肾结石合并原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊治体会

目的探讨反复双肾结石患者中原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的诊断和治疗,提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析2009年2月～2011年3月因反复双肾结石就诊,临床诊断原发甲旁亢5例的资料。结果 5例病理证实为甲状旁腺腺瘤,男2例,女3例,年龄18～56岁,平均年龄（35.6±9.6）岁,结石病史0.5～3.0年,平均时间（2.4±0.3）年。血钙和甲状旁腺激素明显升高,血磷降低。切除腺瘤后,患者血钙、血磷和甲状旁腺激素恢复正常。结论手术是治疗原发甲旁亢的有效方法。甲状旁腺手术可以明显降低结石复发,甲旁亢的早期诊治有益于减少结石复发和保护肾功能。术后应密切随访尿路结石,必要时予相应治疗。     

Concomitance of IgA Nephropathy and Diabetic Nephropathy in a Kidney Allograft: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Whereas diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis in the world. We report a case of a kidney transplant recipient whose native renal disease was presumptive diabetic nephropathy. Five years after transplantation, the patient developed proteinuria, hematuria, and allograft dysfunction. Transplant biopsy revealed IgA nephropathy superimposed on diabetic nephropathy.     

IgA nephropathy associated with psoriasis vulgaris: a contribution to the entity of 'psoriatic nephropathy'

BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that there is no higher prevalence of renal disease in psoriatic patients, except in the case of secondary renal amyloidosis in psoriatic arthropathy. Contrary to this, however, some authors suggest that kidney diseases in psoriasis vulgaris may be more common and they presume the existence of 'psoriatic nephropathy'. METHOD: We report a case of IgA nephropathy in a patient with psoriasis vulgaris as a contribution to the ongoing discussion concerning this entity of 'psoriatic nephropathy'. RESULT: A 62-year-old man with a history of psoriasis vulgaris, without evidence of psoriatic arthropathy, was admitted to hospital for nephrotic proteinuria 6.74 g/day and a moderate decrease of glomerular filtration rate with a serum creatinine level of 213 micromol/L and creatinine clearance of 0.95 ml/s. Kidney biopsy revealed IgA nephropathy with vascular nephrosclerosis and tubulointerstitial nephritis. After 1 month of treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day, proteinuria decreased to 2.45 g/day, and skin lesions almost completely resolved. CONCLUSION: About 10 cases of IgA nephropathy associated with psoriasis are referred to in the literature. We report an-other interesting case of IgA nephropathy in a psoriatic patient, as a contribution to the discussion regarding the hypothetical conception of 'psoriatic nephropathy'. We recommend routine urinalysis, careful examination of kidney function and a wider application of renal biopsy in psoriatic patients.     

肾移植术后IgA肾病复发危险因素分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后IgA肾病复发的危险因素.方法 选取2008年1月—2019年12月在郑州人民医院器官移植中心接受肾移植的149例原发病为IgA肾病的肾衰竭患者为研究对象.根据程序性肾活检结果,将肾移植后是否有IgAN复发分为复发组(40例)和未复发组(109例).分别记录两组患者的性别、年龄、供体类型、透析时间、...     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染伴肾病患者的临床病理分析

目的对行肾组织活检的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染合并肾病患者进行病理分析。方法纳入2011年1月至2018年12月四川大学华西医院肾内科接受肾组织活检的HIV合并肾病患者,分析其病理特征、干预措施和预后等。结果共纳入9例患者,其中肾病综合征患者6例,急性肾功能损伤患者1例,慢性肾炎综合征患者2例。组织学诊断:肾小球微小病变患者3例,膜性肾病患者1例,塌陷型局灶节段性肾小球肾炎(FSGS)伴膜性肾病患者1例,FSGS非特异型(NOS)患者1例,急性间质性肾炎患者1例,Ig A肾病患者1例,糖尿病肾病患者1例。5例患者在肾组织活检时首诊HIV感染(其中塌陷型FSGS伴膜性肾病、糖尿病肾病、急性间质性肾炎各1例,2例为肾小球微小病变),其余4例在HIV感染确诊后的不同时期(均行抗逆转录病毒治疗)发病。并发症:糖尿病1例,梅毒感染1例,甲状腺功能减退2例,乙型肝炎病毒感染3例。随访情况:3例患者失访,6例患者随访期间未发生严重感染,其中2例仍有大量蛋白尿,其余4例患者血尿消失,肾功能恢复正常水平,复查尿蛋白定量显著减少至可疑阳性或24 h定量<300 mg/d。结论HIV感染者出现肾脏损伤的临床表现多样,可出现不同程度蛋白尿和(或)血尿,伴或不伴肾功能不全,病理类型不仅限于人类免疫缺陷病毒相关性肾病(HIVAN),可出现糖尿病肾病、肾小球轻微病变、膜性肾病、非塌陷型FSGS、急性间质性肾炎、Ig A肾病。肾组织活检有助于明确诊断。抗逆转录病毒治疗有效情况下,依据患者的病理诊断,有针对性地给予糖皮质激素及细胞毒药物,并加强随访,有助于改善患者预后。肾病患者应加强HIV筛查。     

