股骨头缺血性坏死疗效百分法评价判定,优良率84.3％,血管造影显示治疗后血管计数较治疗前增多(p<0.02)静脉回流改善。此方法适用于各种类型的患者,可减轻临床症状,提高生活质量。     

SPECT/CT同机图像融合诊断股骨头缺血性坏死

目的 评价SPECT/CT同机图像融合技术诊断股骨头缺血性坏死的临床应用价值.方法 53例临床可疑股骨头缺血性坏死患者行全身骨显像及骨盆局部SPECT/CT断层显像并对SPECT和CT同机图像进行重建与融合.结果 ①融合图像诊断阳性率高于断层图像及平面图像,差异具有显著性;②融合图像对早期病变诊断阳性率高于断层显像及平面显像,差异具有显著性.结论 SPECT/CT同机图像融合技术对于股骨头缺血性坏死的早期诊断、鉴别诊断及疾病分期均有一定的临床价值.     

单侧穿刺介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死

目的评价股骨头缺血坏死介入治疗的疗效及方法。方法对48例股骨头缺血坏死患者共70个股骨头采用seldinger技术单侧穿刺股动脉插管,造影观察血液供应情况后,超选择进入到股骨头营养血管如旋股内、外侧动脉,注入溶栓药物、扩血管药物及改善微循环药物,术后再次造影观察对比股骨头供血改变情况,并行治疗前后临床表现与影像学表现对比研究。结果治疗前后血管造影对照显示治疗后血管增多,股骨头染色增强,疼痛症状及关节功能明显改善,影像检查显示骨质不同程度修复。结论股骨头缺血坏死介入治疗是安全有效的方法,能改善重建股骨头局部微循环,促进修复。     

股骨头缺血坏死介入治疗及近期疗效

目的：探讨介入性治疗股骨头缺血坏死的近期疗效。方法：自2006年至2008年,对28例（男19例,女9例,年龄14～70岁,平均38岁）股骨头缺血坏死患者采用介入插管的方法,超选择进入到股骨头营养血管旋股内外侧动脉和闭孔动脉,造影观察其血液供给情况后,注入溶栓药物、扩血管药物及改善微循环药物,术后再次造影观察对比股骨头供血改变情况;治疗后12～36个月摄X线片观察股骨头骨密度改变情况;并分析其临床症状（疼痛及关节活动度）的改变情况。结果：28例患者治疗前后血管造影对照显示治疗后血管增多,股骨头染色增强,12～36个月后X线片显示病骨密度和形态逐渐恢复或接近正常者占97.2%（35/36）,患髋疼痛程度及关节活动度临床症状明显改善。结论：介入方法治疗股骨头缺血坏死是一种简便、无痛苦、安全、疗效可靠的治疗方法,能在临床上广泛应用。     

带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死

目的 探讨应用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折术后股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of femoral head,ANFH)的疗效.方法 2002年6月-2006年12月,采用带血管蒂髂骨瓣移位治疗股骨颈骨折内固定术后ANFH 22例22髋.男18例,女4例;年龄28～48岁,平均37.5岁.左...     

单侧供体吻合血管游离腓骨移植治疗双侧股骨头缺血性坏死

目的探讨单侧供体吻合血管游离腓骨移植治疗双侧股骨头缺血性坏死的临床疗效。方法 2007年6月-2008年1月,采用单侧供体吻合血管游离腓骨移植治疗双侧股骨头缺血性坏死14例。男12例,女2例;年龄17～57岁,平均36.6岁。病因:激素性3例,酒精性4例,特发性7例。Steinberg分期:Ⅱ期16髋,Ⅲ期10髋,Ⅳ期2髋;各期髋关节术前Harris评分分别为(77.50±4.19)、(69.70±2.76)、(59.50±0.50)分。记录手术时间和术中出血量,术后根据X线片表现、Harris评分及并发症情况评价疗效。结果术中切取腓骨时间为10～32 min,平均20 min;手术时间为100～240 min,平均140 min;术中出血量200～500 mL,平均280 mL。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。14例均获随访,随访时间12～40个月,平均24个月。术后1例出现大腿前外侧皮肤麻木和感觉减退,1例足背感觉异常,1例踝关节活动不适,均于术后1年恢复正常。术后1年,X线片示23髋(82.1%)股骨头缺血性坏死改善,5髋(17.9%)稳定;SteinbergⅡ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期髋关节Harris评分分别为(93.90±4.84)、(88.50±8.13)、(78.00±0.00)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 单侧供体吻合血管游离腓骨移植治疗双侧股骨头缺血性坏死具有手术时间短、损伤小、术中出血少,以及术后髋关节功能恢复好等优点。     

Operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after proximal femur fractures in adolescents

Purpose  

Our aim was to assess operative treatment for post-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) in adolescents.     

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following trochanteric fractures in adults: A systematic review

IntroductionAvascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) following trochanteric fractures (TFx) is infrequent. The causal relationship between ANFH and TFx remains controversial. Although several major risk factors for ANFH have been proposed, most of them remain under discussion. In this study we undertook a systematic review of the literature to investigate the incidence of AVN, risk factors and outcomes following Tfx fixation.Materials and methodsA comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken using the PRISMA guidelines with no language restriction. Case reports of ANFH and series of TFx with or without cases of ANFH published between inception of journals to December 2013 were eligible for inclusion. Relevant information was divided in two sections. Part I: included the analysis of detailed case reports of ANFH, either published isolated or included in series of TFx, with the objective of establishing potential risk factors, clinical and radiological presentation, time to development, treatment and outcome of this complication. Part II: analyzed series of TFx, which included cases of ANFH with or without details of aetiology, treatment modalities and outcomes, with the objective of assessing the incidence of ANFH in TFx.ResultsOverall 80 articles with 192 cases of ANFH after TFx met the inclusion criteria. The most probable developmental pathway appears to be a disruption of the extra osseous arterial blood supply to the femoral head. Suggested risk factors included high-energy trauma with fracture comminution and displacement, and an atypical course of the fracture line, more proximal, at the base of the neck. Most cases were diagnosed within the first two years after fracture. The clinical and radiological features appear to be similar to those of idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The incidence of AVFH with a minimum of 1-year follow-up was calculated 0.95%, and with a minimum 2-year follow-up it was 1.37%. Total hip replacement was the mainstay of treatment.ConclusionThe incidence of AVFH after Tfx fixation is small 1.37% within the first 2 years of injury. Risk factors for the development of this complication are related to the severity of trauma, fragment geometry and fracture displacement. Optimum surgery of these fractures cannot guarantee prevention of ANFH.     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死

目的 探讨髓芯减压＋同种异体骨植骨＋自体外周血干细胞（PBSC）移植治疗股骨头无菌性坏死（ANFH）的疗效.方法 对10例ANFH患者（16髋）行髓芯减压＋同种异体骨植骨＋自体PBSC移植治疗,比较术前与末次随访疼痛评分、Harris总评分及术前术后髋关节影像学资料.结果 术后患者疼痛症状均缓解.10例均获随访,时间10～24个月.X线片及CT提示股骨头坏死区明显减小或消失,关节间隙接近正常,髋关节功能明显改善.疼痛评分与Harris评分均明显高于术前（P〈0.05）.结论 应用髓芯减压＋同种异体骨植骨＋自体PBSC移植治疗ANFH,可明显减轻患者疼痛症状,恢复关节功能,延缓病情发展,且创伤小,操作简便,效果良好.     

Operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Purpose  

The aim of the study was assessment of the medium-term outcome of operative treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) after slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).     

髓芯减压游离腓骨移植治疗ARCOⅢ期股骨头缺血性坏死的保髋疗效分析

目的探讨髓芯减压、游离腓骨移植保髋手术治疗中青年ARCOⅢ期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01-2019-12诊治的20例(23髋)中青年ARCOⅢ期股骨头缺血性坏死,作股骨粗隆下切口,经股骨颈钻孔到达坏死区进行髓腔减压及死骨清除,于同侧小腿切取带血管蒂腓骨段经隧道植入股骨头;于大腿前外侧另作切口,游离旋股外侧血管降支,将移植腓骨的血管蒂引至该切口并与旋股外侧降支动静脉吻合。结果 19例(22髋)获得随访,随访时间平均5.2(1.5~8.5)年。1例术后切口裂开,1例术后出现第1~3趾僵硬,3例术后出现拇趾僵硬。术后1例疼痛未减轻,1例(双髋)疼痛减轻幅度较小,1例疼痛缓解4年后再次疼痛。末次随访时疼痛VAS评分为(2.1±1.5)分,较术前明显降低;末次随访时髋关节功能Harris评分为(86.6±7.2)分,较术前明显提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时X线片评估结果:2髋改善,16髋稳定,4髋加重;股骨头坏死加重患者的疼痛没有加重,髋关节功能尚好。结论髓芯减压、吻合旋股外侧血管降支、经股骨颈游离腓骨移植联合松质骨植骨是中青年ARCOⅢ期股骨头缺血性坏死的有效保髋手术治疗方法,而且技术路线与手术操作相对简单。     

Magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Prediction of subsequent segmental collapse.

For the purpose of an effective management of patients at high risk for nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH), it is expedient to examine the femoral heads of patients most likely to undergo subsequent segmental collapse. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radionuclide bone scanning (RS) to predict segmental collapse of the femoral head at the roentgenographically normal stage. Fifty-five hips in 37 patients at risk for ANFH and having normal roentgenograms were included in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all hips and RS in 29 hips. The patients were observed during a period of more than two years without any invasive intervention, and nine femoral heads manifested collapse during this period. Predictive values for subsequent segmental collapse of a positive test of MRI and RS were 31% and 13%, respectively, whereas those indicative of a negative test were 100% and 76%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging was more useful than RS in detecting patients in need of intensive follow-up examination. In particular, a bandlike area of low intensity that traversed the femoral head in midcoronal slices on MR images seemed to be a significant indicator of subsequent collapse.     

采用经导管动脉栓塞术建立猪股骨头缺血性坏死模型

目的探讨经皮穿刺供血动脉栓塞建立猪股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH）模型的可行性。方法健康杂种家猪20只,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组10只。实验组：采用经皮穿刺插管的方法经右侧股动脉插入5F Cobra导管至左侧股动脉,超选择性插入股骨头供血动脉,用长约500μm的真丝微粒栓塞供血动脉;对照组：仅行左侧髂总动脉造影,不行动脉栓塞。术后2周和4周分别行左侧髋关节X线摄片、CT和MR检查;第4周影像学检查结束后行病理学检查,观察细胞形态,并计算单位面积的骨小梁体积和空缺骨陷窝百分比,对两组影像学和病理学资料进行比较。结果栓塞术后2周,股骨头X线平片无明显异常表现;CT示髋部软组织肿胀,MRI显示髋关节腔内长T2信号。栓塞4周后,X线平片、CT和MRI示实验组股骨头典型缺血性坏死改变;对照组未见明显异常改变。组织病理学检查显示,实验组骨细胞核固缩、深染,骨细胞减少或消失;单位面积的空缺骨陷窝百分比增多,骨小梁体积减少,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论采用经皮穿刺股骨头供血动脉栓塞可成功建立猪ANFH模型,并较好地模拟ANFH的临床病理过程。