IgA nephropathy: an update on pathogenesis and classification

IgA nephropathy is a primary glomerulopathy characterized by deposition of IgA containing immune deposits in the kidney. Its diagnosis is based on histopathologic and immunoflourescence studies on renal biopsy. The disorder is poorly understood. This review is focused on updates regarding its pathogenesis and discussion on a new proposed histopathological classification of IgA nephropathy.     

Nephrotic syndrome and IgA nephropathy in polycystic kidney disease

A 70-year-old man with polycystic kidney disease developed nephrotic syndrome, deteriorating to renal insufficiency. Histological examination revealed IgA nephropathy. With treatment of prednisolone, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and an angiotensin II receptor-blocker, his proteinuria markedly decreased and renal function was stabilized. This case supports the idea that renal biopsy is needed in patients with polycystic kidney disease with nephrotic-range proteinuria, for appropriate treatment and prevention of renal failure.     

Cutaneous Vasculitis After Renal Transplantation: A Case Report

BackgroundCutaneous vasculitis is a rare symptom after renal transplantation. With a broad spectrum of differential diagnosis, the new appearance of a skin rash in transplanted patients can be challenging.Case ReportWe present the case of a 69-year-old man with palpable purpura, skin ulcerations, and diffuse arthralgias. He had a history of cadaveric renal transplantation owing to biopsy-proven isolated immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy and never suffered from any skin manifestation before. Skin biopsy confirmed Henoch–Schoenlein purpura (HSP), which developed under maintenance immunsuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Renal biopsy showed recurrent IgA nephropathy with positive mesangial and capillary IgA staining.DiscussionThis is the first case to describe a new manifestation of HSP following renal transplantation owing to isolated IgA nephropathy. Here, we summarize the differential diagnosis of cutaneous vasculitis following renal transplantation. Moreover we give a short review of the recurrence of IgA nephropathy and HSP after renal transplantation followed by possible strategies for prevention and therapy of recurrent disease.     

Unusual presentation of IgA nephropathy in childhood: a case report

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, and approximately 20% to 30% of adult patients with the disorder develop chronic renal failure within 20 years. This type of nephropathy is also an important risk factor for chronic renal failure in children. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is still unknown, and treatment remains controversial. Microscopic hematuria and recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria are the most common clinical manifestations of this condition in children. This article describes the case of a young girl who presented with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome unaccompanied by hematuria. Renal biopsy findings were consistent with IgA nephropathy. The patient's condition was a rare clinical manifestation of IgA nephropathy.     

Unusual Presentation of IgA Nephropathy in Childhood: A Case Report

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide, and approximately 20% to 30% of adult patients with the disorder develop chronic renal failure within 20 years. This type of nephropathy is also an important risk factor for chronic renal failure in children. The pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy is still unknown, and treatment remains controversial. Microscopic hematuria and recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria are the most common clinical manifestations of this condition in children. This article describes the case of a young girl who presented with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome unaccompanied by hematuria. Renal biopsy findings were consistent with IgA nephropathy. The patient's condition was a rare clinical manifestation of IgA nephropathy.     

Parathyroid carcinoma arising on transplanted parathyroid tissue after total parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid carcinoma usually develops in association with primary hyperparathyroidism. Only 18 cases have been reported in patients with secondary or tertiary renal hyperparathyroidism. We present a case of parathyroid carcinoma arising on transplanted parathyroid tissue after total parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism.     

A case of subclinical IgA nephropathy and cyclosporin associated arteriolopathy diagnosed by non-episode biopsy of graft kidney after renal transplantation]

We report a case of subclinical immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy and cyclosporin associated arteriolopathy following renal transplantation. A 39-year-old male with chronic glomerulonephritis received kidney transplantation from a two- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatched cadaveric donor. The initial immunosuppressive therapy was triple-drug therapy with cyclosporin, prednisolone and mizoribine. Four months after transplantation, he had an acute rejection episode, and the renal function was recovered by steroid pulse and 15-deoxyspergualin therapy. Eight years after transplantation, we conducted a non-episode biopsy of the renal allograft to examine subclinical lesions. The histopathological findings showed cyclosporin associate arteriolopathy (CAA) and IgA nephropathy. There was no sign of acute or chronic rejection. At the present time, the renal function of the allograft is good. In conclusion, the non-episode biopsy of renal allograft is useful for examination of subclinical lesions.     

Hyperparathyroidism with hypercalciuria and urolithiasis: Long-term effects of parathyroid surgery and postoperative thiazide therapy

Eleven hypercalciuric patients (10 women and 1 man) with hyperparathyroidism and recurrent renal stones are described. In 6 patients normal calcium metabolism was restored after the removal of a single adenoma. No new stones were passed during the follow-up period of 5 years. In 2 patients with more than 1 abnormal parathyroid gland, the hypercalciuria continued for 8–12 months after the parathyroid surgery. New stones developed in both of them. Subsequent thiazide therapy abolished the hypercalciuria and no additional renal stones were seen during a follow-up period of 4 years. In 3 patients hypercalcemia reappeared 2–12 years after parathyroid surgery. Treatment with thiazide decreased serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels for at least 9–36 months. No new stones developed. Hypercalciuria and recurrent hypercalcemia appearing after parathyroid surgery for hyperparathyroidism and the responses to thiazide therapy are thought to be evidence for renal hypercalciuria. Thiazides are recommended as therapy in such patients to prevent the formation of new renal stones, and probably also the recurrence of hyperparathyroidism.     

Medullary sponge kidney and hyperparathyroidism

Medullary sponge kidney (MSK), parathyroid adenoma, renal cell carcinoma, and renal-leak hypercalciuria coincided in 1 female patient. Renal-leak hypercalciuria was not corrected by removal of a parathyroid adenoma. Since the patient had renal tubular acidosis (RTA), alkali treatment was conducted and resulted in the correction of hypercalciuria. Renal cell carcinoma eventually developed and MSK was confirmed histologically. This case suggests that MSK and primary hyperparathyroidism occurred independently.     

Loss of renal graft due to recurrent IgA nephropathy with rapidly progressive course: an unusual clinical evolution

Recurrence of IgA nephropathy following renal transplantation has been described in 40-50% of patients, and it usually has a good outcome. We present the case of a 54-year-old man with IgA nephropathy who developed terminal renal failure in 1985, 3 years after the onset of the disease. In March 1986 he received a cadaveric renal allograft following treatment with ciclosporin and steroids. Eight months later he developed microhaematuria and proteinuria and 10 months later he developed acute nephritic syndrome and rapidly progressive renal failure. Renal biopsy disclosed an IgA nephropathy with epithelial crescents in 60% of glomeruli. Treatment with plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide was unsuccessful and the patient lost his graft and returned to regular haemodialysis 15 months after renal transplantation.     

Primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and mesangial IgA glomerulonephritis

The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is characterized by recurrent thrombosis, fetal loss, multiorgan involvement, and the presence of lupus anticoagulant and/or anticardiolipin antibody. When not associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, other collagen diseases, or ingestion of medications, the condition is called primary APS. The kidney may be involved in the APS syndrome with acute nephritis and renal failure. The cases with renal biopsy studies have shown variable glomerular morphology, ranging from mild mesangial changes to a diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. The most frequent lesion is thrombotic microangiopathy or features seen in the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Apart from fibrin thrombus deposition, only a few cases have shown focal and segmental deposits of IgG and/or IgM and/or C3. We describe a patient with primary APS who had thrombosis with lower limb amputation and acute renal failure. The renal biopsy specimen showed a focal proliferative glomerulonephritis with endothelial proliferation and damage, with diffuse heavy mesangial deposits of IgA and fibrinogen. This case with diabetes mellitus, but without diabetic nephropathy, represents the occurrence of primary APS and mesangial IgA nephropathy which potentiated the renal injury, leading to acute renal failure. The relationship to the Henoch-Sch?nlein syndrome is discussed.     

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy complicating ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is rarely associated with immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). The development of IgA nephropathy complicates further the clinical course of patients with ulcerative colitis. A 72-year old man with a 30-year history of ulcerative colitis requiring colectomy and modest renal insufficiency secondary to complications of nephrolithiasis and renal artery stenosis developed glomerular hematuria, proteinuria and progressive renal failure. Percutaneous kidney biopsy revealed IgAN with extensive glomerular and interstitial sclerotic changes. After resection of a chronically infected ileo-rectal pouch, renal function improved, while hematuria and proteinuria gradually disappeared without specific treatment of the IgAN. The manifestations of IgAN complicating ulcerative colitis can be improved with effective treatment of the bowel disease even when there are extensive sclerotic changes in the kidneys.     

Primary hyperparathyroidism related to a parathyroid adenoma: the dramatic clinical evolution of a misdiagnosed patient and its surgical solution

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a clinical condition related to an excessive and abnormally regulated secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands which is responsible for an alteration of the calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Parathyroid adenomas are the most important cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (80-85%). A case of parathyroid adenoma observed in a patient aged 47, admitted to the Emergency Medicine Department of our Hospital with a diagnosis of hypertensive crisis, cephalea, vomiting, and a clinical history of recurrent episodes of severe abdominal and renal pain, is presented. Lab data showed severe hypercalcemia and a progressive worsening of the renal function. A severe neurological involvement with stupor, derangement of mind, the arising of acute respiratory depression, lethargy compelled the colleagues to transfer him to the Intensive Care Unit; a neck ultrasonography showed a poor-echogenous area under the right thyroid inferior pole, with signs of vascularization. The suspect of a primary hyperparathyroidism related to a single adenoma of the parathyroid gland suggested a surgical treatment. A 'concise parathyroidectomy' was performed. Our surgical approach was confirmed by the comparison of the preintervention and the post-intervention iPTH values: 2080 pg/mL (normal range: 12-65 pg/mL) before excision vs 101 pg/mL after the removal. The histologycal exam reported a parathyroid adenoma with large areas with haemorrage. Three days after surgery the patient was in good general conditions. Patients affected by primary hyperparathyroidism are often misdiagnosed because their clinical conditions can create differential diagnosis problems with other diseases. However the surgical option remains the gold standard treatment.     

Acute renal failure in IgA nephropathy: aggravation by gross hematuria due to anticoagulant treatment

IgA nephropathy is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis. Macroscopic or microscopic hematuria with mild proteinuria are the main symptoms. Without complicating factors, IgA nephropathy has a favourable long-term prognosis. We report a case of reversible acute renal failure (ARF) as a complication of mild IgA nephropathy while oral anticoagulants were administered. Diagnosis was based on a renal biopsy showing marked granular mesangial IgA-deposition. In addition, numerous tubules were extended and completely obstructed by red blood cell casts. After hemodialysis treatment and parallel anti-inflammatory steroids and after stopping anticoagulation, renal function gradually improved up to complete remission. This report indicates that anticoagulatory treatment may have negative effects on the long-term prognosis of IgA nephropathy with respect to development of ARF or tubulo-interstitial inflammation.     

Hypercalcemia of seven years' duration after kidney transplantation

A case is reported of hypercalcemia persisting for seven years after kidney transplantation, with hormocalcemia being achieved after subtotal parathyroidectomy. The finding of post-transplantation hyperparathyroidism of this extreme duration, in association with several other reports of hyperparathyroidism persisting for years after kidney transplantation, raises serious questions about the completeness of parathyroid involution after kidney transplantation. Extensive review of the literature reveals that little is really known about the natural history of parathyroid function and involution after kidney transplantation.